Tropical Storm Hermine: Heavy rainfall in western Gulf By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Tropical Storm Hermine: Heavy rainfall in western Gulf By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803"

Transcription

1 Tropical Storm Hermine: Heavy rainfall in western Gulf By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA INTRODUCTION Tropical storm Hermine, the eighth named tropical system of the 2010 hurricane season, formed in the Bay of Campeche on 6 September The storm produced heavy rainfall (Fig. 1) as it ambled northward into Texas (Fig. 2). The satellite rainfall data show rain fell on 3-4 September (Fig. 1b) with the incipient circulation and then the rainfall area moved northward as the surface circulation moved northward (Figs. 1a-d). The surface low moved over Texas on the 6 September and brought heavy rainfall (Fig. 2) and severe weather, mainly in the form of tornadoes, to both Texas and Oklahoma (Fig. 3). As late as 4 September, the potential tropical development in the Gulf was considered a low probability event. The NCEP models and SREF showed the potential for heavy rainfall from forecasts issued on 4 September. The rainfall was associated with a surge of high precipitable water air moving onshore with a weak low. This paper will summarize the pattern and the heavy rainfall associated with tropical storm Hermine. The focus is on the patterns and anomalies that produced the heavy rainfall. Forecasts from the NCEP SREF are the focus of the rainfall forecasts. 2. METHODS The pattern was reconstructed used the NCEP GFS and NAM. All data were plotted in GrADS (Doty and Kinter 1995). The higher resolution NCEP NAM is used to show the conditions during the event. The anomalies were computed from the NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data (Kalnay et al 1996) as describe by Hart and Grumm 2001 and Grumm and Hart Unless otherwise stated, the base data was the GFS or NAM and the means and standard deviations were computed by comparing the NAM to the NCEP/NCAR 30-year climatological values. For brevity times are referred to in the format of 08/1800 for 08 September 2010 at 1800 UTC. 3. METHODS i. Large scale pattern The large scale pattern over the United States from 3-6 September is shown in Figure 4. The key features include the retrograding ridge over Florida and southwestern Atlantic and the circulation with Hurricane Earl off the East Coast of the United States (Fig. 4a-c). Hermine would form in the weakness or tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT) over the western Gulf (Figs. 4a-f). The surge of high PW air about the subtropical ridge, associated with what became Hermine is evident in Figure 5. The high PW air, with 3-5 SD PW anomalies moved from the Bay of Campeche into eastern Mexico then into Texas (Fig. 5a-i). This surge of high PW air was closely aligned with the heavy rainfall.

2 iii. Rainfall analysis ii. Regional pattern The GFS analysis showed a circulation over the western Gulf at late on 5 September (not shown). By 06/1200 UTC (Fig. 6a) the GFS picked up a weak circulation south of Texas. The negative pressure anomalies highlight this feature well. The NAM analysis was strikingly similar and is not shown. The NAM PW and anomalies is shown in Figure 7. The NAM PW values were slightly higher at times than the GFS (not shown). Though both systems showed high PW values (60-65 mm) and large PW anomalies. The NAM PW anomalies peaked in the +4 to +5SD range over the Gulf (Figs. 7a-c) and over Texas (Fig. 7d-e). The NAM closed of a 75mm PW contour at 07/1200 UTC (Fig. 7e). The GFS never showed a contour (in 5mm increments) greater than 65 mm. In addition to the anomalously high PW values, the circulation with Hermine had strong low-level winds. The 850 hpa winds showed strong winds and 2-4SD wind anomalies come onshore around 06/1800 UTC (Fig. 8b) ahead of the main circulation center. The strong winds with the actually circulation center cam into Texas around 07/0600 UTC. The 850 hpa total wind anomalies peaked near +6SD above normal in southern Texas at 07/1200 UTC (Fig. 8e). The heavy rainfall axis lined up well with the stronger southerly winds and the implied convergence between those winds and the strong southeasterly winds. The 850 hpa moisture flux (MFLUX) in Figure 9 highlights this effect. MFLUX anomalies peaked at over 6SD above normal in the regions where the heaviest rains were observed (Fig. 9f-i) and Figure 2. The satellite rainfall data over the Gulf with the initial development and surge with Hermine was shown in Figure 1. The rainfall over Texas for the event was shown in Figure 2. These data showed heavy rains near the coast with 96 to 192 mm of in that region. Inland a large area of 128 mm or more rainfall was present along a southwest to northeast axis. Maximum rainfall in the coarse UPD data was 256 mm, about 10 inches of rainfall. There was also a large area within 192 mm contour. This storm produced some hefty rainfall amounts. Figure 10 shows the rainfall in 4 discrete periods ending at 1200 UTC 6-9 September. The rainfall along the coast fell mainly on the 6 th and the inland rainfall fell mainly on the 7 th and 8 th (Figs. 10c-d). Clearly the period of 07/1200 through 08/1200 UTC was the biggest rainfall period over the largest area of Texas. This matched well with the surge of high PW air and high MFLUX values (Figs. 7 & 9). iv. Forecasts Forecast of QPF from the NAM, GFS and SREF are presented in Figures The patterns were relatively well predicted and thus the precipitation fields were also relatively well predicted. The NAM forecasts from as early as 04/1200 UTC showed an axis of heavy rainfall in Texas (Fig. 11a). Clearly, the NAM was too slow and as the forecast length decreased (Figs. 11a-i) the NAM moved the axis of heavy rainfall inland. The long range 04/1200 UTC forecast only has data through 08/0000 UTC as the NAM is only run out to 84 hours. Thus, the NAM from this time has no data after 08/0000 UTC.

