Global Change and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems

Transcription

1 Walter C. Oechel Terry Callaghan Tagir Gilmanov Jarle I. Holten Barrie Maxwell Ulf Molau Bjartmar Sveinbjomsson Editors Global Change and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems With 132 Illustrations Springer

2 Preface v Brian H. Walker Contributors xvii Introduction: Challenges for the Future: Arctic and Alpine Ecosystems in a Changing World 1 William Dwight Billings Section 1. Context for Global Change 1. Recent Climate Patterns in the Arctic 21 Barrie Maxwell 2. Quaternary Environmental Changes and Ecosystems of the European Arctic 47 Leonid R. Serebryanny and Arcady A. Tishkov 3. The Impact of Hydrologic Perturbations on Arctic Ecosystems Induced by Climate Change 63 Douglas L. Kane xiii

3 xiv 4. Global and Regional Patterns of Climate Change: Recent Predictions for the Arctic 82 Peter R. Rowntree Section 2. Effects of Anticipated Global Change on Organisms and Populations 5. Photosynthesis and Respiration in Mosses and Lichens 113 Bjartmar Sveinbjomsson and Mats Sonesson 6. Impacts of Climate Change on Demographic Processes and Population Dynamics in Arctic Plants 129 Terry V. Callaghan and Bengt A. Carlsson 7. Phenology and Reproductive Success in Arctic Plants: Susceptibility to Climate Change 153 Ulf Molau 8. A Kinetic Approach to Microbial Ecology in Arctic and Boreal Ecosystems in Relation to Global Change 171 Nikolai S. Panikov 9. Responses of Caribou and Reindeer to Global Warming 189 Anne Gunn and Terje Skogland 10. Impacts of Global Change on Arctic-Breeding Bird Populations and Migration 201 Hugh Boyd and Jesper Madsen Section 3. Effects of Anticipated Global Change on Ecosystem Structure and Ecological Complexity 11. Impacts of Global Change on Composition of Arctic Communities: Implications for Ecosystem Functioning 221 F. Stuart Chapin III, Sarah E. Hobbie, and Gaius R. Shaver 12. Effect of Climate Change on Biodiversity of Arctic Plants 229 Boris A. Yurtsev 13. Climate Change and Future Position of Arctic Tree Line 245 Peter A. Scott, Claude Lavoie, Glen M. MacDonald, Bjartmar Sveinbjomsson, and Ross W. Mein

4 xv 14. The Role of Northern Ecosystems in the Global Methane Budget 266 George L. Vourlitis and Walter C. Oechel 15. The Responses of Vegetation to Past and Future Climate Changes 290 Brian Huntley 16. Modeling the Possible Impact of Climate Change on Broad-Scale Vegetation Structure: Examples from Northern Europe 312 Wolfgang Cramer 17. Past, Present, and Future Potential Sources Contributing to Artificial Radionuclides in the Arctic Region 330 Brit Salbu and Per Strand Section 4. Effects of Anticipated Global Change on Ecosystem Function and Feedbacks to the Atmosphere 18. Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Nutrient Cycling, Decomposition, and Productivity in Arctic Ecosystems 349 Knute J. Nadelhoffer, Gaius R. Shaver, Anne Giblin, and Edward B. Rastetter 19. Buffering of Arctic Plant Responses in a Changing Climate 365 Sven Jonasson 20. Climate Change in Northern Latitudes: Alterations in Ecosystem Structure and Function and Effects on Carbon Sequestration 381 Walter C. Oechel and George L. Vourlitis 21. Phenomenological Models of the Primary Productivity of Zonal Arctic Ecosystems 402 Tagir G. Gilmanov 22. Analysis of CO 2, Temperature, and Moisture Effects on Carbon Storage in Alaskan Arctic Tundra Using a General Ecosystem Model 437 Edward B. Rastetter, Robert B. McKane, Gaius R. Shaver, Knute J. Nadelhoffer, and Anne Giblin

5 xvi 23. Century Trends in the Volume Balance of Boreal Forests: Implications for Global CO, Balance 452 Allan N.D. Auclair and Julie A. Bedford Section 5. Relationships Between Ecosystem Change and Land Use 24. Aboriginal Participation in Global Change Research in Northwest Territories of Canada 475 Ellen Bielawski Index 485