RADAR TARGETS IN THE CONTEXT OF EARTH OBSERVATION. Dr. A. Bhattacharya
|
|
- Jessica Greene
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 RADAR TARGETS IN THE CONTEXT OF EARTH OBSERVATION Dr. A. Bhattacharya 1
2 THE RADAR EQUATION The interaction of the incident radiation with the Earth s surface determines the variations in brightness in a radar image and reveals properties of the Earth s surface of interest. Detection of discrete target by a radar Isotropic radiator 2
3 THE RADAR EQUATION The power density at the target, R meters away p i = P t 4πR 2 Wm 2 ; i incident on the target If instead of an isotropic radiator, the radar uses an antenna that concentrates the power in a preferred direction, the power density at the target is p i = P t G t 4πR 2 Wm 2 ; G t Gain of the transmitting antenna 3
4 THE RADAR EQUATION G t The ratio of power density it produces in the preferred direction compared with the power density produced by an isotropic radiator A target at position R will present an area or cross section to the incoming radiation It may absorb some of the incident energy, but will also reflect/scatter a significant portion of the energy The Radar Cross Section is introduced 4
5 RADAR CROSS SECTION (RCS) RCS has dimensions of area (orthogonal to the incident radiation) Describes how much power the target extracts from the power density of the incoming wave Most of this intercepted power will be scattered Irrespective of its shape, the target is assumed to scatter the intercepted power isotropically (theoretical assumption) RCS is described by σ m 2 Usually not easily related to any physical cross sectional area of the target If the radar rotates w.r.t the incoming radar beam, then it will have a different RCS defined by the implicit area needed at that orientation to account for the energy extracted from the wavefront and re-radiated back to the radar set isotropically 5
6 RADAR CROSS SECTION (RCS) The power received by the target and available for reradiation is P σ = p i σ = P t G t σ 4πR2 W The power density produced back at the platform after scattering from the target is p r = P t G t σ 4π 2 Wm 2 R4 The extra 4πR 2 term in the denominator is caused by the isotropic propagation back to the platform 6
7 RADAR CROSS SECTION (RCS) To find the actual power received, the returned power density is multiplied by a property of the antenna referred to as its aperture A r, having dimension of area The received power is P r = P t G t σa r 4π 2 W R4 The aperture of an antenna can be written in terms of its gain G r = 4π λ 2 A r 7
8 RADAR RANGE EQUATION The power received by the radar system after scattering from the target is P r = P t G t G r λ 2 σ 4π 3 W R4 This is called the radar range equation since it can be used to determine the maximum range of a radar if all the other terms are known and we know the limit of detection of received power One of its main features is the inverse fourth power dependence on the distance to the target 8
9 RADAR RANGE EQUATION If we choose a transmitter power and range, and measure the received power at the wavelength of interest then we can find σ, assuming we know the antenna gains If we take several measurements of received power with different orientations of the target, we would then be able to build up a picture of how the RCS of an object changes with the angle with which it is viewed 9
10 EXPRESSION FOR RCS The transmitted power creates a power density p i incident on the target The RCS of the target σ intercepts σp i Watts of power which it re-radiates isotropically, producing a power density at the receiver of p r = σp i 4πR 2 Wm 2 The average power density is related to electric field by p = E2 η η Free space impedence; E rms value of the field 10
11 EXPRESSION FOR RCS The expression for received power density E r 2 = Thus the definition for RCS σ = lim σ Ei 2 4πR 2 E 4πR 2 Er 2 R i 2 R We need to be far enough away from the target so that near field effects can be ignored 11
12 EXPRESSION FOR RCS The RCS value can extend over an enormous range (less than 0.01 m 2 to 100 m 2 ) It is usual to express RCS in decibels (db) w.r.t some reference level using the definition σ = 10 log 10 σ σ ref ; σ ref = 1m 2 The unit of RCS is then dbm 2 σ σ = 10 log 10 1m 2 dbm2 12
