Floristic analysis of the central part of Mt Shipka (Central Balkan, Bulgaria)

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1 PHYTOLOGIA BALCANICA 21 (3): , Sofia, Floristic analysis of the central part of Mt Shipka (Central Balkan, Bulgaria) Yulian A. Marinov 1, Iliya V. Cheshmedzhiev 2, Rumen D. Mladenov 3, Ivanka Zh. Dimitrova-Dyulgerova 3, Detelina S. Belkinova 3, Ivanka I. Teneva- Dzhambazova 3 & Plamen S. Stoyanov 3 1 Regional Natural History Museum of Plovdiv, 34 Hristo G. Danov St., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria, julianmarinov@abv.bg (corresponding author) 2 Agricultural University, 12 Mendeleev Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria 3 Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Paisiy Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 24 Tsar Assen St., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria Received: February 27, 2015 Accepted: October 16, 2015 Abstract. The object of investigation is the region of peak Malusha, Kozyata Reka river and the adjacent territories. The studied area is located in the main watershed ridge of the Shipka divide of Central Balkan Range. Identified are 621 species of vascular plants belonging to 355 genera and 88 families. A description of the floristic composition is made. Attached is the so far compiled list of the identified plant species. A table is offered with the important plant species that occur within the mountain massif. Identified are 23 plant species with international protection status, subject to conservation in the Protected Zone Balgarka BG and Protected Zone Central Balkan - buffer BG Key words: Balgarka Naturаl Park, Central Balkan, flora, peak Malusha, protected plants Introduction Peak Malusha is situated on the main watershed ridge of the Balkan Range, in the central part of the Shipka divide of Central Balkan Range (Fig. 1). To the south lies the Kazanlak Valley and Sheinovo village. Westwards of the peak is Uzana locality and to the east is situated the historical peak Shipka. The area is part of the Protected Zone Balgarka BG and the Protected Zone Central Balkan - buffer BG , which fall into the European Ecological Network NATURA The total area of the research site is about 200 ha, including the treeless zone at the very top that covers ha. Vertical amplitude of the study area is about 650 m (between 700 and 1341 m a.s.l.). River Golyama Varovita and Shadravanite locality form the western Fig. 1. General view of the treeless zone of peak Malusha.

2 304 Marinov, Y. & al. Flora of Mt Shipka (Central Balkan, Bulgaria) boundary of the area. To the east are the springs of river Kozyata Reka. The north and the south positions dominate in the area. The terrain is uneven, with rocky outcrops. The inclination generally ranges between 25 and 40, only the ridge parts are more moderate. The study area is formed mainly of Middle Triassic limestone. Soils are predominantly brown, only occasionally humus-carbonate, often quite shallow and stony. In many places there are rocky outcrops. The highest part of the territory is peak Malusha ( m). There is no specified information about the climate in the research area. Some more comprehensive floristic studies of the area have been conducted by the Neichev (1909), who reported 141 species of vascular plants, belonging to 45 families. Material and methods The basic theoretical and methodological approaches adopted in modern assessments of plant diversity for scientific and conservation purposes were used for elucidating the botanical characteristics of the region. A floristic survey was conducted in the period The field studies were carried out intermittently across ten growing seasons, with the earlier visits in late February and the latest at the end of October, which permitted to cover biodiversity and its seasonal dynamics. In the inventory of floristic composition, the route method with transect transitions was used. Transects were selected to cover a maximum area of the region and areas that are representative of habitat diversity. Nomenclature of species composition was according to Delipavlov & Cheshmedjiev (2003). Florisitc elements followed Assyov & Petrova (2012). Localization and characterization of taxa populations with conservation status was carried out parallel to the route research. Results and discussion During the ten-year study of the investigated area, 88 families, 355 genera and 621 species of vascular plants were identified. The florisitc wealth (Petrova & al. 2005) included 55.3 % of the plant families, 39 % of the genera and 15.5 % of the species in Bulgaria. Largest was the share of angiosperms (Magnoliophyta): 93.1 % of the families, 95.8 % of the genera and 96.3 % of the species so far identified within the array. Dicots accounted for 487 species and monocots for 111 species. Gymnosperms (Pinophyta) comprised five species of four genera and three families. Ferns (Polypodiophyta) were represented by 16 species, 10 genera and five families and Horsetails (Equisetophyta) comprised two species of one genus and one family. Club mosses (Lycopodiophyta) have not been identified during the earlier field studies (Appendix 1). Most species-rich families were: Asteraceae 80, Poaceae 52, Rosaceae 40, Caryophyllaceae 35, Lamiaceae 34, Fabaceae 33, Apiaceae 31, Brassicaseae 30, Scrophulariaceae 26, Orchidaceae 21, Ranunculaceae 16, Liliaceae 13, Boraginaceae 13, and Campanulaceae 9. Seventy species of trees and shrubs (23 tree, 17 tree /shrub and 30 shrub species) and 551 species of herbaceous plants have been identified in the territory. The greatest participation in grasses claimed the perennial species: 415, 51 annual, 26 biennial and 59 species of transitional biological groups (24 species of onetwo year, nine species of one to many years, 23 species of two to many years, and three shrub species). Distribution of species by biological type has generally shown signs of the mountain floras