3 Interestingly, some of the shorter range forecasts may have moved the rainfall too far west. The lower amounts in the 07/0600 and 07/1200 UTC data (Figs. 11h-i) will not show heavy rainfall that already fell. Thus, comparing these data to Figures 2 & 10 should be done with caution. The comparable GFS forecasts are shown in Figure 12. The overall pattern is quite similar to the pattern shown by the NAM. The details clearly differ but the pattern and concept of heavy rainfall near the coast than an axis of near 4 inches of rainfall (96 mm) with orientation similar to what was observed is quite evident. Figure 13 shows SREF QPF s from 9 runs. These data show the ensemble mean QPF which will wash out maximum values and not show the range or uncertainty. Forecasts shown end at 08/0000 UTC the range of the shortest forecast. Figures 14 & 15 address these issues. But these data show that forecasts from as early as 04/0900 UTC had heavy rainfall moving into southern Texas (Fig. 13a). These data do not cover the entire time shown in the GFS and NAM images. Both forecasts did show heavy rainfall moving into coastal regions. Figures 14 & 15 show the SREF probabilities for discrete times and thresholds. The 04/0900 UTC forecasts (Fig. 14) showed that heavy rain was most probable on the 7 th. The near 100% chance of 35 mm or more QPF in the 30 hour period ending at 07/2100 UTC was a good forecast, as was the closed 64 mm contour indicating locally heavy rainfall. Forecasts initialized 2 days later (Fig. 15) showed the rainfall farther inland on the 8 th. The probabilities are a bit lower but both the pattern of the mean rainfall and probabilities got the general area correct. 4. CONCLUSIONS Tropical storm Hermine developed in the Bay of Campeche on 6 September and moved northward. The storm produced rain over the western Gulf (Fig. 1) and portions of Mexico before providing heavy rainfall and tornadoes to Texas (Figs. 2 & 3). The circulation with Hermine clearly brought strong winds, high PW values with high PW anomalies into Texas. The heavy rainfall areas were relatively well defined by the area of above normal PW air and the strong lowlevel 850 hpa winds (Figs. 7 & 8). The 850 hpa winds were near 6SDs above normal at times in the region of the heaviest rainfall. The heaviest rainfall over Texas was well aligned with the areas of high MFLUX (Fig. 9). MFLUX anomalies were slightly higher than 6SDs above normal at times near the areas where the heaviest rain was observed. The crude UPD data suggested that a large area of east-central Texas received over 5 inches of rainfall and up to 10 inches of rain was observed locally. Forecasts suggest that the surge of high PW air and thus the potential for heavy rainfall was captured by GFS, NAM, and SREF forecasts initialized at 4 September Early forecasts were not shown here. But the signal and high QPF potential were well predicted in the NCEP guidance. 5. Acknowledgements 6. References Doty, B. E., and J. L. Kinter III, 1995: Geophysical data and visualization using GrADS. Visualization Techniques Space and Atmospheric

4 Sciences, E. P. Szuszczewicz and Bredekamp, Eds., NASA, Doty, B. E., and J. L. Kinter III, 1995: Geophysical data and visualization using GrADS. Visualization Techniques Space and Atmospheric Sciences, E. P. Szuszczewicz and Bredekamp, Eds., NASA, Grumm, R.H. and R. Hart. 2001: Standardized Anomalies Applied to Significant Cold Season Weather Events: Preliminary Findings. Wea. and Fore., 16, Hart, R. E., and R. H. Grumm, 2001: Using normalized climatological anomalies to rank synoptic scale events objectively. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, Junker, N. W., R. H. Grumm, R. Hart, L. F. Bosart, K. M. Bell, and F. J. Pereira, 2008: Use of standardized anomaly fields to anticipate extreme rainfall in the mountains of northern California. Wea. Forecasting,23, Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40- Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, Onogi, K., J. Tsutsui, H. Koide, M. Sakamoto, S. Kobayashi, H. Hatsushika, T. Matsumoto, N. Yamazaki, H. Kamahori, K. Takahashi, S. Kadokura, K. Wada, K. Kato, R. Oyama, T. Ose, N. Mannoji and R. Taira (2007) : The JRA-25 Reanalysis. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,85, Lin, Y. and K. E. Mitchell, 2005: The NCEP Stage II/IV hourly precipitation analyses: development and applications. Preprints, 19th Conf. on Hydrology, American Meteorological Society, San Diego, CA, 9-13 January 2005, Paper 1.2.

5 Figure 1. Climate Prediction Center Morphed (CMORPH) rainfall estimates (mm) for the 24-hour periods at ending at 0000 UTC a) 4 Septebmer, b) 5 September, c) 6 September and d) 7 September 2010.

6 Figure 2. Total rainfall from the unified precipitation data set (mm) focused over the southern United States from 1200 UTC 5-8 September 2010.