13 DISTRIBUTED TARGETS Some targets in radar remote sensing are of the nature of discrete scatterers More common scattering takes place from regions on the Earth s surface that are distributed in nature (area of soil/snow/agricultural field/ocean surface) To accommodate these cover types, the radar equation needs to be modified, commencing with a variation to the definition of RCS 13
14 DISTRIBUTED TARGETS RCS strictly refers only to discrete targets To formulate an alternative suited to distributed cover types, we consider a region composed of an infinite collection of infinitesimal elements of effective area ds, many of which make up an individual pixel Resolving a distributed region (e.g., agricultural field), into a set of discrete incremental areas 14
15 DISTRIBUTED TARGETS Suppose that the RCS of each of those infinitesimal area is dσ On an average the region exhibits a RCS of per unit area dσ ds σ 0 = dσ ds Scattering coefficient (Sigma naught) 15
16 DISTRIBUTED TARGETS The power received back at the platform after scattering from one of the incremental regions will be dp r = P t G t G r λ 2 dσ 4π 3 R 4 W In terms of radar scattering coefficient for the region dp r = P t G t G r λ 2 σ 0 ds 4π 3 R 4 W 16
17 DISTRIBUTED TARGETS We can now find the total power returned to the platform from a particular resolution cell, or pixel by P r = P t G t G r λ 2 σ 0 ds 4π 3 R 4 W pixel If all the quantities inside the integral can be considered constant over pixel, then the received power is P r = P t G t G r λ 2 σ 0 (r a r g ) 4π 3 R 4 W r a and r g are the azimuth and ground range resolutions respectively 17
18 DISTRIBUTED TARGETS The radar equation in terms of the scattering coefficient is most used in radar remote sensing If all other parameters are known through the design of the radar system σ 0 can be determined by measuring P r σ 0 describes the tone of the radar image and is analogous to the reflectance of Earth surface materials at visible and infrared wavelengths used in optical RS It is important to relate σ 0 to the physical properties of the region being imaged its composition, water contents, physical properties and so on. 18
19 DISTRIBUTED TARGETS 19
20 DISTRIBUTED TARGETS Like RCS σ, the scattering coefficient σ 0 is expressed in decibels (db) σ 0 = 10 log 10 σ 0 1m 2 m 2 db Examples : 0 db 1m 2 m 2 3 db 2m 2 m 2 ; 20 db 0. 01m 2 m 2 20
21 DISTRIBUTED TARGETS Conversion of scattering coefficients to db 21
22 POLARIZATION DEPENDENCE OF σ 0 Incident and scattered waves, described in terms of power and power density are composed of electric and magnetic field vectors at right angles to the direction of propagation and to each other Polarization of the wave is described in terms of the orientation of the electric field vector Polarization is a very important parameter in radar RS because the scattering properties of Earth surface materials can be different for different incident polarizations 22
23 POLARIZATION DEPENDENCE OF σ 0 The scattered wave can also have a different polarization from that of the incident wave A mechanism referred to as polarization rotation or sometimes depolarization To account for the fact that the scattering coefficient is polarization dependent σ 0 Signifies the polarization of the incident wave and that of PQ the wave scattered and received by the radar 23
24 POLARIZATION DEPENDENCE OF σ 0 Four relevant scattering coefficients (quad polarization) together form a sigma naught σ 0 matrix σ 0 = σ0 HH σ 0 HV σ 0 VH σ 0 VV For monostatic radar systems σ 0 HV = σ 0 VH σ 0 H, σ 0 V are quite different from each other 24
25 POLARIZATION DEPENDENCE OF σ 0 We can define two measures that are important in polarimetric radar RS studies Co- polarization ratio Cross- polarization ratio p = σ0 HH σ 0 VV q = σ0 HV σ 0 VV or σ0 VH σ 0 HH The cross-polarization ratio implicitly carries information about complex scattering events that may lead to a rotation (depolarization) of the polarization state of the incident radiation 25
INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING. Dr. A. Bhattacharya
1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING Dr. A. Bhattacharya Why Microwaves? More difficult than with optical imaging because the technology is more complicated and the image data recorded is more varied.