of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, with a relatively large number of perennial species. Biological spectrum of the research area was characterized by close in value percentages of cryptophytes (9 %), phanerophytes (12 %), chamaephytes (17 %), terrophytes (21 %), and a significant preponderance of hemicryptophytes (41 %) (Table 1). This reflected better the climate of the research area a mountain version of the temperate continental climate. As compared to the normal biological spectrum (Gorishina 1979), the study area was characterized by strong preponderance of hemicryptophytes and a significantly smaller share of phanerophytes (about 3.5 times). Biological range of the investigated flora has shown a variety of forest and grassland communities in the mountain area with a temperate continental climate, Table 1. Biological spectrum of peak Malusha, river Kozyata Reka area and adjacent territories. Region Ph, % Ch, % H, % Cr, % Th, % Peak Malusha, Kozyata Reka area Bulgaria Normal biological range

3 Phytol. Balcan. 21(3) Sofia confirmed by the share of therophytes and hamephytes. The percentage of life forms did not deviate from the typical one for Bulgaria (Pachedjieva 2012). Analysis of the floristic elements gives an idea of the phytogeographyc characteristics of the investigated flora. The identified higher plants in the investigated territory belong to eight main groups of floristic elements. As the region of peak Malusha and river Kozyata Reka is situated centrally to Bulgaria and consequently to the Balkan Peninsula, the flora is characterized by a wide variety of floristic elements. Euro-Asian species predominate, including Euro-Central and West Asian (95), sub-mediterranean (83), Euro-Mediterranean (70), European (63), Euro-Siberian (53), sub-boreal (45), Boreal (43) and Cosmopolitan (22) groups of floristic elements. The following groups of floristic elements are presented by species: Pontic-Mediterranean (16), Euro-sub-Mediterranean (15), and Mediterranean, including East Mediterranean (14). The remaining groups of floristic elements are represented with a relatively small number of taxa, such as the Balkan-Anatolian (9), Pontic, including South-Pontic (9), Carpathian-Balkan (7), Euro-Oriental-Turanian (7), Pontic-sub-Mediterranean (5), Alpine-Carpathian-Balkan (5), Arctic-Alpine (2), Alpine-Mediterranean (4), Alpine-Carpathian (4), Apennine-Balkan (4), Balkan-Dacian (2), Mediterranean-Asian (2), Mediterranean-Oriental-Turanian (3), Pontic-Central Asian (2), sub-mediterranean-central Asian (2), Euro-Mediterranean - Central Asiatic (2), and South-Siberian (2). The remaining groups of floristic elements are presented by one species: Alpine-Balkan-Apennine, Panonnic-Balkan, Pontic-Asian, Alpine-Balkan, Pontic-Balkan, Pontic-Panbalkan, Pontic-Siberian, sub-mediterranean-anatolian, sub-mediterranean-siberian, Euro-North American, Euxinous, Balkan-Aegean and sub-balkan (Sempervivum erytraeum). Close proximity of the Triglav Massif and Mt Ispolin (1524.4) is a fundamental prerequisite for good representation of the species in the group of Alpine floristic elements. Arctic-alpine floristic elements are represented by the species Nardus stricta and Antennaria dioica; Alpine-Carpathian-Balkan florisitc elements by Hieracium alpicola, Homogyne alpina, Knautia drymeia, Rumex alpinus, and Sorbus mougeotii; Alpine-Carpathian by the species Stachys alpina, Acinos alpinus, Alchemilla flabellata, and Scabiosa lucida; Alpine-Balkan by the species Koeleria eriostachya; Alpine-Balkan-Apennine by Hieracium villosum; Apennine-Balkan by Campanula lingulata, Linum capitatum, Orlaya grandifolia, and Verbascum lychnitis; Alpine-Mediterranean by Chenopodium bonus-henricus, Verbascum lanatum, Helianthemum nummularium, and Anthyllis montana. Forty-five rare and endangered plant species of conservation importance and protected by the Bulgarian and European legislation (Table 2) were identified in the investigated area. One plant species (Haberlea rhodopensis) is included in Annex 1 of the Bern Convention (1979); 22 species are listed in Appendix II of CITES (1975): Cephalanthera damasonium, C. longifolia, C. rubra, Dactylorhiza saccifera, D. sambucina, Epipactis atrorubens, E. exilis, E. helleborine, E. microphylla, E. purpurata, Epipogium aphyllum, Galanthus elwesii, Gymnadenia conopsea, Listera ovata, Neottia nidusavis, Orchis mascula, O. militaris, O. pallens, O. pinetorum, O. ustulata, Platanthera bifolia, P. chlorantha; 13 species are included in the Biological Diversity Act of Bulgaria (2002) and its Amendments and Supplements (2007): Arabis nova, Cynoglossum germanicum, Galanthus elwesii, Geranium palustre, Haberlea rhodopensis, Lilium albanicum, Micromeria frivaldszkyana, Orchis militaris, Paeonia mascula, Rhynchocorys elephas, Seseli bulgaricum, Taxus baccata, Trinia glauca. Twenty-nine species of plants are included in the Red List of the Bulgarian Vascular Plants (Petrova & Vladimirov 2009): Angelica pancicii, Arabis nova, Atropa bella-donna, Betonica bulgarica, Carum graecum, Cynoglossum germanicum, Draba lasiocarpa, Epipactis exilis, E. microphylla, E. purpurata, Epipogium aphyllum, Festuca balcanica, Galanthus elwesii, Geranium palustre, Haberlea rhodopensis, Hieracium villosum, Jovibarba heuffelii, Laserpitium siler, Lilium albanicum, Micromeria frivaldszkyana, Orchis militaris, O. ustulata, Paeonia mascula, Rhynchocorys elephas, Sempervivum erythraeum, Seseli bulgaricum, Silene nutans, Sison amomum, and Taxus baccata. Eleven species are included in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria (Peev & al. 2015). Two species are assigned to the Critically Endangered (CR) category (Lilium albanicum, Seseli bulgaricum) and nine species to the Еndangered (EN) category (Betonica bulgarica, Cynoglossum germanicum, Epipactis purpurata, Galanthus elwesii, Hieracium villosum, Micromeria frivaldszkyana, Orchis militaris, Paeonia mascula, Taxus baccata).

