Study Guide- Bare Bones list Physics Comprehensive Exam 2014

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1 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 I. Scientific Measurement Metric Units S.I. English Length Meter (m) Feet (ft.) Mass Kilgram (kg) Pund (lb.) Weight Newtn (N) Ounce (z.) r pund (lb.) Time Secnds (s) Secnds (s) Vlume Liter (L) Galln (gal) Temperature Kelvin (K) r Celsius ( ) Fahrenheit ( ) Metric Prefixes Name Abbreviatins Number Assciatin Name Abbreviatins Number Assciatin Pic p Tera T Nan n Giga G Micr Mega M Mili m Kil k Centi c Hect h Deci d Deka Da Knw hw t: Cnvert between metric units (including with prefixes) II. Psitin, Velcity, and Acceleratin Definitins related t mtin Reference pint: A crdinate system used t define a mtin. Psitin: Where an bject is precisely lcated. Mtin: Mvement relative t a fixed pint. Speed: The measure f hw fast smething is mving. Vectr quantity. Velcity: Speed with directin. Vectr quantity. Acceleratin: Rate f change f velcity. Equatin fr speed and units Equatin: speed equals distance divided by time Units: meters per secnd (m/s) Average speed frmulas with distance and time MEMORIZE: Difference between instantaneus and average velcity Instantaneus Velcity: The velcity that smething is traveling at any ne instance. Average Velcity: Ttal displacement ver a time interval. If the bject is traveling with cnstant velcity its instantaneus and average velcities will be the same. Difference between psitive and negative acceleratin Psitive acceleratin is acceleratin in the directin f velcity. Negative acceleratin is acceleratin ppsite the directin f velcity. 1 Made by Ashley Thmas

2 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 Graphing psitin vs. time and relatin t velcity and acceleratin See Attachment 1 Graphing psitin vs. time and hw this illustrates acceleratin See Attachment 1 Equatin fr acceleratin MEMORIZE: Units: m/ Instantaneus velcity given initial velcity, acceleratin, and time MEMORIZE: Differentiate between speed and velcity Speed: Distance f an bject ver time Velcity: change in speed with directin. Knw hw t: Calculate resultant velcity (parallel vectrs nly ) Calculate acceleratin Slve fr any variable in the V final equatin III. Frces and Newtn s 1 st and 2 nd laws f mtin Newtn s first law f mtin An bject at rest will stay at rest, and an bject in mtin will stay in mtin at a cnstant velcity, unless acted upn by an unbalanced frce. Inertia: The tendency f an bject t resist changes in its velcity, whether in mtin r mtinless. Mass is the measure f inertia in respnse t an effrt made t stp it, start it, ect. Mass and weight Definitin f mass as inertia: The prprtinal frce t cause a unit f acceleratin. Mass (as a quantity f matter: Quantity f matter in an bject. The amunt f stuff in an bject. Weight: The magnitude f the frce f gravity acting n an bject. Mass is the amunt f stuff but weight is the amunt f stuff with the frce f gravity acting n it. Newtn s secnd law f mtin The acceleratin f an bject is directly prprtinal t the net frce acting n the bject, is in the directin f the net frce, and is inversely prprtinal t the mass f the bject. Simplified Versin f 2 nd law: Net frce is equal t the mass times the acceleratin. MEMORIZE: F=ma Frce Frce: Any influence that tends t accelerate an bject. Mre simply any kind f push r pull. Net Frce: The cmbinatin f all the frces that act n an bject. Units: Newtn Derive units with SI units: 2 Made by Ashley Thmas