More informationFriis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 8.1 Friis Transmission Equation
Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 8.1 Friis Transmission Equation Friis transmission equation is essential in the analysis and design of wireless communication systems. It relates the
More informationEITN90 Radar and Remote Sensing Lecture 5: Target Reflectivity
EITN90 Radar and Remote Sensing Lecture 5: Target Reflectivity Daniel Sjöberg Department of Electrical and Information Technology Spring 2018 Outline 1 Basic reflection physics 2 Radar cross section definition
More informationINTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING - II. Dr. A. Bhattacharya
1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING - II Dr. A. Bhattacharya The Radiation Framework The information about features on the Earth s surface using RS depends on measuring energy emanating from the
More informationDr. Linlin Ge The University of New South Wales
GMAT 9600 Principles of Remote Sensing Week2 Electromagnetic Radiation: Definition & Physics Dr. Linlin Ge www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/linlinge Basic radiation quantities Outline Wave and quantum properties Polarization
More informationLecture 8 Notes, Electromagnetic Theory II Dr. Christopher S. Baird, faculty.uml.edu/cbaird University of Massachusetts Lowell
Lecture 8 Notes, Electromagnetic Theory II Dr. Christopher S. Baird, faculty.uml.edu/cbaird University of Massachusetts Lowell 1. Scattering Introduction - Consider a localized object that contains charges
More informationEE/Ge 157 b. Week 2. Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (2)
EE/Ge 157 b Week 2 Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (2) COORDINATE SYSTEMS All matrices and vectors shown in this package are measured using the backscatter alignment coordinate system. This system
More informationThe mathematics of scattering and absorption and emission
The mathematics of scattering and absorption and emission The transmittance of an layer depends on its optical depth, which in turn depends on how much of the substance the radiation has to pass through,
More informationLaser Cross Section (LCS) (Chapter 9)
Laser Cross Section (LCS) (Chapter 9) EC4630 Radar and Laser Cross Section Fall 010 Prof. D. Jenn jenn@nps.navy.mil www.nps.navy.mil/jenn November 011 1 Laser Cross Section (LCS) Laser radar (LADAR), also
More informationSoil moisture retrieval over periodic surfaces using PolSAR data
Soil moisture retrieval over periodic surfaces using PolSAR data Sandrine DANIEL Sophie ALLAIN Laurent FERRO-FAMIL Eric POTTIER IETR Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes1, France Contents Soil
More informationWhat is Remote Sensing (RS)?
GMAT x600 Earth Observation / Remote Sensing Topic 2: Electromagnetic Radiation A/Prof Linlin Ge Email: l.ge@unsw.edu.au http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/linlinge What is Remote Sensing (RS)? Remote Sensing
More informationSIMULATION ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF MEA- SURED PARAMETERS ON THE EMISSIVITY ESTIMA- TION OF CALIBRATION LOAD IN BISTATIC REFLEC- TION MEASUREMENT
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 125, 327 341, 2012 SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF MEA- SURED PARAMETERS ON THE EMISSIVITY ESTIMA- TION OF CALIBRATION LOAD IN BISTATIC REFLEC- TION MEASUREMENT
More informationPASSIVE MICROWAVE IMAGING. Dr. A. Bhattacharya
1 PASSIVE MICROWAVE IMAGING Dr. A. Bhattacharya 2 Basic Principles of Passive Microwave Imaging Imaging with passive microwave is a complementary technology that needs an introduction to identify its role
More informationREALIZATION OF A MATCHING REGION BETWEEN A RADOME AND A GROUND PLANE
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 17, 1 1, 21 REALIZATION OF A MATCHING REGION BETWEEN A RADOME AND A GROUND PLANE D. Sjöberg and M. Gustafsson Department of Electrical and Information
More informationSTUDY ON THE PROPERTIES OF SURFACE WAVES IN COATED RAM LAYERS AND MONO-STATIC RCSR PERFORMANCES OF A COATED SLAB
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 11, 13 13, 1 STUDY ON THE PROPERTIES OF SURFACE WAVES IN COATED RAM LAYERS AND MONO-STATIC RCSR PERFORMANCES OF A COATED SLAB H. Y. Chen, P. H. Zhou, L. Chen,
More informationChapter 18. Fundamentals of Spectrophotometry. Properties of Light
Chapter 18 Fundamentals of Spectrophotometry Properties of Light Electromagnetic Radiation energy radiated in the form of a WAVE caused by an electric field interacting with a magnetic field result of
More informationWireless Communications
NETW701 Wireless Communications Dr. Wassim Alexan Winter 2018 Lecture 2 NETW705 Mobile Communication Networks Dr. Wassim Alexan Winter 2018 Lecture 2 Wassim Alexan 2 Reflection When a radio wave propagating
More informationIntroduction to RS Lecture 2. NR401 Dr. Avik Bhattacharya 1
Introduction to RS Lecture 2 NR401 Dr. Avik Bhattacharya 1 This course is about electromagnetic energy sensors other types of remote sensing such as geophysical will be disregarded. For proper analysis
More informationOPTICAL Optical properties of multilayer systems by computer modeling
Workshop on "Physics for Renewable Energy" October 17-29, 2005 301/1679-15 "Optical Properties of Multilayer Systems by Computer Modeling" E. Centurioni CNR/IMM AREA Science Park - Bologna Italy OPTICAL
More informationClassical Scattering
Classical Scattering Daniele Colosi Mathematical Physics Seminar Daniele Colosi (IMATE) Classical Scattering 27.03.09 1 / 38 Contents 1 Generalities 2 Classical particle scattering Scattering cross sections
More information9/12/2011. Training Course Remote Sensing - Basic Theory & Image Processing Methods September 2011
Training Course Remote Sensing - Basic Theory & Image Processing Methods 19 23 September 2011 Introduction to Remote Sensing Michiel Damen (September 2011) damen@itc.nl 1 Overview Electro Magnetic (EM)
More informationLecture Notes Prepared by Mike Foster Spring 2007