4 306 Marinov, Y. & al. Flora of Mt Shipka (Central Balkan, Bulgaria) The Central Balkan Range is one of the powerful speciation centres in the flora of the Balkan Peninsula. The field studies confirmed the presence of 13 Balkan endemics: Achillea clypeolata, Angelica pancicii, Carum graecum, Centaurea napulifera, Cephalaria flava, Crocus veluchensis, Dianthus noeanus, Haberlea rhodopensis, Lilium albanicum, Pastinaca hirsuta, Scabiosa triniifolia, Sesleria latifolia, and Viola aetolica. There are four species and three subspecies of identified Bulgarian endemics, including three species and two subspecies local* for the Central Balkan Range: Betonica bulgarica*, Festuca balcanica, Micromeria frivaldszkyana*, Seseli bulgaricum*. The endemic subspecies are Festuca balcanica subsp. neicevii*, Jurinea consanguinea subsp. neicevii and Veronica austriaca subsp. neiceffii*. Our study has confirmed the occurence of Cynoglossum germanicum in Bulgaria(Fig. 2). On the territory of the country this species was found in July 1899 and referred to the Shipka divide of the Central Balkan Range in the Malusha locality, Gabrovo (Neichev 1909; Herb. Specimen SOM 58993). Evstatieva (1984) referred this species to the Extinct category. The species was found again in 2006 by Marinov (2009) in the PA Sokolovo Monastery Forest: SOA , , SOM , The species got a new status of Endangered (EN) on the territory of Bulgaria (Genova 2009, 2015). This study demonstrated the presence of the species in its original habitat on peak Malusha. The species Seseli bulgaricum (Fig. 3) known for the southern slopes of Kaloferski share of Central Stara Planina Mountain (Peev 1982) is reported for Shipka Mountain. (Herb. Specimen SOM ). The species Lilium albanicum reported by Neichev (1909) for the Triglav Massif and peak Ispolin (SOM 12448, 12451) was found during our field study on peak Malusha. According to the chorological data, the species was not mentioned for the floristic region Table 2. Rare and endangered plant species of conservation importance. Bern Convention (1979) Peev & al. (2015) BDA (2002) CITES (1975) Petrova & Vladimirov (2009) No. Species Angelica pancicii VU 2 Arabis nova Annex III VU 3 Atropa bella - donna VU 4 Betonica bulgarica EN EN 5 Carum graecum NT 6 Cephalanthera damasonium + 7 Cephalanthera rubra + 8 Cephalanthera longifolia + 9 Cynoglossum germanicum EN Annex III EN 10 Dactylorhiza saccifera + 11 Dactylorhiza sambucina + 12 Draba lasiocarpa LC 13 Epipactis atrorubens + 14 Epipactis exilis + EN 15 Epipactis helleborine + 16 Epipactis microphylla + VU 17 Epipactis purpurata EN + EN 18 Epipogium aphyllum + VU Festuca balcanica NT 20 Galanthus elwesii EN Annex III + EN 21 Geranium palustre Annex III VU 22 Gymnadenia conopsea + 23 Haberlea rhodopensis R Annex III LC 24 Hieracium villosum EN EN 25 Jovibarba heuffelii NT 26 Laserpitium siler LC 27 Lilium albanicum CR Annex II/III CR 28 Listera ovata + 29 Micromeria frivaldszkyana EN Annex III EN 30 Neottia nidus-avis + 31 Orchis mascula + 32 Orchis militaris EN Annex III + EN 33 Orchis pallens + 34 Orchis pinetorum + 35 Orchis ustulata + VU 36 Paeonia mascula EN Annex III EN 37 Platanthera bifolia + 38 Platanthera chlorantha + 39 Rhynchocorys elephas Annex III VU 40 Sempervivum erythraeum LC 41 Seseli bulgaricum CR Annex III CR 42 Silene nutans VU 43 Sison amomum VU 44 Taxus baccata EN Annex III EN 45 Trinia glauca Annex III

5 Phytol. Balcan. 21(3) Sofia of the Central Balkan Range. The specimens found were about 50 cm high, with leaves seldom with leaning pappuses (which brings the plants close to Lilium jankae). Flowers were on the top, single or 2 3 in a sparse raceme. Perigon petals were golden-yellow, without blots (characterisitcs bringing our specimens closer to Lilium albanicum). The species Geranium palustre reported by Neichev (1909) for the area was not confirmed in this floristic study. Appendix 1. List of vascular plants found on peak Malusha, river Kozyata Reka area and the adjacent territories (PZ Balgarka BG and PZ Central Balkan buffer zone BG ). Fig. 2. Cynoglossum germanicum. Fig. 3. Seseli bulgaricum. Fig. 4. Lilium albanicum. Equisetaceae 1. Equisetum L. E. arvense L. E. telmateia Ehrh. Aspidiaceae 2. Dryopteris Adans. D. carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs D. dilatata (Hoffm.) A. Gray D. filix-mas (L.) Schott 3. Polystichum Roth P. aculeatum (L.) Roth P. setiferum (Forssk.) Woyn. Aspleniaceae 4. Asplenium L. A. adiantum-nigrum L. A. ruta muraria L. A. trichomanes L. A. viride Huds. 5. Ceterach DC C. officinarum L. 6. Phyllitis Hill Ph. scolopendrium (L.) Newman Athyriaceae 7. Athyrium Roth A. filix-femina (L.) Roth 8. Cystopteris Bernh. C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Hypolepidaceae 9. Pteridium Gled. ex Scop. P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Ophioglossaceae 10. Botrychium Sw. B. lunaria (L.) Sw. Polypodiaceae 11. Polypodium L. P. vulgare L. Cupressaceae 12. Juniperus L. J. communis L. Pinaceae 13. Abies Miller A. alba Miller 14. Pinus L. P. nigra Arnold P. sylvestris L. Taxaceae 15. Taxus L. T. baccata L. Aceraceae 16. Acer L. A. campestre L. A. hyrcanum Fischer & C.A. Mey.

