Chapter 1 1. Chapter

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1 Chapter Chapter 2 15 Exercise 1 List of Headings 17 Exercise 2 Summary 24 Exercise 3 Matching 29 Exercise 4 True / False / Not Given 36 Exercise 5 Multiple Choice Questions 41 Exercise 6 Short Answer Questions 47 Exercise 7 Sentence Completion 50 Exercise 8 Picture Naming / Flow Chart / Table Completion 56 Exercise 9 Picture Naming / Flow Chart / Table Completion 59 P7

2 Answer Key 62 Chapter 3 65 READING PASSAGE 1 67 READING PASSAGE 2 76 READING PASSAGE 3 87 Answer Key 97 Chapter 4 99 Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Answer Key 398 Chapter READING PASSAGE READING PASSAGE READING PASSAGE P 8 Answer Key 442

3 Chapter G General Training A Academic A G 40 A G 60 P 3

4 英文名稱 List of Headings True/False/Not Given Multiple Choice Questions Summary Matching Sentence Completion Short-answer Questions Diagram Completion Flow Chart Table Completion 中文名稱標題對應題正誤及無關判斷題單選題摘要 完成填空題配對題完成句子簡答題圖形填空流程圖表格填空 難 易 A 組閱讀正確題數分數 G 組閱讀正確題數分數 P 4

5 Chapter G A Survival Study G A G A P 5

6 Glossary G G A reading with purpose information overloaded A P 6

7 Chapter 2 Exercise 1 List of Headings Questions 1-7 The reading passage has seven paragraphs A - G. From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph. Write the appropriate numbers i-x in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x Managing waste Packaging is not the worst waste generator Consumers demand better packaging Alarm bells ring over energy conservation Factors leading to reduced packaging Certain packaging laws need to be changed INCPEN commissions studies How packaging type is decided Environmental pressures on the packaging industry The role of INCPEN 1 Paragraph A 5 Paragraph E 2 Paragraph B 6 Paragraph F 3 Paragraph C 7 Paragraph G 4 Paragraph D P 17

8 Packaging and Sustainable Development A In the 1970s, the packaging industry faced a number of challenges. The two oil crises of 1973 and 1978 produced a situation in which energy conservation became a top priority. At the same time, goods manufacturers and retailers were demanding ever lighter packaging that would cut the amount of resources used in manufacture and the energy used in transportation. Environmental groups were using packaging in their campaigns as a symbol of the throwaway society. By the affluent 1980s, the emphasis was shifting. What had been a serious energy problem had been replaced by what was seen as a solid waste disposal problem. People were less worried about the energy being used and more concerned about what happened to the waste. Environmental groups argued that packaging should be reduced to help solve the waste problem. Companies are also faced with the problem that consumers often say that they think packaging is a waste of resources. B For economic reasons, companies design packaging to use just enough, and no more, material than is needed to ensure that goods survive the distribution chain and are delivered to consumers in good condition. In developing countries, up to 50% of food is wasted on the journey from farm to shop. In Western Europe less than 3% goes to waste. Packaging is a significant fraction between 20% and 25% by weight of municipal solid waste, which is largely household waste. What the consumer does not see is that household dustbin waste makes up less than 20% of the total solid waste from all sources sent P 18

9 Chapter 2 to landfill in a typical European country. Landfill is dominated by industrial, demolition and construction waste. Household packaging accounts for less than 5% by weight or volume. C Rather than respond to these issues individually, companies in the packaging sector decided to set up a joint body known as the Industry Council for Packaging and the Environment (INCPEN) to carry out research into the environmental and social effects of packaging. INCPEN produced the first detailed estimates of the amount of packaging that enters the waste stream and its relationship to total waste generation. It has commissioned studies into the energy requirements of packaging production and packaging distribution systems, and it has carried out surveys of litter. INCPEN commissioned an independent study called Packaging in a Market Economy, which examined the functional, environmental, social and economic considerations involved in packaging assessment, including case studies on the packaging for fish, computer monitors, liquid detergents and luxury cosmetics. More recently, it has published a report on the environmental impact of packaging in the UK food supply system, investigating the resource requirements of food packaging against those of food production and distribution. The findings from this research have been used to promote good packaging practice, and to inform legislators, consumers and interest groups about the role of packaging. D Choice of packaging type is made on the basis of a series of trade-offs between many factors, particularly between the amount of packaging and likely product wastage. Manufacturers of goods look for a balance P 19