Lecture Notes Prepared by Mike Foster Spring 2007 Solar Radiation Sources: K. N. Liou (2002) An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, Chapter 1, 2 S. Q. Kidder & T. H. Vander Haar (1995) Satellite Meteorology:
More informationMutah University, P.O. Box 7, Mutah, Al-Karak, 61710, Jordan 2 Department of Electrical Engineering,
American Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (12): 1764-1768, 2008 ISSN 1546-9239 2008 Science Publications Models for Mixed Ensemble of Hydrometeors and their Use in Calculating the Total Random Cross Section
More informationPolarimetric Calibration of the Ingara Bistatic SAR
Polarimetric Calibration of the Ingara Bistatic SAR Alvin Goh, 1,2 Mark Preiss, 1 Nick Stacy, 1 Doug Gray 2 1. Imaging Radar Systems Group Defence Science and Technology Organisation 2. School of Electrical
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 2. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 2 Electromagnetic Radiation Can be described by means of a classical sinusoidal wave model. Oscillating electric and magnetic field. (Wave model) wavelength,
More informationDownloaded from
Question 10.1: Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface. What are the wavelength, frequency and speed of (a) reflected, and (b) refracted light? Refractive index
More informationChapter 34. Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter 34 Electromagnetic Waves Waves If we wish to talk about electromagnetism or light we must first understand wave motion. If you drop a rock into the water small ripples are seen on the surface of
More informationCHEM6416 Theory of Molecular Spectroscopy 2013Jan Spectroscopy frequency dependence of the interaction of light with matter
CHEM6416 Theory of Molecular Spectroscopy 2013Jan22 1 1. Spectroscopy frequency dependence of the interaction of light with matter 1.1. Absorption (excitation), emission, diffraction, scattering, refraction
More informationLecture 06. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (4) Physical Processes in Lidar
Lecture 06. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (4) Physical Processes in Lidar Physical processes in lidar (continued) Doppler effect (Doppler shift and broadening) Boltzmann distribution Reflection
More informationShipborne polarimetric weather radar: Impact of ship movement on polarimetric variables
Shipborne polarimetric weather radar: Impact of ship movement on polarimetric variables M. Thurai 1, P. T. May and A. Protat 1 Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO Center for Australian Weather and Climate
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF REMOTE SENSING FOR RISKS ASSESSMENT. 1. Introduction
FUNDAMENTALS OF REMOTE SENSING FOR RISKS ASSESSMENT FRANÇOIS BECKER International Space University and University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France; E-mail: becker@isu.isunet.edu Abstract. Remote sensing
More information5 RCS Management of Edge Diffracted Waves
5 RCS Management of Edge Diffracted Waves 5.1 Introduction Radar absorbing materials (RAM s) applied as a coating on the surface of an object, partially transform the energy of an incident radar beam into
More informationClassical electric dipole radiation
B Classical electric dipole radiation In Chapter a classical model was used to describe the scattering of X-rays by electrons. The equation relating the strength of the radiated to incident X-ray electric
More informationElectromagnetic fields and waves
Electromagnetic fields and waves Maxwell s rainbow Outline Maxwell s equations Plane waves Pulses and group velocity Polarization of light Transmission and reflection at an interface Macroscopic Maxwell
More informationAntennas Prof. Girish Kumar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Module 02 Lecture 08 Dipole Antennas-I
Antennas Prof. Girish Kumar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Module 02 Lecture 08 Dipole Antennas-I Hello, and welcome to today s lecture. Now in the last lecture
More informationChapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction Photogrammetry: Definition & applications What are we trying to do? Data acquisition systems 3-D viewing of 2-D imagery Automation (matching problem) Necessary tools: Image formation
More informationElectromagnetic Radiation. Physical Principles of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation Physical Principles of Remote Sensing Outline for 4/3/2003 Properties of electromagnetic radiation The electromagnetic spectrum Spectral emissivity Radiant temperature vs. kinematic
More informationElectroMagnetic Radiation (EMR) Lecture 2-3 August 29 and 31, 2005
ElectroMagnetic Radiation (EMR) Lecture 2-3 August 29 and 31, 2005 Jensen, Jensen, Ways of of Energy Transfer Energy is is the the ability to to do do work. In In the the process of of doing work, energy
More informationSTUDIES OF OCEAN S SCATTERING PROPERTIES BASED ON AIRSAR DATA
STUDIES OF OCEAN S SCATTERING PROPERTIES BASED ON AIRSAR DATA Wang Wenguang *, Sun Jinping, Wang Jun, Hu Rui School of EIE, Beihang University, Beijing 00083, China- wwenguang@ee.buaa.edu.cn KEY WORDS:
More informationElectromagnetic Theorems
Electromagnetic Theorems Daniel S. Weile Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Delaware ELEG 648 Electromagnetic Theorems Outline Outline Duality The Main Idea Electric Sources
More informationLecture notes 5: Diffraction
Lecture notes 5: Diffraction Let us now consider how light reacts to being confined to a given aperture. The resolution of an aperture is restricted due to the wave nature of light: as light passes through
More informationAnalysis of Scattering of Radiation in a Plane-Parallel Atmosphere. Stephanie M. Carney ES 299r May 23, 2007
Analysis of Scattering of Radiation in a Plane-Parallel Atmosphere Stephanie M. Carney ES 299r May 23, 27 TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION... 2. DEFINITION OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES... 3. DERIVATION OF EQUATION
More informationEarth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled?