3 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 Equilibrium Equilibrium: A state f balance. Static Equilibrium: When all the frces acting n an bject are balanced and the bject is nt mving. Dynamic Equilibrium: When all the frces acting n an bject are balanced and the bject is mving. Static and dynamic equilibrium bth invlve bjects in a state f equilibrium but in dynamic the bject is in mtin, but mving with a cnstant velcity. Balanced vs. unbalanced frces Balanced Frce: Equilibrium, the sum f frces is equal t zer. Unbalanced Frce: Nt in equilibrium, the sum f frces is equal t acceleratin times mass. Definitin f nrmal frce Nrmal Frce: A frce perpendicular t the surface, 90 degrees. Frictinal frce Frictin Frce: A frce ppsite t mtin, and parallel t the grund that it is traveling n. Causes: FRICTION!!!! Hke s law Distance f stretch r squeeze (expansin r cmpressin) f an elastic material is directly prprtinal t the applied frce. MEMORIZE: Knw hw t: Calculate weight given mass and acceleratin due t gravity (W=mg) Slve fr any variable in the F=ma equatin Calculate net frce using Newtn s secnd law f mtin. Calculate net frce given parallel frces, including applied frce and tensin. Calculate, Hke s law, using the frmula and slve fr any variable. IV. Newtn s 3 rd law f mtin Newtn s third law f mtin Fr every actin there is an equal and ppsite reactin Understand the actin and reactin relatinship. V. Mmentum Mmentum Mmentum: inertia in mtin. The prduct f the mass and the velcity f an bject. Has magnitude and directin and therefre is a vectr quantity. MEMORIZE: p=mv The relatinship between inertia and mmentum is mmentum is inertia but in mtin. Impulse: dn t have t knw fr cmmn sectin f pre-cmp, Impulse: the prduct f frce and the time interval during which the frce acts. Prduces change in mmentum. MEMORIZE: j= j=ft Be able t slve fr any variable. Definitin f cnserved quantity 3 Made by Ashley Thmas

4 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 Cnserved: Term applied t a physical quantity, such as mmentum, energy, r electric charge, which remains unchanged during interactins. Cnservatin f mmentum: In the absence f a net external frce, the mmentum f an bject r system f bjects is unchanged. Analyze mre advanced situatins invlving impulse and mmentum See knw hw t Knw hw t: Slve fr any variable in the mmentum equatin Slve prblems f cllisins using the cnservatin f mmentum Calculate final velcity after a cllisin between tw bjects that stick Use Newtn s secnd law, mmentum, acceleratin, and time t slve fr any variable using tw equatins. VI. Energy Wrk Wrk: The prduct f the frce n an bject and the distance thrugh which the bject is mved (when frce is cnstant and mtin is in a straight line in the directin f frce) Wrk is dne when a frce prduces mtin. MEMORIZE: W=Fd Units: Jule (J) Derive units with SI units: Energy Energy: Anything that can change the cnditin f matter. Cmmnly defined circularly as the ability t d wrk; Units: Jule (J) Derive units with SI units: Mechanical energy There are tw types f mechanical energy, which are ptential and kinetic. Ptential Energy: Energy f psitin, usually related t the relative psitin f tw things, such as a stne and the earth (gravitatinal ptential energy), r an electrn and a nucleus (electric PE). Raised psitin (gravitatinal) r a cnditin (e.g. cmpressed springs, rubber bands, Elastic PE) Gravitatinal Ptential Energy: The ptential energy f a bdy due t elevated psitins. Kinetic Energy: Energy due t mtin. Energy strage: Spring Energy: Energy due t a spring. Energy calculatins MEMORIZE: MEMORIZE: 4 Made by Ashley Thmas

5 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 MEMORIZE: Law f cnservatin f energy Energy can t be created r destryed. Only true if nly cnservative frces (e.g. gravitatinal energy, spring frces, electric frces) act n the bjects, n nn-cnservative frces (e.g. Frictin, applied, and tensinal frces). Wrk-energy therem (wrk- kinetic energy therem) Speed will increase if the wrk is psitive Speed will decrease if the wrk is negative Knw hw t: Slve fr any variable in the wrk frmula Slve fr any variable in the frmulas frm the energy calculatin sectin Calculate the ttal energy f a simple system f a mving bject r spring system at a given height. VII. Vibratins and Waves Waves Wave: a disturbance that repeats regularly in space and time and that is transmitted prgressively frm ne place t the next with n net transprt f matter. A disturbance that travels thrugh a medium frm lcatin t anther. Medium: A substance (slid, liquid, gas, r plasma) that can transprt waves. Frequency: Fr a vibrating bdy r medium, the number f vibratins per unit f time. Fr a wave, the number f crests that pass a particular pint per unit f time. Unit f Frequency: Hertz (Hz) Perid: In general, the time required t cmplete a single cycle. Fr vibratins and waves, the time required fr ne cmplete cycle, equal t 1/frequency. Unit f Perid: Secnds Lngitudinal Wave: A wave in which the individual particles f a medium vibrate back and frth in the directin in which the wave travels. (Ex. Sund) Transverse Wave: A wave with vibratin at right angles t the directin the wave is traveling. (Ex. Light cnsists f transverse waves) Mechanical Wave: Electrmagnetic Wave: An energy- carrying wave emitted by vibrating charges (ften electrns) that is cmpsed f scillating electric and magnetic fields that regenerate ne anther. (Radi waves, micrwaves, infrared radiatin, visible light, ultravilet radiatin, x-rays, gamma rays) Be able t identify and measure amplitude and wavelength: see Attachment 3 Be able t identify crest, trugh, equilibrium line, rarefactin, and cmpressin: see Attachment 3 5 Made by Ashley Thmas

