Harlan E. Spence, Katherine Duderstadt, Chia-Lin Huang,
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1 Harlan E. Spence, Katherine Duderstadt, Chia-Lin Huang, And with special thanks to the FIREBIRD, RBSP-ECT, and Sun-to-Ice Teams AGU Chapman Conference on Particle Dynamics in the Earth s Radiation Belts Cascais, Portugal; Thursday, 8 March 2018, 10:30-10:50
2 Science Motivation Missing source of NOx in whole atmosphere climate models (Randall et al., 2015) poses a problem what is impact of known missing source in middle atmosphere to climatalogy of whole atmosphere? Measured Modeled Model is factor of 2-10 too low Missing source of NOx Models include auroral electrons, galactic cosmic rays, and solar protons to date, medium energy electrons NOT included Might precipitating radiation belt electrons be missing source?
3 Goals of our study Science Motivation 1. Estimate the global flux and energy spectrum of medium energy radiation belt electrons precipitating into Earth s atmosphere 2. Quantify this electron precipitation as a new source for atmospheric ionization 3. Incorporate source into global model to assess its effects on atmospheric chemistry
4 Summary of NSF FIREBIRD-I and -II Missions PIs: Harlan Spence (UNH) and David Klumpar (MSU) FB-I LAUNCHED: Dec 6, 2013 VAFB Atlas-5 NROL-39 FB-II Launched late 2015 VAFB Delta-II 7320 NASA SMAP (ELaNA-10) FIREBIRD- I: Flight Units 1 and 2 Provided excellent science results; FU1: 12/13-1/14, FU2: 4/14 9/14 FIREBIRD-II: Flight Units 3 and 4 Improved version of FB-I mission; Launched and beautiful data since 1/2015
5 FIREBIRD-II Orbit/Data 650 x 430km orbit, 99 degree inclination single ground station Typically one Morning (~ ) and one evening (~ ) pass per orbit, but morning passes are heavily prioritized Context data low time/energy resolution minimal volume Context Data Campaign 9
6 FU4 Context Data (Campaigns 1-9) ~ 1 MeV electrons 6
7 FIREBIRD-II Orbit/Data Hi-Res data high time/energy resolution - LARGE volume VERY limited HiRes data availability - ConOPS uses context data to hunt for proverbial scientific needles in haystack Campaign # Dates Primary Science Goal /2/1 2015/2/21 Spatial Scale of Individual Microbursts /3/ /4/19 St. Patrick s Day Storm /5/ /6/15 Van Allen Probes Conjunctions /7/3 2015/8/4 July 4 th Storm /8/8 2015/9/4 BARREL Campaign Conjunctions /11/ /12/15 Conjunctions, Lightning induced precipitation /1/ /2/3 12.5ms time resolution, EFW and GRIPS conjunctions 8 FU3: 2016/5/ /6/14 FU4: 2016/6/9 2016/6/20 50ms time resolution, context and COSI conjunctions /8/ /9/7 50 ms time resolution, BARREL conjunction. (Currently in data downlink phase) /12/21 -> 2017/1/4 12 ms cadence for improved dispersion, caught geomagnetic storm, looking in the bounce loss cone /5/1 -> 2017/5/21 Conjunction event on May 2nd /7/1 -> 2017/7/21 RBSP and ARASE conjunctions, July 16 th shock 2
8 FIREBIRD-II Comparisons
9 Identifying Locally Precipitating Flux from FIREBIRD Measurements Survey collimated FU2 and FU3 flux data Identify times when FIREBIRD s/c are in the bounce loss cone 17 May 2015 Locate minima in flux oscillations to determine energy-resolved medium energy electrons locally precipitating Use energy spectra to calculate ionization (ion pair production) rates as a function of altitude
10 Estimating Atmospheric Ionization Altitude Profile from FIREBIRD Electron Flux Differential Energy Flux Ionization Rate Exponential fit Calculated using Fang et al parameterization 17 May :44:45 At first minimum of oscillation in BLC
11 Characteristic Range of Spectral Shapes (FU3) Differential Energy Flux Ionization Rate
12 Characteristic Range of Spectral Shapes (FU2) Differential Energy Flux Ionization Rate Maximum estimated ion pair production of >50 cm 3 /s at 75 km
13 In at least a few cases, ionization from electrons are large enough to compete with or exceed ionization from typical solar energetic proton events Might explain the missing source of NO x around km altitude in models FIREBIRD electron flux Solar Energetic Protons Ion pair production rate (cm -3 s -1 )
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15 FB and RBSP-ECT Energetic Electron Flux Comparison at a Conjunction 20 high quality conjunctions when in BLC from first 12 FB campaigns Estimate flux ratio between MagEIS near loss cone at equator with FB Some energy dependence but use average value of ~50; can range to >1000 in some cases Appeal to global coherence and use RBSP- ECT data to estimate losses
16 From Local to Global Estimates Create global maps of electron flux / ionization rates as input to 3D climate model (WACCM) Choose a few representative fluxes -- quiet times, moderate activity, and storms here we do only one interval when conditions are un-remarkable Run the model to see if the ionization is large enough to explain the missing NO x.
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22 Summary and Future Work We estimated radiation belt electron precipitation Ratio between MEO (RBSP-ECT) /LEO (FB) loss cone flux Use TRBEC to identify a clean period of loss Use scaled MEO to estimate global e- precipitation flux We quantified contribution of radiation belt electron precipitation to middle atmospheric chemistry HOx (few %) and NOx (50-100%) increases; O 3 decrease (few %) NOx increase narrows gap between observations and model, but not clear if enough generally; rad belt e- s probably important Next: Explore times/cases when we can compare data driven models with simultaneous NOx measurements
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