1 NAME Investigation 2 Earth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled? Introduction As you learned from the reading, the balance between incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy
More informationName(s) Period Date. Earth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled?
Name(s) Period Date 1 Introduction Earth s Energy Budget: How Is the Temperature of Earth Controlled? As you learned from the reading, the balance between incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy
More informationPhysics 214 Final Exam Solutions Winter 2017
Physics 14 Final Exam Solutions Winter 017 1 An electron of charge e and mass m moves in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B If the energy loss by radiation is neglected, the orbit is a
More information( z) ( ) ( )( ) ω ω. Wave equation. Transmission line formulas. = v. Helmholtz equation. Exponential Equation. Trig Formulas = Γ. cos sin 1 1+Γ = VSWR
Wave equation 1 u tu v u(, t f ( vt + g( + vt Helmholt equation U + ku jk U Ae + Be + jk Eponential Equation γ e + e + γ + γ Trig Formulas sin( + y sin cos y+ sin y cos cos( + y cos cos y sin sin y + cos
More informationTransverse wave - the disturbance is perpendicular to the propagation direction (e.g., wave on a string)
1 Part 5: Waves 5.1: Harmonic Waves Wave a disturbance in a medium that propagates Transverse wave - the disturbance is perpendicular to the propagation direction (e.g., wave on a string) Longitudinal
More informationTHE PYLA 2001 EXPERIMENT : EVALUATION OF POLARIMETRIC RADAR CAPABILITIES OVER A FORESTED AREA
THE PYLA 2001 EXPERIMENT : EVALUATION OF POLARIMETRIC RADAR CAPABILITIES OVER A FORESTED AREA M. Dechambre 1, S. Le Hégarat 1, S. Cavelier 1, P. Dreuillet 2, I. Champion 3 1 CETP IPSL (CNRS / Université
More informationScattering of EM waves by spherical particles: Overview of Mie Scattering
ATMO 551a Fall 2010 Scattering of EM waves by spherical particles: Overview of Mie Scattering Mie scattering refers to scattering of electromagnetic radiation by spherical particles. Under these conditions
More informationfeed. The fundamental principle of the matched feed depends on the field matching
CHAPTER-2 MATCHED FEED FOR OFFSET REFLECTOR ANTENNA The primary objective of this chapter is to discuss the basic concept of matched feed. The fundamental principle of the matched feed depends on the field
More informationLECTURE 18: Horn Antennas (Rectangular horn antennas. Circular apertures.) Equation Section 18
LCTUR 18: Horn Antennas (Rectangular horn antennas. Circular apertures.) quation Section 18 1 Rectangular horn antennas Horn antennas are popular in the microwave band (above 1 GHz). Horns provide high
More informationLECTURE 18: Horn Antennas (Rectangular horn antennas. Circular apertures.)