6 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 Wave Calculatins MEMORIZE: r See knw hw t Definitin f Standing Wave: A statinary wave pattern frmed in a medium when tw sets f identical waves pass thrugh the medium in ppsite directins. The wave appears nt t be mving. Cnstructive vs. Destructive Interference Cnstructive: Cmbinatin f waves s that tw r mre waves verlap t prduce a resulting wave f increased amplitude. Destructive: Cmbinatin f waves s that crest parts f ne wave verlap trugh parts f anther, resulting in a wave f decreased amplitude. Interference: result f superpsing different waves, ften f the same wavelength. Knw hw t: Calculate frequency based n waves per unit f time. Calculate perid based n frequency and vice versa. VIII. Sund Definitin f Sund: Lngitudinal wave phenmenn that cnsists f successive cmpressins and rarefactins f the medium thugh which the wave travels. Prperties f sund waves Energy that makes matter vibrate Created thrugh vibratins Fastest in slids, slwest in gases Warm air transmits sund faster Effected by: type f medium and temperature Yu see it befre yu hear it! Has frequency and pitch 6 Made by Ashley Thmas Pitch: highness r lwness f a sund and depends n frequency. Has ludness and intensity Intensity: depends n the energy in a sund wave. Ludness: Human perceptin f intensity. Speed f sund: m/s Definitin f Intensity: Pwer per square unit meter carried by a sund wave, ften measured in decibels. Depends n the energy in a sund wave. IX. Gravity Newtn s Law f Universal Gravity MEMORIZE frmula: Be able t calculate the frce between tw bjects X. Electrstatics Electrstatics Electrstatics: The study f electric charges at rest, as ppsed t electrdynamics. Electricity at rest.

7 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 Electric Charge: Fundamental electric prperty t which the mutual attractins r repulsins between electrns r prtns is attributed. Units are clumbs. Interactin between like and unlike charges Like charges repel. Unlike charges attract. Electrical Frce: A frce that ne charge exerts n anther. When the charges are the same sign, they repel; when the charges are ppsite, they attract. Cnservatin f charge Electric charge is cnserved. Net charge f an atm: Balanced: n charge Unbalanced: has a charge Ins: a charged atm. Either psitive r negative. Cnductrs vs. Insulatrs Cnductr: Electric charges mve mre freely. A material thrugh which heat can be transferred. Material, usually a metal, thugh which electric charge can flw. Gd cnductrs f heat are generally gd electric charge cnductrs. Insulatr: Electric charges d nt mve freely. A material that is a pr cnductr f heat and that delays the transfer f heat. A material that is a pr cnductr f electricity. Charging Methds Cnductin: In heat, the energy transfer frm ne particle t a particle within certain materials, r frm ne material t anther when the tw are in direct cntact. In electricity, the flw f electric charge thrugh a cnductr. Inductin: The charging f an bject withut direct cntact. Redistributin f electric charges in and n bjects caused by the electrical influence f a charged bject clse by but nt in cntact. Frictin: Similar t charging by cnductin; the bjects are charged by creating frictin, r rubbing the tw tgether. Electric Field Definitin: A frce field that fills the space arund every electric charge r grup f charges. Measured by frce per charge (Newtn/culmb) Cause f: Exists arund charged bjects. Directin f: Tward the negative charge. Definitin f electric ptential energy The energy a charge has due t its lcatin in an electric field. Definitin f electric ptential Electric ptential energy (in jules) per unit f charge (in culmbs) at a lcatin in an electric field; measured in vlts and ften called vltage. Culmb s Law: The relatinship amng electrical frces, charges, and distance: the electrical frce between tw charges varies directly as the prducts f the charges (q) and inversely as the 7 Made by Ashley Thmas