10 Chapter 3 READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-11, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. COASTLINE DANGER A On July 1, 1998, an unexpected tsunami pounded the northern coastline of Papua New Guinea. In three massive waves, as high as 15 meters, it washed away entire villages, drowned over 2500 people and left thousands homeless. Survivors of the Papua New Guinea disaster described the tsunami as a wall of water hurling toward shore, averaging 10 meters high and extending about 5 kilometers from front to back. The largest wave swept over the shore at speeds of up to 20 kilometers per hour for more than a minute, before draining away in preparation for the next. B What are tsunamis? Tsunamis are enormous waves initiated by sudden seismic events. A tsunami is generated when a large mass of water is displaced suddenly, creating a swell that moves away from its origin. The effect is similar to the ripples that form when a pebble is dropped into a pond but a thousand times larger. A tsunami wave can be 100 to 200 kilometers wide and long. It can reach speeds of 725 to 800 km/hour. It can travel thousands of kilometers across the ocean and maintain a barely noticeable height of less than a half-meter. However, as the tsunami enters the shallow waters of a coastline, it bunches up into a monstrous wall of P 67

11 seawater that can reach heights of 30 meters and still be many kilometers in length. C The impact of such large waves on a shoreline can be devastating. Buildings, bridges, and other structures may be destroyed. Extensive beach erosion commonly occurs. In addition, water may flood areas hundreds of meters inland. The amount of damage depends on the geometry of the coastline as well as the size of the tsunami. Because variations in the shapes of coastal areas can focus or diffuse the energy in a wave, different parts of a coastline may experience very different degrees of damage from a given tsunami. The largest waves, hence the greatest amount of damage, are generally observed in embayments that funnel the waves into a narrow bay. D Tsunamis are frequently caused by underwater earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 7 on the Richter scale. The most dangerous tsunamis are triggered by quakes with a shallow focus that produce extended vibrations and shift the sea floor vertically. Tsunamis are sometimes generated by other catastrophic events, such as underwater volcanic explosions. For example, the disastrous eruption of Krakatau that killed more than 30,000 people in 1883 produced waves that were 35 meters high and that traveled thousands of kilometers. Although scientists are not certain exactly how this eruption led to a tsunami, a recent study of sea-floor deposits suggests that water displaced by immense ash flows was the cause. Underwater landslides have also been known to create tsunamis. For instance, the Hawaiian Islands have all experienced enormous landslides in the past, and coastal sediments record P 68

12 Chapter 3 evidence of tsunamis that were generated from them. E F The exact trigger of the Papua New Guinea tsunami is not yet known, although an earthquake was certainly involved. Because the earthquake was relatively small, scientists were somewhat surprised by the disastrous results. One study of seismic data indicated that the earthquake was centered offshore and produced a 2-meter vertical displacement of the sea floor; the conclusion was that this abrupt motion triggered the tsunami. Other evidence indicates that the tsunami was produced by a huge offshore landslide, itself triggered by the earthquake. Eyewitness accounts indicate that the first wave struck shore about 20 minutes after the main shock of the earthquake, too long for the tsunami to have originated from subsea faulting during the quake. A slump or landslide typically lags several minutes behind an earthquake and could explain the delay. Further support comes from a 70-second-long rumble recorded in the middle of the Pacific soon after the earthquake. This sound lasted too long to have come from a small aftershock and may have represented a seafloor slide. Unfortunately, tsunamis cannot be stopped or prevented. However, effective warning systems might save hundreds of lives. In the United States, the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program has been developed to reduce the impacts of tsunamis along the U.S. Pacific Coast. One goal of this program is to improve the tsunami warning systems. Components of such systems include seismic sensors that warn of large earthquakes and oceanic sensors that detect tsunamis crossing the ocean. Destructive tsunamis need to be detected quickly so that warnings can be issued to allow orderly P 69

13 evacuation of coastal communities in the path of the waves. Of course, evacuation can only save lives if the tsunami is triggered far enough away to give advanced warning. Questions 1 and 2 Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, labeled A-F. Answer questions 1 and 2 by writing the appropriate letters, A-F, in boxes 1 and 2 on your answer sheet. Example Which paragraph describes the size of the tsunami that hit Papua New Guinea? Answer A 1 Which paragraph explains the measures that have been taken to reduce the impact of tsunamis along the U.S. Pacific coast? 2 Which paragraph discusses the probable cause of the Papua New Guinea tsunami? P 70