LCTUR 18: Horn Antennas (Rectangular horn antennas. Circular apertures.) 1 Rectangular Horn Antennas Horn antennas are popular in the microwave bands (above 1 GHz). Horns provide high gain, low VSWR (with
More informationSpherical Waves. Daniel S. Weile. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Delaware. ELEG 648 Spherical Coordinates
Spherical Waves Daniel S. Weile Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Delaware ELEG 648 Spherical Coordinates Outline Wave Functions 1 Wave Functions Outline Wave Functions 1
More informationANALYSIS OF ASAR POLARISATION SIGNATURES FROM URBAN AREAS (AO-434)
ANALYSIS OF ASAR POLARISATION SIGNATURES FROM URBAN AREAS (AO-434) Dan Johan Weydahl and Richard Olsen Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), P.O. Box 25, NO-2027 Kjeller, NORWAY, Email: dan-johan.weydahl@ffi.no
More informationfrom which follow by application of chain rule relations y = y (4) ˆL z = i h by constructing θ , find also ˆL x ˆL y and
9 Scattering Theory II 9.1 Partial wave analysis Expand ψ in spherical harmonics Y lm (θ, φ), derive 1D differential equations for expansion coefficients. Spherical coordinates: x = r sin θ cos φ (1) y
More informationRadiation processes and mechanisms in astrophysics I. R Subrahmanyan Notes on ATA lectures at UWA, Perth 18 May 2009
Radiation processes and mechanisms in astrophysics I R Subrahmanyan Notes on ATA lectures at UWA, Perth 18 May 009 Light of the night sky We learn of the universe around us from EM radiation, neutrinos,
More informationRadiation in the atmosphere
Radiation in the atmosphere Flux and intensity Blackbody radiation in a nutshell Solar constant Interaction of radiation with matter Absorption of solar radiation Scattering Radiative transfer Irradiance
More informationPower Absorption of Near Field of Elementary Radiators in Proximity of a Composite Layer
Power Absorption of Near Field of Elementary Radiators in Proximity of a Composite Layer M. Y. Koledintseva, P. C. Ravva, J. Y. Huang, and J. L. Drewniak University of Missouri-Rolla, USA M. Sabirov, V.
More informationSignal Loss. A1 A L[Neper] = ln or L[dB] = 20log 1. Proportional loss of signal amplitude with increasing propagation distance: = α d
Part 6 ATTENUATION Signal Loss Loss of signal amplitude: A1 A L[Neper] = ln or L[dB] = 0log 1 A A A 1 is the amplitude without loss A is the amplitude with loss Proportional loss of signal amplitude with
More informationIntroduction. Concept of shielding
Shielding Introduction Concept of shielding Shielding of a metal shield (theory) For E field SE.. 2log E E i t For H field SE.. 2log H H i t Do they be equal? Shielding of a metal shield (theory) It depends.
More informationSolar Radiophysics with HF Radar
Solar Radiophysics with HF Radar Workshop on Solar Radiophysics With the Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope (FASR) 23-25 May 2002 Green Bank, WV Paul Rodriguez Information Technology Division Naval Research
More information1. Propagation Mechanisms
Contents: 1. Propagation Mechanisms The main propagation mechanisms Point sources in free-space Complex representation of waves Polarization Electric field pattern Antenna characteristics Free-space propagation
More informationI ν. di ν. = α ν. = (ndads) σ ν da α ν. = nσ ν = ρκ ν
Absorption Consider a beam passing through an absorbing medium. Define the absorption coefficient, α ν, by ie the fractional loss in intensity in travelling a distance ds is α ν ds (convention: positive
More informationMandatory Assignment 2013 INF-GEO4310
Mandatory Assignment 2013 INF-GEO4310 Deadline for submission: 12-Nov-2013 e-mail the answers in one pdf file to vikashp@ifi.uio.no Part I: Multiple choice questions Multiple choice geometrical optics
More informationSimplified Collector Performance Model
Simplified Collector Performance Model Prediction of the thermal output of various solar collectors: The quantity of thermal energy produced by any solar collector can be described by the energy balance
More informationAntenna pattern requirements for 3-PolD weather radar measurements
Antenna pattern requirements for 3-PolD weather radar measurements JM Pidre-Mosquera 1, M Vera-Isasa 1, and V Santalla del Rio 1 1 EI Telecomunicacion Universidad de Vigo 36310 Vigo SPAIN (Dated: 17 July
More informationFinite Element Method (FEM)
Finite Element Method (FEM) The finite element method (FEM) is the oldest numerical technique applied to engineering problems. FEM itself is not rigorous, but when combined with integral equation techniques
More informationRemote Sensing and GIS. Microwave Remote Sensing and its Applications
Subject Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag Geology Remote Sensing and GIS Microwave Remote Sensing and its Applications RS & GIS XVII Principal Investigator Co-Principal Investigator Co-Principal
More informationLecture 2 Overview of Light in Water
Lecture 2 Overview of Light in Water Collin Roesler Department of Earth and Oceanographic Science Bowdoin College http://marketingdeviant.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2008/01/underwater-light-beams.jpg 10 July
More informationChapter 29: Maxwell s Equation and EM Waves. Slide 29-1
Chapter 29: Maxwell s Equation and EM Waves Slide 29-1 Equations of electromagnetism: a review We ve now seen the four fundamental equations of electromagnetism, here listed together for the first time.