8 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 square f the distance between them. (k is the prprtinally cnstant 9*10^9 N*m^2/c^2) If the charges are alike in sign, the fre is repulsive; if the charges are unlike, the frce is attractive. Knw hw t: Slve prblems using Culmb s law XI. Electric Current Electric current Definitin: The flw f electric charges that transprt energy frm ne place t anther. Units: amperes (amps) Ptential difference (vltage) Definitin: The difference in electric ptential (vltage) between tw pints. Free charge flws when there is a difference, and will cntinue until bth pints reach a cmmn ptential. Units: Vlts Electrical resistance and resistr Electrical Resistance: The resistance f a material t the flw f electric charge thrugh it. Resistr: A device in an electric circuit designed t resist the flw f charge. Unit f Electrical Resistance: Ohms ( ) Understand why dissipated electrical energy is cnverted int heat. Electrical energy is ften transfrmed int ther types f energy, heat being ne f thse types. Explain resistance in terms f interactin between charge carriers and fixed atms Ohm s Law: Current in a circuit is directly prprtinal t the vltage impresses acrss the circuit, and is inversely prprtinal t the resistance. I=V/R MEMORIZE: I=V/R Alternating Current Definitin: Electric current that rapidly reverses in directin. The electric charges vibrate abut relatively fixed psitins. Prperties: The current flws in ne directin, and then the ther. Purpse: air cnditining units use AC, mst residential and cmmercial circuits, lngdistance transmissin. Transfer energy quietly, flexibly, and cnveniently frm ne place t anther. Knw that AC has a peridic prperty (frequency) and its effect n the subatmic level 8 Made by Ashley Thmas Electrns in the circuit are mved first in ne directin and then in the ppsite directin.

9 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 Direct Current (DC) vs. Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current: Electric current whse flw f charge is always in ne directin. Alternating current: see abve Bth have the purpse f transferring energy quietly, flexibly, and cnveniently frm ne place t anther. Electric Circuits Electric Circuit: A netwrk cnsisting f a clsed lp, giving a return path fr the current. Series Circuit: Electric circuit with devices cnnected in such a way that the electric current thrugh each f them is the same. Parallel Circuit: Electric circuit with tw r mre devices cnnected in such a way that the same vltage acts acrss each ne and any single ne cmpletes the circuit independently n the thers. MEMORIZE: frmula fr series resistance: 9 Made by Ashley Thmas MEMORIZE: frmula fr parallel resistance: Knw the symbls fr battery, resistr, lamp, wire, and switch Recgnize an pen vs. clsed circuit Electric Pwer: NOT ON COMP!!!! Knw hw t: Apply the equatin fr current Slve fr any variable in the Ohms law equatin XII. Magnetism Magnetic Field Definitin: A regin f magnetic influence arund a magnetic ple r a mving charged particle. Cause: Caused by mving electric current Relatinship between electric current and magnetic fields: when mving, electric current caused magnetic field. Definitin f magnetic frce Between magnets: the attractin f unlike magnetic ples fr each ther and the repulsin between like magnetic ples Between magnetic field and mving charged particle: a deflecting frce due t the mtin f the particle. The deflecting frce is perpendicular t the magnetic field lines and the directin f mtin. This frce is greatest when the charged particle mves perpendicular t the field lines and is smallest (zer) when it mves in parallel t the field lines. Magnetic ples Definitin: ne f the regins n a magnet that prduces magnetic frces. Interactin between like and unlike ples Like ples repel Unlike ples attract