7 Figure 3. Storm reports by event type showing severe weather over the United States on 7 & 8 September 2010.

8 .. Figure 4. GFS 00-hour forecasts showing 500 hpa heights (m) and 500 hpa height standardized anomalies (sigma) valid at a) 1200 UTC 03 September, b) 0000 UTC 04 September, c) 1200 UTC 04 September, d) 0000 UTC 05 September, e) 1200 UTC 05 September, f) 0000 UTC 06 September, g) 1200 UTC 06 September, h) 0000 UTC 07 September, and i) 1200 UTC 7 September Return to text.

9 Figure 5. As in Figure 4 except showing precipitable water (mm) and precipitable water anomalies. Return to text.

10 Figure 6. As in Figure 4 except GFS 00-hour forecasts of mean sea level pressure (hpa) and pressure anomalies in 6-hour increments from a-i) 6-8 September 2010.

11 Figure 7. As in Figure 6 except for NAM 00-hour forecasts showing precipitable water and precipitable water anomalies. Return to text.

12 Figure 8. As in Figure 7 except for NAM 850 hpa winds (kts) and wind anomalies. Return to text.

13 Figure 9. As in Figure 8 except for NAM 850 hpa moisture flux and moisture flux anomalies. Return to text.

14 Figure 10. As in Figure 2 except for rainfall in 24 hour increments valid for the 24 hour periods ending at 1200 UTC a-c) 6-9 September Return to text.

15 Figure 11. As in Figure 9 except for NAM forecast of total QPF valid for the time period ending at 1200 UTC 09 September Forecasts were initialized at a) 1200 UTC 4 September, b) 1800 UTC 5 September, c) 0000 UTC 6 September, d) 0600 UTC 6 September, e) 1200 UTC 6 September, f) 1800 UTC 6 September, g) 0000 UTC 7 September, h) 0600 UTC 7 September, i) 1200 UTC 12 September The 4 September run has no data forecast after 0000 UTC 8 September SepReturn to text.

16 Figure 12. As in Figure 11 except for GFS forecasts. Return to text.

17 Figure 13. As in Figure 12 except showing 9 SREF members mean QPF (mm) valid at UTC 08 September Data are from SREF forecasts initialized at ) 0900 UTC 4 September, b) 1500 UTC 4 September, c) 2100 UTC 4 September 2010, d) 0300 UTC 5 September, e) 0900 UTC 5 September 2010, f) 1500 UTC 5 September 2010, g) 2100 UTC 6 September 2010, h) September and i) 0900 UTC 6 September Back to text.

18 Figure 14. NCEP SREF forecasts initialized at 0900 UTC 4 September valid at 2100 UTC 7 September 2010 showing a) probability of 12mm in the past 6 hours, b) probability of 25 mm in the past 24 hours, c) the probability of 35 mm I the past 30 hours and d) the probability of 50 mm in the past 36 hours. Contours show ensemble mean QPF in mm. Return to text.

19 Figure 15. As in Figure 14 except for showing forecasts initialized at 0900 UTC 6 September. Return to text.

Heat wave ending severe events of July 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803

Heat wave ending severe events of July 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 Heat wave ending severe events of 23-25 July 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION A strong subtropical ridge (Fig. 1a) dominated the eastern

More information

Orographically enhanced heavy rainfall of 23 May 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803

Orographically enhanced heavy rainfall of 23 May 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 Orographically enhanced heavy rainfall of 23 May 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION During the overnight hours and into the early morning of

More information

Deep Cyclone and rapid moving severe weather event of 5-6 June 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803

Deep Cyclone and rapid moving severe weather event of 5-6 June 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 Deep Cyclone and rapid moving severe weather event of 5-6 June 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION A rapidly deepening surface cyclone raced

More information

Hurricane Alex: Heavy rainfall and anomalous precipitable water By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803

Hurricane Alex: Heavy rainfall and anomalous precipitable water By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 Hurricane Alex: Heavy rainfall and anomalous precipitable water By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION Hurricane Alex ambled across the Gulf of Mexico

More information

Early May Cut-off low and Mid-Atlantic rains

Early May Cut-off low and Mid-Atlantic rains Abstract: Early May Cut-off low and Mid-Atlantic rains By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA A deep 500 hpa cutoff developed in the southern Plains on 3 May 2013. It produced a

More information

Pre-Christmas Warm-up December 2013-Draft

Pre-Christmas Warm-up December 2013-Draft Pre-Christmas Warm-up 21-23 December 2013-Draft By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview A large ridge over the west-central Atlantic (Fig.1) and trough moving into eastern

More information

NWS-PSU Case Study Site 2010 Severe Weather Case

NWS-PSU Case Study Site 2010 Severe Weather Case NWS-PSU Case Study Site 2010 Severe Weather Case New Years Eve Severe Weather Event of 31 December 2010 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16083 Abstract: A surge of warm humid

More information

Arkansas Flash Floods and heavy rainfall-draft By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803

Arkansas Flash Floods and heavy rainfall-draft By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803 Arkansas Flash Floods and heavy rainfall-draft By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION Training convection associated with deep moisture and a strongly southerly

