Power Engineering Institute Warsaw University of Technology

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1 Warsaw University of Technology SHORT CIRCUIT LABORATORY Diagnostics of Vacuum Chambers R&D on Vacuum Circuit Breaker technology Development testing supported with advanced simulations Head of Lab: Waldemar Chmielak, Ph.D. Eng. Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering Slides updated:

2 High-current and high voltage tests Type of tests Making and breaking tests Short-time withstand current Peak whithstand current Temperature rise Dielectric Circuit breaker diagnostics (vacuum chamber, contact systems, actuators) Vibroacoustics Ref: [4] Ref: [6, 9] Ref: [4] Ref: [13] Ref: [5, 6, 9, 11, 12] Ref: [6, 9] Ref: [13] Slide 2, Warsaw University of Technology

3 Direct short-circuit test set-up Test spec for direct short-circuit test set-up Making tests of LV/MV/HV CBs I p = 100 ka (peak current) I 3s = 10 ka, I 0.3s = 40 ka at 110 V Ref: [1, 2, 8, 13] Ref: [1, 2, 8, 13] Ref: [1, 2, 8, 13] Ref: [1, 2, 8, 13] Slide 3, Warsaw University of Technology

4 Synthetic test set-up Test spec for synthetic tests Making and breaking tests of LV/MV CBs I = up to 63 ka at 50/60 Hz U TRV = up to 40 kv Ref: [4] Ref: [5, 6, 9, 11, 12] Ref: [1, 9] Slide 4, Warsaw University of Technology

5 Temperature rise test Test spec for temperature rise tests I = 10 ka at 50 Hz (one phase) I = 1.5 ka at 50 Hz (three phases) Ref: [3] Ref: [3] Slide 5, Warsaw University of Technology

Dielectic tests Type of tests Insulation

Measurement and Information Systems Ref:

6 Dielectic tests Type of tests Insulation systems and overvoltage protection Electromagnetic compatibility 750 kv at 50 Hz 2400 kv 1.2/50 s High Voltage Lab at Institute of Theory of Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Information Systems Ref: [1, 9] Ref: [1, 9] Ref: [1, 9] Ref: [1, 9] Slide 6, Warsaw University of Technology

7 Example of synthetic test experimental results Tests description Measurements of arc voltage and post-arc current for MV VCB chambers (PhD thesis) Ref: [11, 12] Ref: [11, 12] Ref: [11, 12] Ref: [11, 12] Ref: [11, 12] Slide 7, Warsaw University of Technology

8 High-current and high voltage tests Tests description Experimental research on feasibility of vacuum chambers diagnostics in MV circuit breakers Measuring of arc voltage, switching current and postarc current during entire switching processes Ref: [4, 5, 8] Pa d = 1 mm Napiecie przeskoku Ub [kv] Ref: [5, 6, 9] Ref: [5, 6, 9] I [ua] Ref: [5, 6, 9] odleglosc miedzy stykami d [mm] U [kv] 20 Kondycjonowanie komór VCB d = 0,1 mm Ref: [5, 6, 9] 12 U [kv] Ref: [5, 6, 9] 2 komora ElBud 17,5 kv komora ABB 17,5 kv lp Slide 8, Warsaw University of Technology Ref: [5, 6, 9]

High-current and high voltage tests Tests description Withstand voltage of vacuum chamber Withstand voltage of VCB contact system 10 3 10 2 10 mm

9 High-current and high voltage tests Tests description Withstand voltage of vacuum chamber Withstand voltage of VCB contact system mm 5 mm 2,5 mm 1 mm 0,1 Paschen-Slade Up [kv] 10 1 Ref: [9] pd [Pa mm] Slide 9, Warsaw University of Technology

strength Ref: [9] 10 3 10 2 10 mm 5 mm 2,5 mm 1 mm 0,1 Paschen-Slade 10 3 10 2 10 mm 5 mm 2,5 mm 1 mm 0,1 Paschen-Slade Up [kv] 10 1 Up [kv] 10

10 Vacuum diagnostics Area of research and example of measurement results Experimental research on Paschen curves for MV Vacuum Interrupter Measurements for pressure Pa Analysis of theoretical breakdown mechanisms Diagnostic method of vacuum on the basis of the dielectric strength Ref: [9] mm 5 mm 2,5 mm 1 mm 0,1 Paschen-Slade mm 5 mm 2,5 mm 1 mm 0,1 Paschen-Slade Up [kv] 10 1 Up [kv] Ref: [9] Ref: [9] p [Pa] Slide 10, Warsaw University of Technology pd [Pa mm]

11 Vacuum conditioning Area of research and example of measurement results Experimental research on conditioning process for MV Vacuum Interrupter Analysis of impact of pollution from the surface of electrodes, adsorbed gases, detachment of weakly bound microparticles of the electrodes material on electric strength of vacuum insulation systems Analyses of several methods on VI conditioning (spark conditioning by multiple breakdowns using high voltage AC power supply, spark conditioning using high voltage pulse, current conditioning, field emission electron current, micro discharges) Ref: [9] Fig. 2. Current and voltage waveforms during field emission electron current conditioning Slide 11, Warsaw University of Technology

based on Penning or Magnetron method (not applicable in service) This motivates research on new methods on vacuum diagnostics Physical

12 Vacuum diagnostics Area of research and motivation for further research After several years of VI operation it is still recommended to study the VI properties Basic methods for testing of vacuum level inside the new vacuum chambers used by most of the manufacturers are based on Penning or Magnetron method (not applicable in service) This motivates research on new methods on vacuum diagnostics Physical model of VI chamber Source: [5, 6, 9] Source: [5, 6, 9] Vacuum pressure pump Slide 12, Warsaw University of Technology Source: [5, 6, 9]

13 Study of emission current Area of research and example of measurement results The process initialization breakdown can be observed by recording and analyzing current preceding discharge. Fowler and Nordheim formula can be used to investigate the breakdown mechanism I e - current of electron emission; A e - emission surface; B 1,B 2 - fixed; [Slade P. G., The Vacuum Interrupter Theory, Design, and Application, CRC Press 2007] -5 1 Pa Pa log(i/u 2 ) log(i/u 2 ) Ref: [9] -7 Ref: [9] /sqrt(U) /sqrt(U) Slide 13, Warsaw University of Technology

Dielectric strength in dynamic conditions Type of tests Making and

MV voltage conditions and full current ratings High frequency

przeskoku Ub [kv] 15 10 5 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.

