LANDOLT-BORNSTEIN. Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology - - New Series

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1 LANDOLT-BORNSTEIN Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology - - New Series Editors in Chief: K.&H. Hellwege - 0. Madelung Group V: Geophysics and Space Research Volume 3 Oceanography H. G. Gierloff-Emden. N. K. Hajerslev * G. Krause H. Peters. G. Siedler * G. Weichart. I? Wille Editor : J. Stindermann Subvolume a Springer-Vtirlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo

2 ISBN I Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN o Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin CIP-Kurztitelaufinhme der Deutschen Bibliothck Zohlenwerte md Fmkrionrn am Naftm~,ircPn.rchaffen tmd Technik/Landolt-BBmstein. - Berlin; Heidelberg: New York; London; Paris; Tokyo: Springer. Panllelt.: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. - Teilw. mit d. Encheinungsorten Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. Teilw. mit d. Erscheinungsorten Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, Tokyo. - N.S. teilw. Gesamthng.: 0. Madelung NE: Iandolt, Hans [Begr.]; PT - N.S. Gesamthrsg.: K.-H. Hellwege; 0. Madelung. Gruppe 5, Geophysik und Weltraumforschung. Bd. 3. Ozeanogmphie. Teilbd. a. H. G. GierlolT-Emden. Hrsg.: J. Simdermann ISBN (Berlin...) ISBN O (New York...) NE: Hellwege. Karl-Heinzvng.]: Madelung. Otfried [Hrsg.]: Gierloff-Emden, Hans-Giinter mitverf.]; Siindermann, Jiirgen mrsg.] This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under $54 of the German Copyright Law, where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to Verwertungsgesellschaft Wart, Munich. 0 by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1986 Printed in Germany The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Briihlsche Universitltsdruckerei, Giessen Printing: Druckhaus Langenscheidt KG, Berlin Bookbinding: Liideritz & Bauer-GmbH, Berlin 2163/

3 Editor J. Sundermann Institut fur Meereskunde der Universitat Hamburg Heimhuder Str. 71, D-2000 Hamburg 13 Contributors H. G. Gierloff-Emden Institut fur Geographie der Universitat Miinchen Luisenstr. 37, D-8000 Mtinchen 2 N. K. Hojerslev Institut for Fysisk Oceanograti, Ksbenhavns Universitet Haraldsgade 6, DK-2200 N Kobenhavn G. Krause Alfred-Wegener-Institut fiir Polar- und Meeresforschung ColumbusstraBe, D-2850 Bremerhaven H. Peters Institut fiir Meereskunde an der Universitat Kiel Dtisternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel 1 G. Siedler Institut fur Meereskunde an der Universitlt Kiel Diisternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel 1 G. Weichart Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut, Labor Stilldorf, Wiistland, D-2000 Hamburg 55 P. Wille Forschungsanstalt der Bundeswehr fur Wasserschall- und Geophysik Klausdorfer Weg 2-24, D-2300 Kiel 14

4 Preface In the 6th edition of Landolt-Bornstein, the field of oceanography was incorporated into the volume on Astronomy and Geophysics (1952) and covered 116 pages. In this new edition a whole volume (V/3) of the New Series of Landolt-Bbrnstein is devoted to oceanography with a total of, approximately, 1200 pages, to be published in three subvolumes (V/3a, b, c). This demonstrates the tremendous increase in knowledge and the growing significance of oceanography over the past 34 years. I am grateful to Springer-Verlag for recognizing this development and providing the appropriate space in the New Series for this subject. In spite of such an impressive accumulation of new knowledge, it can hardly be claimed that oceanography has reached the maturity and conclusiveness of classical physics. Many questions, even fundamental issues, are still in early stages of development or have not yet been explored. Accordingly, it has been rather difficult to represent oceanography in terms of the traditional Landolt-Bornstein style by means of figures and tables, I Editor and authors have made a considerable effort to find the proper combination of basic information and data. However, it has not been possible to avoid including more explanatory text and more formulas than have been necessary in the volumes dealing with more developed areas of physical sciences. I am particularly grateful to the editor-in-chief for his understanding. I believe the final form represents a good compromise and will be interesting and helpful to the oceanographic community. Let me clarify here that under our general topic we are dealing with physical oceanography, a part of geophysics and physics. From this point of view the chapters Topography and Coastal Oceanography represent peripherical areas, since they are more geographically oriented. On the other hand, they are very pertinent to the physics of the ocean.

5 VIII Preface This brings me to the genera! organization of this volume. Although it is undoubtedly more systematic and comprehensive than in the previous (6th edition) Landolt-Bornstein volume, it is certainly still somewhat subjective and incomplete. Here it was necessary to consider not only the present needs of oceanography but also the specific fields and interests of the contributors. It is therefore possible that, in comparison to a textbook, some chapters might appear to be too specialized or too general. It is also possible that a desirable chapter is entirely missing. I have tried my best, in cooperation with the authors, to cover more or less completely the entire field of physical oceanography, to close gaps and to balance the individual contributions. The remaining inhomogeneity is surely more than compensated by the advantages of letting the authors demonstrate their individual expertise. I am much obliged to the authors who all promptly committed their cooperation, for their enthusiasm, patience and willingness to compromise. It requires a certain amount of idealism to take on the extra work involved in writing long and systematic articles in a time when short, original publications are the order of the day. It requires courage to draw the line at a particular point in time and write about factual knowledge in such a rapidly developing field; this must be done under the premise that this transient state of the art will be revised in the future. Subsequently, it requires mutual sense to accept the reservations and editorial modifications of the editor-in-chief, the editor and the editorial staff (Dr. W. Finger, Frau G. Burfeindt, and Frau H. Hammer) in the interests of a homogeneous whole in the Landolt-Bornstein style. This all proved to be an agreeable harmonious process. Unfortunately, the heavy work load of some of the authors prevented them from submitting their contributions punctually, which delayed completion of the subvolumes. To avoid further delay, subvolume V/3c (Chapters 6 to 9) has been published first. It is now being followed by the present subvolume V/3a, covering Chapters 1 to 3. Subvolume V/3b will come out as soon as possible. Like all other volumes of Landolt-Bornstein, this volume is published without any outside financial support. Hamburg, August 1986 The Editor