More information

Heavy rains and precipitable water anomalies August 2010 By Richard H. Grumm And Jason Krekeler National Weather Service State College, PA 16803

Heavy rains and precipitable water anomalies August 2010 By Richard H. Grumm And Jason Krekeler National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 Heavy rains and precipitable water anomalies 17-19 August 2010 By Richard H. Grumm And Jason Krekeler National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION Heavy rain fell over the Gulf States,

More information

2 July 2013 Flash Flood Event

2 July 2013 Flash Flood Event 2 July 2013 Flash Flood Event By Richard H. Grumm and Charles Ross National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview A retrograding 500 hpa cyclone and anticyclone (Fig. 1) set up deep southerly flow

More information

Impacts of the April 2013 Mean trough over central North America

Impacts of the April 2013 Mean trough over central North America Impacts of the April 2013 Mean trough over central North America By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA Abstract: The mean 500 hpa flow over North America featured a trough over

More information

1995 and 1980 (exact dates would be useful). 1. INTRODUCTION

1995 and 1980 (exact dates would be useful). 1. INTRODUCTION Alaskan Autumn Storm of 22-24 November 2010 By Richard Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 and Rick Thoman and James A. Nelson National Weather Service Alaska Region 1. INTRODUCTION

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events Abstract: West Coast Heavy Precipitation Event of January 2012 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events Heavy rainfall of 23 November 2011 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803 Abstract:. A fast moving mid-tropospheric

More information

Heavy Rainfall Event of June 2013

Heavy Rainfall Event of June 2013 Heavy Rainfall Event of 10-11 June 2013 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview A 500 hpa short-wave moved over the eastern United States (Fig. 1) brought a surge of

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events Abstract: Tropical Storm Debbie, standardized anomalies and heavy rainfall by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College

More information

Southern Plains Heavy rain and Flooding

Southern Plains Heavy rain and Flooding Abstract: Southern Plains Heavy rain and Flooding By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA A severe weather event affected the southern Plains on 31 May 2013. The severe weather event

More information

Eastern United States Wild Weather April 2014-Draft

Eastern United States Wild Weather April 2014-Draft 1. Overview Eastern United States Wild Weather 27-30 April 2014-Draft Significant quantitative precipitation bust By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA and Joel Maruschak Over

More information

The Deep South snowfall of February 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office, State College, PA 16803

The Deep South snowfall of February 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office, State College, PA 16803 The Deep South snowfall of 11-13 February 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office, State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION A surface cyclone tracked across Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico

More information

New Zealand Heavy Rainfall and Floods

New Zealand Heavy Rainfall and Floods New Zealand Heavy Rainfall and Floods 1. Introduction Three days of heavy rainfall associated with a deep upper-level low (Fig. 1) brought flooding to portions of New Zealand (Fig. 2). The flooding was

More information

Memorial Day Weekend 2013: Snow and Cold

Memorial Day Weekend 2013: Snow and Cold Abstract: Memorial Day Weekend 2013: Snow and Cold By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA A slow moving 500 hpa low and associated unseasonably cold air in the lower troposphere

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events The southern Express: High Impact Spring Storm of 14-17 April 2011 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803

More information

Winter Storm of 15 December 2005 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803

Winter Storm of 15 December 2005 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 Winter Storm of 15 December 2005 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION A complex winter storm brought snow, sleet, and freezing rain to central Pennsylvania.

More information

Southern United States Heavy rain and flood event 6-8 April 2014

Southern United States Heavy rain and flood event 6-8 April 2014 Southern United States Heavy rain and flood event 6-8 April 2014 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview Heavy rainfall (Fig. 1) affected the southern United States from

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events The February Thaw 17-19 February 2011 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803 Abstract: After a cold January

More information

The southern express: Winter storm of January 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service

The southern express: Winter storm of January 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service The southern express: Winter storm of 28-30 January 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service 1. INTRODUCTION A storm system of Pacific origin tracked across the southern United States from 27-31

More information

1. INTRODUCTION. For brevity times are referred to in the format of 20/1800 for 20 August UTC. 3. RESULTS

1. INTRODUCTION. For brevity times are referred to in the format of 20/1800 for 20 August UTC. 3. RESULTS Heavy rains and precipitable water anomalies 20-23 August 2010-Draft By Jason Krekeler And Richard Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION Heavy rain fell across the central

More information

The Devastating Western European Winter Storm February 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service

The Devastating Western European Winter Storm February 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service The Devastating Western European Winter Storm 27-28 February 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service 1. INTRODUCTION A strong late winter storm, called Xynthia 1, raced across Western Europe

More information

Mid-West Heavy rains 18 April 2013

Mid-West Heavy rains 18 April 2013 Abstract: Mid-West Heavy rains 18 April 2013 By Richard H. Grumm and Charles Ross National Weather Service State College, PA The relatively wet conditions during the first 16 days of April 2013 set the

More information

Southern Heavy rain and floods of 8-10 March 2016 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803

Southern Heavy rain and floods of 8-10 March 2016 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 Southern Heavy rain and floods of 8-10 March 2016 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 1. Introduction Heavy rains (Fig. 1) produced record flooding in northeastern Texas

More information

Winter Storm of February 2008 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College PA 16803