More informationElectromagnetic Models of Bistatic Radar Scattering from Rough Surfaces with Gaussian Correlation Function
Electromagnetic Models of Bistatic Radar Scattering from Rough Surfaces with Gaussian Correlation Function MACIEJ J. SOJA Department of Radio and Space Science Radar Remote Sensing Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY
More informationPlatform measurements of Ka-band sea surface radar Doppler characteristics. Yu. Yu. Yurovsky, Semyon Grodsky (UMD), V. N. Kudryavtsev, and B.
Platform measurements of Ka-band sea surface radar Doppler characteristics Yu. Yu. Yurovsky, Semyon Grodsky (UMD), V. N. Kudryavtsev, and B. Chapron With support from NASA/PhO, IOWVST 2017 Outline Instrument
More informationModelling Microwave Scattering from Rough Sea Ice Surfaces
Modelling Microwave Scattering from Rough Sea Ice Surfaces Xu Xu 1, Anthony P. Doulgeris 1, Frank Melandsø 1, Camilla Brekke 1 1. Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway,
More informationChapter 2: Polarimetric Radar
Chapter 2: Polarimetric Radar 2.1 Polarimetric radar vs. conventional radar Conventional weather radars transmit and receive linear electromagnetic radiation whose electric field is parallel to the local
More informationEvaluation of the Sacttering Matrix of Flat Dipoles Embedded in Multilayer Structures
PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 4, NO. 5, 2008 536 Evaluation of the Sacttering Matrix of Flat Dipoles Embedded in Multilayer Structures S. J. S. Sant Anna 1, 2, J. C. da S. Lacava 2, and D. Fernandes 2 1 Instituto
More informationPhysical Noise Sources
AppendixA Physical Noise Sources Contents A.1 Physical Noise Sources................ A-2 A.1.1 Thermal Noise................ A-3 A.1.2 Nyquist s Formula.............. A-5 A.1.3 Shot Noise..................
More informationThe most fundamental antenna is the incremental dipole as pictured in Figure 1. a Z. I o δh. a X. Figure 1. Incremental dipole
. Chapter 13 Antennas Features Used crossp( ), dotp( ), real( ), conj( ), Í, NewProb,, Polar graphs Setup 1 NewFold ant setmode("complex Format", "Polar") This chapter describes how to perform basic antenna
More informationSatellite Remote Sensing SIO 135/SIO 236. Electromagnetic Radiation and Polarization
Satellite Remote Sensing SIO 135/SIO 236 Electromagnetic Radiation and Polarization 1 Electromagnetic Radiation The first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source to illuminate the target.
More informationEdward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. ECE318S Fundamentals of Optics. Final Exam. April 16, 2007.
Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECE318S Fundamentals of Optics Final Exam April 16, 2007 Exam Type: D (Close-book + two double-sided aid sheets + a non-programmable
More informationLecture 14. Principles of active remote sensing: Lidars. Lidar sensing of gases, aerosols, and clouds.
Lecture 14. Principles of active remote sensing: Lidars. Lidar sensing of gases, aerosols, and clouds. 1. Optical interactions of relevance to lasers. 2. General principles of lidars. 3. Lidar equation.
More informationGreenhouse Effect. Julia Porter, Celia Hallan, Andrew Vrabel Miles, Gary DeFrance, and Amber Rose
Greenhouse Effect Julia Porter, Celia Hallan, Andrew Vrabel Miles, Gary DeFrance, and Amber Rose What is the Greenhouse Effect? The greenhouse effect is a natural occurrence caused by Earth's atmosphere
More informationElectromagnetic Theory (Hecht Ch. 3)
Phys 531 Lecture 2 30 August 2005 Electromagnetic Theory (Hecht Ch. 3) Last time, talked about waves in general wave equation: 2 ψ(r, t) = 1 v 2 2 ψ t 2 ψ = amplitude of disturbance of medium For light,
More informationLecture 34: MON 13 APR Ch ,5
Physics 2102 Jonathan Dowling James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Lecture 34: MON 13 APR Ch.33.1 3,5 3,5 7: E&M Waves MT03 Avg: 65/100 Q1/P3 K. Schafer Office hours: MW 1:30-2:30 pm 222B Nicholson P1/Q2 J.