6 308 Marinov, Y. & al. Flora of Mt Shipka (Central Balkan, Bulgaria) A. platanoides L. 33. Pimpinella L. C. nutans L. 63. Hypochoeris L. A. pseudoplatanus L. P. tragium Vill. C. personata (L.) Jacq. H. radicata L. 34. Sanicula L. C. thoermeri Weinm. 64. Inula L. Amaranthacea S. europaea L. 49. Carlina L. I. aschersoniana Janka 17. Amaranthus L. 35. Seseli L. C. acanthifolia All. I. coniza DC. A. retroflexus L. S. bulgaricum P. W. Ball C. vulgaris L. I. ensifolia L. S. libanotis (L.) Koch 50. Centaurea L. I. hirta L. Anacardiaceae S. peucedanoides (M. Bieb.) C. calvescens Pančič 65. Jurinea Cass. 18. Cotinus Adanson Kos.-Pol. C. jacea L. J. consanguinea DC. subsp. C. coggygria Scop. 36. Sison L. C. napulifera Rochel neicevii Kožuharov S. amomum L. C. rhenana Boreau 66. Lactuca L. Apiaceae 37. Torilis Adanson C. splendens L. L. aurea (Pančič) Stebbins = 19. Aegopodium L. T. japonica (Houtt.) DC. C. triumfetti All. Mulgedium sonchifolium A. podagraria L. 38. Trinia Hoffm. 51. Chondrilla L. L. quercina L. 20. Angelica L. T. glauca (L.) Dumort. Ch. juncea L. 67. Lapsana L. A. pancicii Vandas 52. Cichorium L. L. communis L. A. sylvestris L. Araliaceae C. intybus L. 68. Leontodon L. 21. Anthriscus Pers. 39. Hedera L. 53. Cirsium Miller L. autumnalis L. A. sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. H. helix L. C. arvense (L.) Scop. L. crispus Vill. 22. Bupleurum L. C. candelabrum Griseb. 69. Leucanthemum Mill. B. commutatum Boiss. & Balansa Aristolochiaceae C. ligulare Boiss. L. vulgare Lam. B. falcatum L. 40. Asarum L. 54. Crepis L. 70. Matricaria L. B. sibthorpianum Sm. A. europaeum L. C. biennis L. M. trichophylla (Boiss.) Boiss. 23. Carum L. C. conyzifolia (Gouan) A. Kerner 71. Mycelis Cass. C. carvi L. Asclepiadaceae C. foetida L. M. muralis (L.) Dumort. C. graecum Boiss. et Heldr. 41. Vincetoxicum N.M. Wolf 55. Crupina (Pres.) Cass. 72. Onopordum L. 24. Caucalis L. V. hirundinaria Medicus C. vulgaris Cass. O. acanthium L. C. platycarpos L. 56. Doronicum L. 73. Petasites Miller 25. Chaerophyllum L. Asteraceae D. columnae Ten. P. hybridus (L.) P. Gaertn., B. Ch. aureum L. 42. Achillea L. 57. Echinops L. Mayer & Scherb. Ch. bulbosum L A. clypeolata Sm. E. ritro L. 74. Picris L. Ch. byzantinum Boiss. A. grandifolia Friv. 58. Erigeron L. P. hieracioides L. Ch. temulentum L. A. pannonica Scheele E. acer L. 75. Prenanthes L. 26. Daucus L. 43. Antennaria Gaertner 59. Eupatorium L. P. purpurea L. D. carota L. A. dioica (L.) Gaertner E. cannabinum L. 76. Ptilostemon Cass. 27. Eryngium L. 44. Anthemis L. 60. Gnaphalium L. P. afer (Jacq.) W. Greuter E. campestre L. A. tinctoria L. G. sylvaticum L. 77. Pulicaria Gaerther 28. Heracleum L. 45. Arctium L. 61. Hieracium L. P. dysenterica (L.) Bernh. H. sibiricum L. A. lappa L. H. alpicola Gaudin 78. Scorzonera L. H. ternatum Velen. A. nemorosum Lej. H. cymosum L. S. hispanica L. 29. Laserpitium L. A. tomentosum Miller H. gentile Boreau 79. Senecio L. L. latifolium L. 46. Artemisia L. H. hoppeanum Schultes S. nemorensis L. L. siler L. A. absintium L. H. pannosum Boiss. S. rupestris Waldst. & Kit. 30. Orlaya Hoffm. A. vulgaris L. H. pilosella L. S. viscosus L. O. grandiflora (L.) Hoffm. 47. Bellis L. H. racemosum Waldst.& Kit. ex 80. Solidago L. 31. Pastinaca L. B. perennis L. Willd. S. virgaurea L. P. hirsuta Pančič 48. Carduus L. H. villosum Jacq. 81. Tanacetum L. 32. Peucedanum L. C. kerneri Simonkai ssp. austro- 62. Homogyne Cass. T. macrophyllum (Waldst. & P. carvifolia Vill. orientalis Franco H. alpina (L.) Cass. Kit.) Sch. Bip.