Winter Storm of February 2008 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION Winter Storm of 11-13 February 2008 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College PA 16803 A potent winter storm brought snow, sleet, freezing rain, and rain to the

More information

Multi-day severe event of May 2013

Multi-day severe event of May 2013 Abstract: Multi-day severe event of 18-22 May 2013 By Richard H. Grumm and Charles Ross National Weather Service State College, PA A relatively slow moving Trough over the western United States and a ridge

More information

Mid-Atlantic Ice Storm 4 March 2015

Mid-Atlantic Ice Storm 4 March 2015 1. Overview Mid-Atlantic Ice Storm 4 March 2015 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA A large 500 hpa ridge over the southern United States (Fig. 1a-e)) built into the Mid-Atlantic

More information

1. INTRODUCTION. March. Local time used in text to define dates. 1 Due to UTC time the went passed 0000 UTC 31

1. INTRODUCTION. March. Local time used in text to define dates. 1 Due to UTC time the went passed 0000 UTC 31 New England Record Maker Rain Event of 29-30 March 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Contributions by Frank Nocera National Weather Service Office Taunton, MA 1. INTRODUCTION The second

More information

Hurricane Harvey the Name says it all. by Richard H. Grumm and Charles Ross National Weather Service office State College, PA

Hurricane Harvey the Name says it all. by Richard H. Grumm and Charles Ross National Weather Service office State College, PA Hurricane Harvey the Name says it all by Richard H. Grumm and Charles Ross National Weather Service office State College, PA 16803. 1. Overview Hurricane Harvey crossed the Texas coast (Fig. 1) as a category

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events Heavy Rain 7-8 December 2011 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803 Abstract:. A mid-level short-wave

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events New Zealand heavy rain and flood event-draft by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803 Abstract:. A record

More information

Flooding and Severe weather of 27 June 2013

Flooding and Severe weather of 27 June 2013 Flooding and Severe weather of 27 June 2013 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview Flooding and severe weather affected Pennsylvania on 27 June 2013 (Fig 1). The severe

More information

This paper will document the pattern which produced the record rainfall of 30 September The goal is to show the pattern the

This paper will document the pattern which produced the record rainfall of 30 September The goal is to show the pattern the The Historic Synoptic-Hybrid rainfall event 30 September 2010 By Richard Grumm And Michael Kozar National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION A slow moving north-south oriented frontal

More information

1. INTRODUCTION. The super storm of March 1993 produced severe weather and tornadoes as it s trailing cold front pushed through Florida (Kocin eta 1l

1. INTRODUCTION. The super storm of March 1993 produced severe weather and tornadoes as it s trailing cold front pushed through Florida (Kocin eta 1l 1. INTRODUCTION Super Tuesday and awful Wednesday: the 5-6 February 2008 Severe Weather Outbreak By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA And Seth Binau National Weather Service,

More information

New England Record Maker Rain Event of March 2010

New England Record Maker Rain Event of March 2010 National Weather Association, Electronic Journal of Operational Meteorology, 2011-EJ4 New England Record Maker Rain Event of 29-30 March 2010 RICHARD H. GRUMM National Weather Service, State College, PA

More information

Eastern United States Winter Storm of 1-2 February 2015-DRAFT Northeast Ground Hog Storm

Eastern United States Winter Storm of 1-2 February 2015-DRAFT Northeast Ground Hog Storm Eastern United States Winter Storm of 1-2 February 2015-DRAFT Northeast Ground Hog Storm By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview A major Winter Storm brought precipitation

More information

Southern United States Winter Storm of 28 January 2014-v1. High Impact Snow on Edge of Forecast Precipitation Shield

Southern United States Winter Storm of 28 January 2014-v1. High Impact Snow on Edge of Forecast Precipitation Shield Southern United States Winter Storm of 28 January 2014-v1 High Impact Snow on Edge of Forecast Precipitation Shield by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 and 1. Introduction

More information

Snow, freezing rain, and shallow arctic Air 8-10 February 2015: NCEP HRRR success story

Snow, freezing rain, and shallow arctic Air 8-10 February 2015: NCEP HRRR success story Snow, freezing rain, and shallow arctic Air 8-10 February 2015: NCEP HRRR success story By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview A short-wave (Fig. 1) moved over the strong

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events The record eastern United States Severe Weather event of 3-4 April 2011-Draft by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College

More information

NCEP Short-Range Ensemble forecasts of an historic rainfall event: The June 2006 East Coast Floods 1. INTRODUCTION

NCEP Short-Range Ensemble forecasts of an historic rainfall event: The June 2006 East Coast Floods 1. INTRODUCTION NCEP Short-Range Ensemble forecasts of an historic rainfall event: The 23-27 June 2006 East Coast Floods By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office, State College PA 16803 And Norman W. Junker

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events Eastern United States Winter Storm and Severe Event of 28-29 February 2012 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College

More information

Convective Heavy rainfall event of 23 July 2013

Convective Heavy rainfall event of 23 July 2013 Convective Heavy rainfall event of 23 July 2013 By Richard H. Grumm and Charles Ross National Weather Service State College, PA Abstract: A record rain event affected southern Lebanon County on 23 July