More informationCylinder with Conical Cap
Cylinder with Conical Cap MUS420/EE367A Supplement to Lecture 11 Stability Proof for a Cylindrical Bore with Conical Cap Julius O. Smith III (jos@ccrma.stanford.edu) Center for Computer Research in Music
More informationME 476 Solar Energy UNIT TWO THERMAL RADIATION
ME 476 Solar Energy UNIT TWO THERMAL RADIATION Unit Outline 2 Electromagnetic radiation Thermal radiation Blackbody radiation Radiation emitted from a real surface Irradiance Kirchhoff s Law Diffuse and
More informationTopics: Visible & Infrared Measurement Principal Radiation and the Planck Function Infrared Radiative Transfer Equation
Review of Remote Sensing Fundamentals Allen Huang Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies Space Science & Engineering Center University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Topics: Visible & Infrared
More informationPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition
Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition iii v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Relevance for Climate and Weather........... 1 1.1.1 Solar Radiation.................. 2 1.1.2 Thermal Infrared
More informationLet b be the distance of closest approach between the trajectory of the center of the moving ball and the center of the stationary one.
Scattering Classical model As a model for the classical approach to collision, consider the case of a billiard ball colliding with a stationary one. The scattering direction quite clearly depends rather
More informationIdentifiability of 3D Attributed. Sparse Nonlinear Apertures. Julie Jackson Randy Moses
Identifiability of 3D Attributed Scattering Center Features from Sparse Nonlinear Apertures Julie Jackson Randy Moses Research Overview Goal: Study identifiability of 3D canonical features from complex
More informationVUICLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED "INTERNAL MEMORANDUM. DEFENSE RESEARCH CORPORATION 0300 Hollister Avenue. IMR-168/1 COPY NO O 60.o COPIES 0RELE0AI.
VUICLASSIFIED IMR-168/1 COPY NO O 60.o COPIES "INTERNAL MEMORANDUM 0RELE0AI. 0 THE JUNGLE AS A COMMUNICATION NETWORK by B. A. Lippmann Revised September 1965 (Supersedes Sept. 1964 edit.on) THIS DOCUMENT
More informationLecture 5: Greenhouse Effect
/30/2018 Lecture 5: Greenhouse Effect Global Energy Balance S/ * (1-A) terrestrial radiation cooling Solar radiation warming T S Global Temperature atmosphere Wien s Law Shortwave and Longwave Radiation
More informationSo far, we have considered three basic classes of antennas electrically small, resonant
Unit 5 Aperture Antennas So far, we have considered three basic classes of antennas electrically small, resonant (narrowband) and broadband (the travelling wave antenna). There are amny other types of
More information4.2 Properties of Visible Light Date: (pages )
4.2 Properties of Visible Light Date: (pages 144-149) Visible light is a mixture of all the colours of the rainbow. A prism refracts light separating the colours. A second prism can recombine the colours
More informationGeneral Physics (PHY 2140)
General Physics (PHY 2140) Lecture 12 Electricity and Magnetism 1. AC circuits and EM waves The Electromagnetic Spectrum The Doppler Effect 6/20/2007 Modern Physics 1. Relativity Galilean Relativity Speed
More informationSnow property extraction based on polarimetry and differential SAR interferometry
Snow property extraction based on polarimetry and differential SAR interferometry S. Leinß, I. Hajnsek Earth Observation and Remote Sensing, Institute of Enviromental Science, ETH Zürich TerraSAR X and
More informationChap. 1 Fundamental Concepts
NE 2 Chap. 1 Fundamental Concepts Important Laws in Electromagnetics Coulomb s Law (1785) Gauss s Law (1839) Ampere s Law (1827) Ohm s Law (1827) Kirchhoff s Law (1845) Biot-Savart Law (1820) Faradays
More informationRadar Cross Section (RCS)
Chapter 11 Radar Cross Section (RCS) In this chapter, the phenomenon of target scattering and methods of RCS calculation are examined. Target RCS fluctuations due to aspect angle, frequency, and polarization
More informationChapter 33. Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter 33 Electromagnetic Waves Today s information age is based almost entirely on the physics of electromagnetic waves. The connection between electric and magnetic fields to produce light is own of
More informationAN EXPRESSION FOR THE RADAR CROSS SECTION COMPUTATION OF AN ELECTRICALLY LARGE PERFECT CONDUCTING CYLINDER LOCATED OVER A DIELECTRIC HALF-SPACE
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 77, 267 272, 27 AN EXPRESSION FOR THE RADAR CROSS SECTION COMPUTATION OF AN ELECTRICALLY LARGE PERFECT CONDUCTING CYLINDER LOCATED OVER A DIELECTRIC HALF-SPACE
More informationLecture 5: Greenhouse Effect
Lecture 5: Greenhouse Effect S/4 * (1-A) T A 4 T S 4 T A 4 Wien s Law Shortwave and Longwave Radiation Selected Absorption Greenhouse Effect Global Energy Balance terrestrial radiation cooling Solar radiation
More information