7 Phytol. Balcan. 21(3) Sofia T. parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. A. alyssoides (L.) L. Callitrichaceae H. glabra L. T. vulgare L. 98. Arabidopsis (DC.) Heynh Callitriche L. H. incana Lam. 82. Taraxacum Weber A. thaliana (L.) Heynh. B. cophocarpa Sendtner 130. Holosteum L. T. palustre (Lyons) Symons 99. Arabis L. H. umbellatum L. T. officinale Weber Arabis auriculata Lam. Campanulaceae 131. Lychnis L. T. serotinum (Waldst. & Kit.) A. hirsuta (L.) Scop Asyneuma Griseb. & L. coronaria (L.) Desr. Poiret A. nova Vill. Schenk 132. Minuartia L. 83. Telekia Baumg. A. procurrens Waldst. & Kit. A. canescens (Waldst. & Kit.) M. caespitosa (Ehrh.) Degen T. speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. A. sagittata (Bertol.) DC. Griseb. & Schenk M. glomerata (M. Bieb.) Degen 84. Tragopogon L. A. turrita L Campanula L. M. verna (L.) Hiern T. pratensis L Barbarea R. Br. C. glomerata L Moehringia L. 85. Tussilago L. B. vulgaris R. Br. C. lingulata Waldst. & Kit. M. muscosa L. T. farfara L Berteroa DC. C. patula L. M. trinervia (L.) Clairv. B. incana (L.) DC. C. persicifolia L Myosoton Moench Balsaminaceae 102. Capsella Medicus C. rapunculoides L. M. aquaticum (L.) Moench 86. Impatiens L. C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medicus C. sibirica L Sagina L. I. noli-tangere L Cardamine L. C. trachelium L. S. procumbens L. C. flexuosa With Jasione L Saponaria L. Boraginaceae C. hirsuta L. J. heldreichii Boiss. & Orph. S. officinalis L. 87. Anchusa L. C. impatiens L Scleranthus L. A. barrelieri (All.) Vitman 104. Dentaria L. Cannabaceae S. neglectus Rochel ex Baumg. 88. Buglossoides Moench D. bulbifera L Humulus L Silene L. B. purpurocaerulea (L.) I.M Descurainia Webb & H. lupulus L. S. armeria L. Johnston Berth. S. flavescens Waldst. & Kit. 89. Cynoglossum L. D. sophia (L.) Prantl Caprifoliaceae S. italica (L.) Pers. C. germanicum Jacq Draba L Lonicera L. S. nutans L. C. hungaricum Simonk. D. aizoides L. L. xylosteum L. S. viridiflora L. 90. Echium L. D. lasiocarpa Rochel 123. Sambucus L. S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke E. vulgare L Erophila DC. S. ebulus L Spergula L. 91. Heliotropium L. E. verna (L.) Besser S. nigra L. S. arvensis L. H. europaeum L Erysimum L Viburnum L Spergularia (Pers.) J. & C. 92. Lappula Gilib. E. cuspidatum (M. Bieb.) DC. V. lantana L. Presl L. squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. E. diffusum Ehrh. V. opulus L. S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl 93. Myosotis L Hesperis L Stellaria L. M. stricta Roem. & Schult. H. matronalis L. Caryophyllaceae S. graminea L. M. sylvatica Hoffm Iberis L Agrostemma L. S. holostea L. 94. Pulmonaria L. I. sempervirens L. A. githago L. S. media L. P. officinalis L Lepidium L Arenaria L. S. nemorum L. P. rubra Schott L. campestre (L.) R. Br. A. serpyllifolia L Viscaria Rőhling 95. Symphytum L Lunaria L Cerastium L. V. vulgaris Rőhling S. ottomanum Friv. L. rediviva L. C. arvense L. S. tuberosum L. ssp. nodosum 113. Rorippa Scop. C. banaticum (Rochel) Heuffel Celastraceae (Schur) Soó R. pyrenaica (L.) Rchb. C. tauricum Spreng Euonymus L Sisymbrium L Dianthus L. E. latifolius (L.) Miller Brassicaceae S. altissimum L. D. armeria L. E. verrucosus Scop. 96. Alliaria Scop Thlaspi L. D. cruentus Griseb. A. petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara T. praecox Wulfen D. giganteus D Urv. Chenopodiaceae & Grande 116. Turritis L. D. noëanus Boiss Chenopodium L. 97. Alyssum L. T. glabra L Herniaria L. Ch. bonus-henricus L.

8 310 Marinov, Y. & al. Flora of Mt Shipka (Central Balkan, Bulgaria) Cistaceae D. laciniatus L. L. corniculatus L. G. phaeum L Helianthemum Spach D. pilosus L Medicago L. G. palustre L. H. nummularium (L.) Miller 159. Knautia L. M. falcata L. G. pyrenaicum Burm. f Rodax Spach K. arvensis (L.) Coulter M. lupulina L. G. robertianum L. R. canus (L.) Fuss K. drymeia Heuffel 174. Melilotus Miller G. sanguineum L Scabiosa L. M. alba Medicus Convolvulaceae S. columbaria L. M. officinalis (L.) Pallas Gesneriaceae 147. Calystegia R. Br. S. lucida Vill Onobrychis Miller 186. Haberlea Friv. C. sepium (L.) R. Br. S. ochroleuca L. O. alba (Waldst. & Kit.) Desv. H. rhodopensis Friv. C. sylvatica (Kit.) Griseb. S. trinifolia Friv Ononis L Convolvulus L. O. arvensis L. Hypericaceae C. arvensis L. Euphorbiaceae 177. Trifolium L Hypericum L Euphorbia L. T. alpestre L. H. hirsutum L. Cornaceae E. amygdaloides L. T. aureum Pollich H. perforatum L Cornus L. E. cyparissias L. T. ochroleucon Hudson H. tetrapterum Fries C. mas L. E. polychroma A. Kerner T. pannonicum Jacq. C. sanguinea L Mercurialis L. T. pratense L. Lamiaceae M. perennis L. T. repens L Acinos Miller Corylaceae 178. Vicia L. A. alpinus (L.) Moench 150. Carpinus L. Fabaceae V. cracca