More information

The Big Chill of November 2013

The Big Chill of November 2013 The Big Chill of November 2013 Value of anomalies for situational awareness By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA Trevor Alcott National Weather Service, Salt Lake City UT 1. Overview

More information

Patterns of Heavy rainfall in the Mid-Atlantic Region 1. INTRODUCTION

Patterns of Heavy rainfall in the Mid-Atlantic Region 1. INTRODUCTION 5A.2 Patterns of Heavy rainfall in the Mid-Atlantic Region by Richard H. Grumm * And Ron Holmes National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16802 1. INTRODUCTION The patterns associated with heavy

More information

Heavy Rainfall and Flooding of 23 July 2009 By Richard H. Grumm And Ron Holmes National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803

Heavy Rainfall and Flooding of 23 July 2009 By Richard H. Grumm And Ron Holmes National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 Heavy Rainfall and Flooding of 23 July 2009 By Richard H. Grumm And Ron Holmes National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION Heavy rains fall over Pennsylvania and eastern New

More information

Examination of Tropical Cyclogenesis using the High Temporal and Spatial Resolution JRA-25 Dataset

Examination of Tropical Cyclogenesis using the High Temporal and Spatial Resolution JRA-25 Dataset Examination of Tropical Cyclogenesis using the High Temporal and Spatial Resolution JRA-25 Dataset Masato Sugi Forecast Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Correspondence: msugi@mri-jma.go.jp

More information

East Coast Heavy Rainfall of January 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service

East Coast Heavy Rainfall of January 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service 1. INTRODUCTION A strong storm moved across the United States from 21 January through 25 January 2010 (Fig. 1). This storm produced record rainfall and snowfall in the western United States from 20-22

More information

The Impact of the strong subtropical ridge of 2010

The Impact of the strong subtropical ridge of 2010 The Impact of the strong subtropical ridge of 2010 by Richard H. Grumm and Jason Krekeler National Weather Service Office, State College, Pennsylvania And Kevin Lipton National Weather Service Office Albany,

More information

A summary of the heat episodes of June 2017

A summary of the heat episodes of June 2017 A summary of the heat episodes of June 2017 By Richard H. Grumm and Elissa A. Smith National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview Over 1800 record high temperatures were set or tied during the

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events Historic Ohio Valley January Severe weather and Tornado Event by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803 and

More information

Indiana County Flash Flood of 22 June 2017

Indiana County Flash Flood of 22 June 2017 Indiana County Flash Flood of 22 June 2017 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview Slow moving thunderstorms brought 3 to 4 inches of rainfall to Indiana County, PA during

More information

2. Methods and data. 1 NWS Reno, NV report circulated in the LA Times story maximum wind was observed at 0900 AM 8 January 2017.

2. Methods and data. 1 NWS Reno, NV report circulated in the LA Times story maximum wind was observed at 0900 AM 8 January 2017. The California Extreme Precipitation Event of 8-10 January 2017 By Richard H. Grumm and Charles Ross National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 1. Introduction A strong Pacific jet and a surge of

More information

Thanksgiving Eve snow of November 2014

Thanksgiving Eve snow of November 2014 1. Overview Thanksgiving Eve snow of 26-27 November 2014 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA An early season east coast winter storm (ECWS: DeGaetano et al. 2002) brought snow

More information

Eastern United States Ice Storm of December 2008 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803

Eastern United States Ice Storm of December 2008 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 Eastern United States Ice Storm of 11-12 December 2008 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION A significant ice storm affected the eastern United States on

More information

Minor Winter Flooding Event in northwestern Pennsylvania January 2017

Minor Winter Flooding Event in northwestern Pennsylvania January 2017 1. Overview Minor Winter Flooding Event in northwestern Pennsylvania 12-13 January 2017 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA A combination of snow melt, frozen ground, and areas

More information

1. INTRODUCTION. In addition to the severe weather, the

1. INTRODUCTION. In addition to the severe weather, the Anomalous Low and its weather impacts 10-12 May 2008 By Richard Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA And Al Cope National Weather Service Office Mount Holly, NJ 1. INTRODUCTION An unusually

More information

Northeastern United States Snowstorm of 9 February 2017

Northeastern United States Snowstorm of 9 February 2017 Northeastern United States Snowstorm of 9 February 2017 By Richard H. Grumm and Charles Ross National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview A strong shortwave produced a stripe of precipitation

More information

5A.3 THE USE OF ENSEMBLE AND ANOMALY DATA TO ANTICIPATE EXTREME FLOOD EVENTS IN THE NORTHEASTERN U.S.