14 Dielectric strength in dynamic conditions Type of tests Making and breaking tests of VI Measuring of pre- and re-striking process under MV voltage conditions and full current ratings High frequency measurements Ref: [5, 6, 9, 11, 12] Ref: [6, 9] Napiecie przeskoku Ub [kv] odleglosc miedzy stykami d [mm] Slide 14, Warsaw University of Technology

for chopping the alternating current with physical model of VI chamber driven by

15 Chopping current and VI diagnostics Type of tests Measurement of VI chopping current Diagnosing of vacuum state based on current chopping phenomenon Test system for chopping the alternating current with physical model of VI chamber driven by electrodynamic actuator Ref: [5] Ref: [5] Ref: [5] Slide 15, Warsaw University of Technology

16 Impulse conditioning for vacuum chamber diagnostics Type of tests Impulse conditioning for vacuum chamber diagnostics Ref: [6] Ref: [6] Ref: [6] Ref: [6] Slide 16, Warsaw University of Technology

17 References References 1. W. Chmielak et al., Laboratory Tests of Medium Voltage Switchgear Isolators, IEEE Conference: Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE), Zakopane, Poland, Jun 25-30, M. Wesolowski et al., A new sensor system for measuring environmental parameters of switchgear, IEEE Conference: Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE), Zakopane, Poland, Jun 25-30, M. Stosur et al., Thermal behaviour analyses of gas-insulated switchgear compartment using thermal network method, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 10, no. 12, pp , Sep Z. Pochanke et al., Experimental Studies of Circuit Breaker Drives and Mechanisms Diagnostics, IEEE Conference: Conference on Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE), Koscielisko, Poland, Jun 26-Jul 01, W. Chmielak et al., Internal Pressure Diagnostic of Vacuum Circuit Breaker Based on The Phenomenon of Chopping Current, IEEE Conference: Selected Problems of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE), Kielce, Poland, Sep 17-19, W. Chmielak et al., Method for Diagnosing the Vacuum Conditions Using Pulses Voltage Generator, Analysis and Simulation of Electrical and Computer Systems, Springer Verlag Book Series: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Volume: 324, Pages: , Published: T. Daszczynski et al., Switching off direct current with contactors: a laboratory exercise, International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, vol. 51, no. 4, pp , Oct S. Piasecki et al., Robust Control of Grid Connected AC-DC Converter for Distributed Generation, IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Conference: 38th Annual Conference on IEEE-Industrial-Electronics-Society (IECON), Montreal, Canada, Oct 25-28, W. Chmielak et al., Diagnostic of vacuum on the basis of the dielectric strength, Electrical Review, vol. 88, no. 12B, pp , T. Daszczynski et al., Testing of electrical installations in terms of quality and reliability of power supply, Electrical Review, vol. 88, no. 11A, W. Chmielak et al., Research on post-arc currents in vacuum circuit breaker and their analysis with reference to breaking mechanism, Electrical Review, vol. 86, no. 11B, pp , W. Chmielak et al., ATP/EMTP modelling and simulation of current interruptions by vacuum current breaker in respect of post-arc phenomena, Electrical Review, vol. 86, no. 12, pp , W. Kalat et al., Operation of measuring-protective SEPAM 80 unit to protect cables against thermal overloading, Electrical Review, vol. 85, no. 5, pp , 2009 Slide 17, Warsaw University of Technology

Summary Summary Up and running short circuit test laboratory in Poland for measuring, testing and designing of switchgear products testing of MV

5 ka 1-3 phases 3s at 110 V, up to 100 ka peak current at 110 V, up to 40 ka 0.

based analyses (EMTP-ATP, PSCAD, COMSOL Multiphysics, Matlab-Simulink) R&D capabilities demonstrated throughout collaboration with industry

18 Summary Summary Up and running short circuit test laboratory in Poland for measuring, testing and designing of switchgear products testing of MV products and components at full scale of current and voltage Short circuit parameters up to 10 ka / 1.5 ka 1-3 phases 3s at 110 V, up to 100 ka peak current at 110 V, up to 40 ka 0.3s at 110 V, up to 63 ka synthetic with TRV up to 40 kv Unique competences in switchgear technology: advanced experimental research and simulation based analyses (EMTP-ATP, PSCAD, COMSOL Multiphysics, Matlab-Simulink) R&D capabilities demonstrated throughout collaboration with industry partners and successful delivery of joint R&D projects R&D results of the team members have been widely reported at IEEE Transactions, patents, and first filings Ref: [5, 6, 9, 11, 12] Ref: [1, 2, 8, 13] Ref: [7] Ref: [6, 9] Slide 18, Warsaw University of Technology

19 Power Engineering Institute Warsaw University of Technology

Analysis of Very Fast Transients in EHV Gas Insulated Substations

Analysis of Very Fast Transients in EHV Gas Insulated Substations A.Raghu Ram, k. Santhosh Kumar raghuram_a@yahoo.com,ksanthosheee@gmail.com Abstract: Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) has been in operation