L. A. arvensis (Lam.) Dandy C. betulus L Anthyllis L. V. cassubica L Ajuga L Corylus L. A. montana L. ssp. jacquinii (A. V. sepium L. A. genevensis L. C. avellana L. Kerner) Hayek V. tenuifolia Roth A. laxmannii (L.) Bentham 152. Ostrya Scop. A. vulneraria L Betonica L. O. carpinifolia Scop Astragalus L. Fagaceae B. bulgarica Degen & Nejceff A. glycyphyllos L Fagus L Calamintha Miller Crassulaceae A. onobrychis L. ssp. F. sylvatica L. ssp. moesiaca (K. C. sylvatica Bromf Jovibarba Opiz chlorocarpus (Griseb.) Malý) Hjelmquist 192. Clinopodium L. J. heuffelii (Schott) A. & D. Kožuharov & Pavlova 180. Quercus L. C. vulgare L. Lőve 165. Chamaecytisus Link Q. dalechampii Ten Galeopsis L Sedum L. Ch. albus (Jacq.) Rothm. G. speciosa Miller S. acre L. Ch. ciliatus (Wahlenb.) Rothm. Fumariaceae G. tetrahit L. S. album L Chamaespartium Adanson 181. Corydalis Vent Glechoma L. S. annuum L. Ch. sagittale (L.) P. Gibbs C. bulbosa (L.) DC. G. hederacea L. S. hispanicum L Coronilla L. C. slivenensis Velen. G. hirsuta Waldst. & Kit. S. maximum (L.) Suter C. varia L Lamiastrum Heister ex S. ochroleucum Chaix 168. Dorycnium Miller Gentianaceae Fabr Sempervivum L. D. herbaceum Vill Gentiana L. L. galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & S. erythraeum Velen Galega L. G. cruciata L. Polatschek G. officinalis L. G. verna L Lamium L. Cuscutaceae 170. Genista L Gentianella Moench L. garganicum L Cuscuta L. G. carinalis Griseb. G. ciliata (L.) Borkh. L. purpureum L. C. epithymum (L.) L. G. depressa M. Bieb Lycopus L. G. januensis Viv. Geraniaceae L. exaltatus L. Dipsacaceae 171. Lathyrus L Erodium L Her Marrubium L Cephalaria Schrader ex L. pratensis L. E. cicutarium L Her. M. vulgare L. Roemer & Schultes L. venetus (Miller) Wohlf Geranium L Melissa L. C. flava (Sibth. & Sm.) Szabó L. vernus (L.) Bernh. G. lucidum L. M. officinalis L Dipsacus L Lotus L. G. macrorrhizum L Mentha L.

9 Phytol. Balcan. 21(3) Sofia M. longifolia (L.) Hudson F. excelsior L. P. maculata (Rafin.) S. F. Gray Th. aquilegifolium L Micromeria Bentham F. ornus L Polygonum L. M. frivaldszkyana (Degen) 216. Ligustrum L. P. aviculare L. Resedaceae Velen. L. vulgare L Rumex L Reseda L Nepeta L Syringa L. R. acetosa L. R. lutea L. N. nuda L. S. vulgaris L. R. acetossela L Origanum L. R. alpinus L. Rhamnaceae O. vulgare L. Onagraceae 247. Rhamnus L Prunella L Chamaenerion Adanson Primulaceae Rh. saxatilis Jacq. P. grandiflora (L.) Scholler Ch. angustifolium (L.) Scop Anagalis L. P. vulgaris L Circea L. A. arvensis L. Rosaceae 205. Salvia L. C. lutetiana L Lysimachia L Agrimonia L. S. glutinosa L Epilobium L. L. nummularia L. A. eupatoria L. S. verticillata L. E. hirsutum L. L. punctata L Alchemilla L Scutellaria L. E. montanum L Primula L. A. acutiloba Opiz S. altissima L. P. veris L. A. flabellata Buser 207. Sideritis L. Orobanchaceae A. glaucescens Wallr. S. montana L Orobanche Pyrolaceae A. monticola Opiz 208. Stachys L. O. alba Steph. ex Willd Orthilia Rafin Amelanchier Medicus S. alpina L. O. caryophyllacea Sm. O. secunda (L.) House A. ovalis Medicus S. germanica L Phelipanche 251. Aremonia Nestler S. sylvatica L. Ph. purpurea (Jacq.) Sojak Ranunculaceae A. agrimonoides (L.) DC Teucrium L Aconitum L Cerasus Juss. T. chamaedrys L. Oxalidaceae A. lycoctonum L. = A. lamarckii C. avium (L.) Moench T. montanum L Oxalis L. Rchb Cotoneaster Medicus 210. Thymus L. O. acetosella L Actaea L. C. integerrimus Medicus Th. pulegioides L. A. spicata L. C. nebrodensis (Guss.) C. Koch Th. vandasii Velen. Paeoniaceae 237. Anemone L Crataegus L Paeonia L. A. ranunculoides L. C. monogyna Jacq. Linaceae P. mascula (L.) Miller 238. Caltha L Filipendula Miller 211. Linum L. C. palustris L. F. ulmaria (L.) Maxim. L. capitatum Kit. ex Schultes Papaveraceae 239. Clematis L. F. vulgaris Moench L. catharticum L Chelidonium L. C. vitalba L Fragaria L. Ch. majus L Ficaria Adanson F. vesca L. Lythraceae F. verna Hudson F. viridis Duchesne 212. Lythrum L. Plantaginaceae 241. Helleborus L Geum L. L. salicaria L Plantago L. H. odorus Waldst. & Kit. G. rivale L. P. argentea Chaix 242. Hepatica Miller G. urbanum L. Malvaceae P. lanceolata L. H. nobilis Miller 258. Laurocerasus M. J. Roemer 213. Malva L. P. major L Isopyrum L. L. officinalis M. J. Roemer M. neglecta Wallr. P. media L. I. thalictroides L Malus Miller M. sylvestris L Ranunculus L. M. sylvestris Miller Polygalaceae R. acris L Potentilla L. Monotropaceae 227. Polygala L. R. carinathiacus Hoppe P. argentea L Monotropa L. P. major Jacq. R. millefoliatus Vahl P. cinerea Chaix ex Vill. M. hypopitys L. P. vulgaris L. R. platanifolius L. P. erecta (L.) Räuschel R. polyanthemos L. P. micrantha Ramond ex DC. Oleaceae Polygonaceae R. repens L. P. pilosa L Fraxinus L Persicaria Miller 245. Thalictrum L. P. reptans L.