5A.3 THE USE OF ENSEMBLE AND ANOMALY DATA TO ANTICIPATE EXTREME FLOOD EVENTS IN THE NORTHEASTERN U.S. 5A.3 THE USE OF ENSEMBLE AND ANOMALY DATA TO ANTICIPATE EXTREME FLOOD EVENTS IN THE NORTHEASTERN U.S. Neil A. Stuart(1), Richard H. Grumm(2), John Cannon(3), and Walt Drag(4) (1)NOAA/National Weather Service,

More information

The Devastating Mid-Mississippi Valley Floods of 1-2 May 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service

The Devastating Mid-Mississippi Valley Floods of 1-2 May 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service The Devastating Mid-Mississippi Valley Floods of 1-2 May 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service 1. INTRODUCTION A devastating heavy rainfall event affected the Mid-Mississippi Valley (MMV) from

More information

Warm Episode over Indian Sub-continent March 2010 By Richard Grumm National Weather Service State College Contributions by Lance Bosart SUNY Albany

Warm Episode over Indian Sub-continent March 2010 By Richard Grumm National Weather Service State College Contributions by Lance Bosart SUNY Albany Warm Episode over Indian Sub-continent March 2010 By Richard Grumm National Weather Service State College Contributions by Lance Bosart SUNY Albany 1. INTRODUCTION A massive subtropical ridge formed over

More information

Cold frontal Rainband and Mid-Atlantic Severe Weather Event 28 September 2006 by Richard H. Grumm And Ron Holmes

Cold frontal Rainband and Mid-Atlantic Severe Weather Event 28 September 2006 by Richard H. Grumm And Ron Holmes Cold frontal Rainband and Mid-Atlantic Severe Weather Event 28 September 2006 by Richard H. Grumm And Ron Holmes 1. INTRODUCTION A strong cold front moved across central Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic

More information

Anticipating record events using patterns and pattern forecast: Mid-Mississippi Valley floods of April 2011

Anticipating record events using patterns and pattern forecast: Mid-Mississippi Valley floods of April 2011 Anticipating record events using patterns and pattern forecast: Mid-Mississippi Valley floods of April 2011 Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA Abstract: A persistent pattern produced

More information

Alaskan heat episode of June 2013-Draft

Alaskan heat episode of June 2013-Draft Alaskan heat episode of 16-19 June 2013-Draft Abstract: By Trevor Alcott National Weather Service Western Region, Salt Lake City UT And Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA A strong

More information

Devastating Tornadoes of 22 May 2011-Draft by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA

Devastating Tornadoes of 22 May 2011-Draft by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA Abstract: Devastating Tornadoes of 22 May 2011-Draft by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA A series of tornadoes struck the central United States on Sunday 22 May 2011. Tornadoes

More information

The Spring Storm of April 2007 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College PA 16803

The Spring Storm of April 2007 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College PA 16803 The Spring Storm of 13-16 April 2007 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION A major spring storm struck the eastern United States from 13 through 16

More information

Record snow blankets the United Kingdom 5-6 January 2010

Record snow blankets the United Kingdom 5-6 January 2010 1. INTRODUCTION Record snow blankets the United Kingdom 5-6 January 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 A rare winter storm brought heavy snow the United Kingdom

More information

Eastern United States Anafrontal Snow 4-5 March 2015-Draft

Eastern United States Anafrontal Snow 4-5 March 2015-Draft Eastern United States Anafrontal Snow 4-5 March 2015-Draft By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview A 500 hpa ridge over the western Atlantic (Fig. 1) and an approaching

More information

Characteristics of Storm Tracks in JMA s Seasonal Forecast Model

Characteristics of Storm Tracks in JMA s Seasonal Forecast Model Characteristics of Storm Tracks in JMA s Seasonal Forecast Model Akihiko Shimpo 1 1 Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan Correspondence: ashimpo@naps.kishou.go.jp INTRODUCTION

More information

Early Summer Heat Waves of 2013

Early Summer Heat Waves of 2013 Early Summer Heat Waves of 2013 Abstract: By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA And Trevor Alcott National Weather Service, Salt Lake City Utah From late June into mid-july large

More information

HRRR and the Mid-Mississippi Valley Severe and Heavy rainfall event of October 2014

HRRR and the Mid-Mississippi Valley Severe and Heavy rainfall event of October 2014 HRRR and the Mid-Mississippi Valley Severe and Heavy rainfall event of 13-14 October 2014 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA contributions by Charles Ross 1. Overview A deep

More information

This storm was associated with strong low-level easterly winds at 850 and 925 hpa. Stuart and Grumm (2006) document the value of using u-wind

This storm was associated with strong low-level easterly winds at 850 and 925 hpa. Stuart and Grumm (2006) document the value of using u-wind The Historic Mid-Atlantic Snow storm of 5-6 February 2010-Draft By Richard H. Grumm and John LaCorte National Weather Service Office, State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION A strong storm moved across

More information

The enduring Louisiana rain and flooding of August 2016 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803

The enduring Louisiana rain and flooding of August 2016 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 1. Introduction The enduring Louisiana rain and flooding of August 2016 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 Historic flooding impacted Louisiana on 12-15 August 2016 (TWC

More information

The Historic Storm of October 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service

The Historic Storm of October 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service The Historic Storm of 24-26 October 2010 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service 1. INTRODUCTION An historic storm impacted much of the United States from 24-26 October 2010. Though the cyclone was

More information

Severe Weather with a strong cold front: 2-3 April 2006 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803

Severe Weather with a strong cold front: 2-3 April 2006 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 Severe Weather with a strong cold front: 2-3 April 2006 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION A strong cold front brought severe weather to much of

More information

The high latitude blocking and impacts on Asia

The high latitude blocking and impacts on Asia The high latitude blocking and impacts on Asia By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION An episode of high latitude blocking during the month of December

More information

Ensemble Forecasts of the Blizzard of January 2005 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College Pennsylvania