10 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 Magnetic dmains Definitin: micrscpic cluster f atms with their magnetic fields aligned. Behavir: Perfectly magnetized and made up f billins f aligned atms. Definitin f electrmagnetism and electrmagnet Electrmagnetism: Electricity and magnetism c-exist and the study f bth electricity and magnetism is called electrmagnetism. Electricity and magnetism are knwn t be cmpnents f the united thery f electrmagnetism. Electrmagnet: Magnet whse magnetic prperties are prduced by electric current. A current-carrying cil f wire is knwn as an electrmagnet. An electrmagnet is a type f magnet in which the magnetic field is prduced by the flw f electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned ff. XIII. Prperties f Light Surces f light Natural: sun, stars, supernvas, lightning, biluminescence, nuclear Artificial surces: chemical, electric pwer, cmbustin, nuclear Light as an electrmagnetic field The energy field created by electricity and magnetism can scillate and supprt waves that mve r electrmagnetic waves. The visible part f the electrmagnetic spectrum Speed f light: C= F 3*10^8 m/s MEMORIZE: E=hF and the abve equatin Transparent vs. paque materials Transparent: A term applied t materials that allw light t pass thrugh them in straight lines. Opaque: A term applied t materials that absrb light withut re-emissin, and cnsequently d nt allw light thrugh them. Reflectin and refractin See definitins related t reflectin and refractin fr, guess what, definitins f the terms! Definitins related t reflectin and refractin Reflectin: The return f light rays frm a surface in such a way that the angle at which a given ray is returned is equal t the angle at which it strikes the surface. When the reflecting surface is irregular, the light is returned in irregular directins, this is knwn as diffuse refectin. In general, the buncing back f a particle r wave that strikes the bundary between tw media. Refractin: Bending f an blique ray f light when it passed frm ne transparent medium t anther. This is caused by a difference in the speed f light in the transparent media. In general, the change in directin f a wave between tw media in which the wave travels at different speeds. 10 Made by Ashley Thmas

11 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 Virtual Image: An image frmed by light rays that d nt cnverge at the lcatin f the image. Mirrrs, cnverging lenses, used as magnifying glasses, and diverging lenses, all prduce virtual images. The image can be seen by an bserver, but cannt be prjected nt a screen. Law f reflectin: The angle f incidence fr a wave that strikes a surface is equal t the angle f reflectin. This is true fr bth partially and ttally reflected waves. Understand the path taken by refracted light Slwer medium t faster medium: light bends away frm the nrmal surface. Faster medium t slwer medium: light bends tward the nrmal surface. Understand why a prism is able t separate light Prism: A triangular slid f transparent material such as glass that separates incident light by refractin int its cmpnent parts knwn as the visible light spectrum. Definitin f ttal internal reflectin The 100% refectin (with n transmissin) f light that strikes the bundary between tw media at an angle greater than the critical angle. The phenmenn that happens when a wave hits a medium at an angle larger than its critical angle. Knw hw t: Calculate phtn energies using the equatin E=hf Slve simple prblems by cmbining E=hf and c= f XIV. Astrnmy See the handuts Mr. Clark gave t us: bare bnes and astrnmy HW answers! My ntes frm astrnmy PwerPint Slar spectrum: the sun emits radiatin at all wavelengths 50% visible 40% Infrared radiatin 10% Ultra Vilet radiatin (UV Rays) The sun is a main sequence star, and generates its energy by nuclear fusin f hydrgen nuclei int helium. Nuclear Fusin When tw r mre atmic nuclei cllide at a high speed After the cllisin= new type f atmic nucleus Mass is nt cnserved Cnverted t phtns Pwers active r main-sequence stars Light as a wave Determine: surface temperature, surface density, chemical cmpund, luminsity, radius, mass Categrizing stars Criteria: temperature and luminsity HR diagram 11 Made by Ashley Thmas

12 Study Guide- Bare Bnes list Physics Cmprehensive Exam 2014 Fr main sequence: mass is mst imprtant attribute Stellar remnants= cmpact stars at the endpint f stellar evlutin Heavy elements Light elements= frmed by Big Bang Big Bang= high temperature Heavy elements riginate thrugh supernvas Early universe Ht and energetic= n particles Tday s individual frces were unified Big Bang Early develpment f the universe Extremely ht and dense= expanded and cled Cling= energy= subatmic particles 1 st elements: Helium (He), Hydrgen (H), Lithium (Li) Gravity pulled the abve elements tgether t frm stars. 12 Made by Ashley Thmas