10 312 Marinov, Y. & al. Flora of Mt Shipka (Central Balkan, Bulgaria) 261. Prunus L. Saxifragaceae Solanaceae Amaryllidaceae P. cerasifera Ehrh Chrysosplenium L Atropa L Galanthus L. P. spinosa L. Ch. alternifolium L. A. bella-donna L. G. elwesii Hooker f Pyrus L Saxifraga L. P. pyraster Burgsd. S. rotundifolia L. Staphyleaceae Araceae 263. Rosa L. S. tridactylites L Staphylea L Arum L. R. canina L. S. pinnata L. A. maculatum L. R. pendulina L. Scrophulariaceae 264. Rubus L Chaenorhinum (DC.) Thymelaeaceae Asparagaceae R. canescens DC. Rchb Daphne L Ruscus L. R. discolor Weihe & Nees Ch. minus (L.) Lange D. mezereum L. R. hypoglossum L. R. hirtus Waldst. & Kit Digitalis L. R. idaeus L. D. grandiflora Miller Tiliaceae Cyperaceae 265. Sanguisorba L Euphrasia L Tilia L Carex L. S. minor Scop. E. hirtella Jordan ex Reuter T. cordata L. C. caryophyllea Latourr Sorbus L. E. rostkoviana Hayne C. digitata L. S. aria (L.) Crantz E. salisburgensis Funck Ulmaceae C. humilis Leysser S. aucuparia L Lathraea L Ulmus L. C. kitaibeliana Degen ex S. mougeotii Soy.-Will. & Gordon L. squamaria L. U. glabra Hudson Becherer = S. austriaca (Beck) Heldr Linaria Miller U. minor Miller C. muricata L. = Carex pairaei S. torminalis (L.) Crantz L. genistifolia (L.) Miller F. Schultz 267. Spirea L. L. vulgaris Miller Urticaceae C. pendula Hudson S. chamaedryfolia L Misopates Rafin Urtica L. C. sylvatica Hudson M. orontium (L.) Rafin. U. dioica L. Rubiaceae 282. Odontites Ludw Parietaria L. Diospyraceae 268. Asperula L. O. verna (Bellardi) Dumort P. erecta Mert. & Koch 303. Tamus L. A. cynanchica L Rhinanthus L. T. communis L Cruciata Miller Rh. angustifolius C. C. Gmelin Valerianaceae C. glabra (L.) Ehrend. Rh. wagneri Degen 295. Valeriana L. Iridaceae C. laevipes Opiz 284. Rhynchocorys Griseb. V. officinalis L Crocus L Galium L. Rh. elephas (L.) Griseb. C. veluchensis Herbert G. album Miller 285. Scrophularia L. Verbenaceae 305. Iris L. G. odoratum (L.) Scop. S. nodosa L Verbena L. I. reichenbachii Heuffel G. schultesii Vest S. scopolii Hoppe ex Pers. V. officinalis L. G. verum L Verbascum L. Juncaceae V. densiflorum Bertol. Violaceae 306. Juncus L. Salicaceae V. lanatum Schrader 297. Viola L. J. effusus L Populus L. V. longifolium Tem. ssp. V. aetolica Boiss. & Heldr. J. inflexus L. (J. glaucus Ehrh.) P. tremula L. pannosum (Vis.) Murb. V. hirta L Luzula DC Salix L. V. lychnitis L. V. reichenbachiana Jord. ex L. campestris (L.) DC. S. alba L. V. nigrum L. Boreau L. forsteri (Sm.) DC. S. caprea L Veronica L. V. tricolor L L. luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & S. fragilis L. V. baccabunga L. Wilmott S. purpurea L. V. chamaedrys L. Alliaceae L. pilosa (L.) Willd. S. triandra L. V. austriaca L. ssp. neiceffii 298. Allium L. (Degen) Peev A. carinatum L. Liliaceae Santalaceae V. montana L. A. paniculatum L Antericum L Thesium L. V. officinalis L. A. ursinum L. A. ramosum L. Th. bavarum Schrank V. serpyllifolia L. A. webbii G.C. Clementi 309. Colchicum L.