Ensemble Forecasts of the Blizzard of January 2005 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College Pennsylvania Ensemble Forecasts of the Blizzard of 22-23 January 2005 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College Pennsylvania 1. Introduction A fast moving upper-level disturbance produced a wide area

More information

The North American Heat Wave of July 2011-Draft

The North American Heat Wave of July 2011-Draft The North American Heat Wave of July 2011-Draft By Richard H. Grumm And Jason Krekeler 328 Innovation Blvd Suite 330 National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 The meteorological conditions

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events Southern Express 18-19 February 2012: Probabilities, Potentials and uncertainty by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State

More information

The Arctic Outbreak of 4-8 January 2014

The Arctic Outbreak of 4-8 January 2014 The Arctic Outbreak of 4-8 January 2014 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION An artic outbreak affected much of eastern North American to include the eastern

More information

Eastern United States Winter Storm of February Dealing with Divergent Model and Ensemble Forecast Systems

Eastern United States Winter Storm of February Dealing with Divergent Model and Ensemble Forecast Systems Eastern United States Winter Storm of 12-14 February 2014 Dealing with Divergent Model and Ensemble Forecast Systems By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 1. Introduction

More information

Will Tropical Storm Sandy become the Storm of the 21 st Century?

Will Tropical Storm Sandy become the Storm of the 21 st Century? Will Tropical Storm Sandy become the Storm of the 21 st Century? By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 Contributions by Craig Evanego Abstract The interaction with tropical

More information

End of heat-event severe event of 7 July 2012

End of heat-event severe event of 7 July 2012 End of heat-event severe event of 7 July 2012 Richard H. Grumm And Elyse Colbert National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. Overview A widespread severe weather event affected Pennsylvania

More information

Mid-Atlantic Severe Weather Event of 23 June 2015

Mid-Atlantic Severe Weather Event of 23 June 2015 Mid-Atlantic Severe Weather Event of 23 June 2015 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College, PA 1. Overview A widespread severe weather event occurred in the eastern United States on 23

More information

The high latitude blocking and low arctic oscillation values of December 2009

The high latitude blocking and low arctic oscillation values of December 2009 The high latitude blocking and low arctic oscillation values of December 2009 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION An episode of high latitude blocking

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events March Madness: The 2 March 2012 super outbreak-draft by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803 and Kyle Imhoff

More information

Mid Atlantic Severe Event of 1 May 2017 Central Pennsylvania QLCS event By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service, State College, PA 16803

Mid Atlantic Severe Event of 1 May 2017 Central Pennsylvania QLCS event By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service, State College, PA 16803 1. Overview Mid Atlantic Severe Event of 1 May 2017 Central Pennsylvania QLCS event By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service, State College, PA 16803 A strong upper-level wave (Fig.1) moving into a

More information

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events

National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events National Weather Service-Pennsylvania State University Weather Events The high latitude Eurasian Anticyclone of January-February 2012 by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service State College PA 16803

More information

09 December 2005 snow event by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803

09 December 2005 snow event by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 09 December 2005 snow event by Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION A winter storm produced heavy snow over a large portion of Pennsylvania on 8-9 December

More information

The St Patrick s Snow Storm of March 2007 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College PA 16803

The St Patrick s Snow Storm of March 2007 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College PA 16803 The St Patrick s Snow Storm of 16-17 March 2007 By Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION A complex March snowstorm struck the eastern United States on

More information

1. INTRODUCTION * Figure 1. National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center (SPC) storm reports for December 1, 2006.

1. INTRODUCTION * Figure 1. National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center (SPC) storm reports for December 1, 2006. P1.14 FORECAST ISSUES RELATED TO THE UNPRECEDENTED SEVERE AND HIGH WIND EVENT OF DECEMBER 2006 by Greg A. DeVoir* and Richard H. Grumm National Weather Service Office State College, PA 16803 1. INTRODUCTION

More information

The Abnormal Indian Summer Monsoon of 2002: JRA25 Reanalysis

The Abnormal Indian Summer Monsoon of 2002: JRA25 Reanalysis The Abnormal Indian Summer Monsoon of 2002: JRA25 Reanalysis D. Rajan 1,2, T. Koike 2, J. Matsumoto 2 1 NCMRWF, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India 2 CEOP Lab, University of Tokyo, Japan Correspondence:

More information

Fig Operational climatological regions and locations of stations

Fig Operational climatological regions and locations of stations 1. Explanatory notes 1.1 About the Annual Report on Climate System The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has published the Annual Report on Climate System (CD-ROM version) since 1997. From 2008, a new

More information

Historic Ellicott City Flood of 30 July Introduction

Historic Ellicott City Flood of 30 July Introduction Historic Ellicott City Flood of 30 July 2016 by Richard H. Grumm and Norman W. Junker Satellite Contributions by Sheldon Kusselson National Weather Service State College, PA 16803 1. Introduction Intense

More information

Krymsk Flood of 6-7 July 2012-Draft

Krymsk Flood of 6-7 July 2012-Draft 1. Overview Krymsk Flood of 6-7 July 2012-Draft A flood ripped through the Russian town of Krymsk overnight on 6-7 July 2012. The flood killed 172 people and 35000 people were injured or suffered losses

More information