11 Phytol. Balcan. 21(3) Sofia C. autumnale L. E. microphylla (Ehrh.) Swartz B. sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv. F. pratensis L Erythronium L. E. purpurata Sm Briza L Holcus L. E. dens-canis L Epipogium R. Br. B. media L. H. mollis L Gagea Salisb. E. aphyllum Swartz 334. Bromus L Hordelymus (Jessen) C. G. lutea (L.) Ker-Gawler 322. Gymnadenia R. Br. B. barcensis Simonkai O. Harz G. pratensis (Pers.) Dumort. G. conopsea (L.) R. Br. B. mollis L. H. europaeus (L.) C. O. Harz 312. Lilium L Listera R. Br. B. tectorum L Koeleria Pers. L. albanicum Griseb. L. ovata (L.) R. Br Calamagrostis Adanson K. eryostachya Pančič L. martagon L Neottia Ludwig C. arundinacea (L.) Roth K. macrantha (Ledeb.) Schultes 313. Muscari Miller N. nidus-avis (L.) L. C. M. C. epigeios (L.) Roth 347. Lolium L. M. neglectum Guss. Richard 336. Cleistogenes Keng L. perenne L Ornithogalum L Platanthera L. C. M. C. serotina (L.) Keng 348. Melica L. O. kochii Parl. Richard 337. Cynodon L. C. M. Richard M. ciliata L. O. oligophyllum E.D. Clarke P. bifolia (L.) L. C. M. Richard C. datylon (L.) Pers. M. nutans L. O. sibthorpii W. Greuter P. chlorantha (Custer) Rchb Cynosurus L. M. uniflora Retz Polygonatum Miller 326. Orchis L. C. cristatus L Milium L. P. odoratum (Miller) Druce O. mascula (L.) L. ssp. signifera C. echinatus L. M. effusum L. P. verticillatum (L.) All. (Vest) Soó 339. Dactylis L Nardus L Scilla L. O. militaris L. D. glomerata L. N. stricta L. S. bifolia L. O. pallens L Danthonia DC Phleum L Veratrum L. O. pinetorum Boiss. et Kotschy D. alpina Vest Ph. phleoides (L.) Karsten V. album L. O. ustulata L Deschampsia Beauv. Ph. pratense L. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv Poa L. Orchidaceae Poaceae D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. = P. alpina L Cephalanthera L. C. M Agrostis L. Lerchenfeldia flexuosa (L.) P. badensis Haenke ex Willd. Richard A. capillaris L. Schur P. compressa L. C. damasonium (Miller) Druce 328. Alopecurus L Elymus P. nemoralis L. C. longifolia (L. ) Fritsch A. pratensis L. E. hispidus (Opiz) Melderis 353. Sesleria Scop. C. rubra (L.) L. C. M. Richard 329. Anthoxanthum L Festuca L. S. coerulans Friv Dactylorhiza Necker ex A. odoratum L. F. airoides Lam. S. coerulea (L.) Ard. Nevski 330. Arrhenatherum Beauv. F. altissima All. S. latifolia (Adamovič) Degen D. saccifera (Brongn.) Soó A. elatius (L.) Beauv. ex J.& C. F. balcanica (Acht.) Markgr.- S. rigida Rchb. ssp. achtarovii D. sambucina (L.) Soó Presl Dannenb. ssp. neicevii (Deyl) Deyl 320. Epipactis Zinn 331. Bellardiochloa Chiov. F. dalmatica (Hackel) K. Richter 354. Stipa L. E. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser B. variegata (Lam.) Kerguélen F. drymeja Mert. & Koch S. pulcherrima C. Koch E. exilis P. Delforge 332. Brachypodium Beauv. F. heterophylla Lam Trisetum Pers. E. helleborine (L.) Crantz B. pinnatum (L.) Beauv. F. nigrescens Lam. T. flavescens (L.) Beauv. References Assyov, B. & Petrova, А. (eds) Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora. Distribution Maps and Floristic Elements. Ed. 4, BBF, Sofia. Bern Convention Convention on the Conservation of Euro pean Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=104&CM=8&DF=&CL=ENG (accessed 22 August 2011). Biological Diversity Act Decree no. 283 accepted by the 39 th National Assembly on 02 August Darzhaven Vestnik, no. 77/ Pp (in Bulgarian). Act on Amending and Supplementing the Biological Diversity Act Decree no. 354 accepted by the 40 th National Assembly on 01 November Darzhaven Vestnik, no. 94/ , pp (in Bulgarian).

12 314 Marinov, Y. & al. Flora of Mt Shipka (Central Balkan, Bulgaria) CITES The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Appendix II. index.php (accessed 22 August 2011). Delipavlov, D. & Cheshmedzhiev, I. (eds) Key to the Plants of Bulgaria. Agrarian Univ. Acad. Press, Plovdiv (in Bulgarian). Evstatieva, L Cynoglossum germanicum Jacq. In: Velchev, V. (ed.), Red Data Book of the PR Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants, p Publishing House Bulg. Acad. Sci., Sofia (in Bulgarian). Genova, E Cynoglossum germanicum Jacq. In: Petrova, A. & Vladimirov, V. (eds), Red List of Bulgarian vascular plants. Phytol. Balcan., 15(1): 75. Genova, E Cynoglossum germanicum Jacq. In: Peev, D. & al. (eds), Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. Vol. 1. Plants and Fungi, p Bulgarian Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Environment and Waters, Sofia. Gorishina, Т.K Plant Ecology. Visshaya Shkola, Moskow (in Russian). IUCN IUCN Red List Categories.and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. Gland & Cambridge. Marinov, Y Cynoglossum germanicum (Boraginaceae) an endangered species in Bulgarian flora. Fl. Medit., 9: Neichev, I Materials on the flora of Gabrovo region and Balkan (from Kademlia to Bedek). Sborn. Nar. Umotv. Nauka Knizhn., 24: 1-83 (in Bulgarian). Pachedjieva, K Phytocoenological characteristics of the reserve Kamenshtitza and the adjacent territories, Central Stara Planina Mt. PhD Thesis. Biol. Fac., Sofia Univ. St. Kl. Ohridski, Sofia (in Bulgarian, unpubl.). Peev, D. & al. (eds) Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. Vol. 1, Plants and Fungi. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Environment and Waters, Sofia. Peev, D Seseli bulgaricum. In: Velchev, V. (ed.), Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Bulgaricae. Vol. 8, pp In Aedibus Acad. Sci. Bulgaricae, Serdicae (in Bulgarian). Petrova, A. & Vladimirov, V. (eds) Red list of Bulgarian vascular plants. Phytol. Balcan., 15(1): Petrova, А., Vladimirov, V., Dimitrova, D. & Ivanova, D Current state of the Bulgarian fern and seed plant biodiversity. In: Petrova, A. (ed.), Current state of the Bulgarian biodiversity problems and perspectives, pp Bulgarian Bioplatform, Sofia (in Bulgarian).