Characteristics of the Atmosphere

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1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere * The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth. * It contains oxygen and protects us from the sun's ultraviolet rays. * The atmosphere has 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 1% of other gases. * It is held around the Earth by gravity. * As altitude increases in the atmosphere, pressure decreases. The atmosphere exerts 14.7 lbs per square inch of pressure on us at sea level due to the force of gravity on the column of air above us. We don't notice it because we're used to it. * The layers of the atmosphere are divided by altitude, temperature, and air pressure. Mar 25 9:40 AM 1

2 The Atmosphere has four main layers: Thermosphere Exosphere The is the bottom layer, closest to the Earth's surface. It goes from sea level (0km) to 12 km (7.5 miles) up. The troposphere is where weather happens and where we live. As altitude increases, temperature decreases. 90% of the atmosphere's mass is found in the troposphere. "Tropo" means turning, and the troposphere gets its name because the gases in the troposphere are always turning. 2

3 The is the second layer. It goes from 12 km (7.5 miles) to 50 km (30 miles) high. Temperature stays the same from 12 km to 20 km, then from 20 km to 50 km, temperature increases as altitude increases because of the ozone layer. The ozone layer is the upper part of the stratosphere, and is important because it absorbs UV radiation from the sun. "Strato" means layers, and the stratosphere gets its name because the gases in the stratosphere are in layers. The is the third layer. It goes from 50 km (30 miles) to 80 km (50 miles) up. In the mesosphere, as altitude increases, temperature decreases. The coldest temperatures are found in the mesosphere. It can be as cold as 93 degrees Celsius. ( 200 degrees Farenheit!) Meteors burn up in this layer. It gets its name because "meso" means middle. 3

4 atmosphere characteristics.notebook The Thermosphere is the fourth layer. It goes from 80 km (50 miles) up, and doesn't really have an upper limit because it merges with space. As altitude increases, temperature increases. The highest temperatures are in the thermosphere, but it doesn't feel hot. This is because even though the air particles in the thermosphere are moving very fast, creating high temperatures there are so few they don't bump into each other often, which means there is not a lot of heat. Radio waves bounce off the Ionosphere, in the bottom part of the thermosphere, and travel around the world. Auroras are colorful curtains of light seen from Earth near the poles. They are caused by charged particles from the Earth's magnetic field colliding with nitrogen and oxygen in the thermosphere. The Exosphere is the top layer. It starts about 500 km up and gradually fades into space. The exosphere is technically part of Earth's atmosphere, but in many ways it is part of outer space. ("Exo" means "outer".) The air is extremely thin, and some air molecules actually "escape" into outer space! Many satellites, including the International Space Station (ISS), orbit within the exosphere or below. Although the atmosphere is very, very thin in the thermosphere and exosphere, there is still enough air to cause a slight amount of drag force on satellites that orbit within these layers. This drag force gradually slows the spacecraft in their orbits, so that they eventually would fall out of orbit and burn up as they re entered the atmosphere unless something is done to boost them back upwards. Sep 16 8:12 AM 4

5 atmosphere characteristics.notebook The atmosphere is THe MoST!! THermosphere (ozone layer) Exosphere Thermosphere Ionosphere Draw a web diagram (bubble map) for the layers of the atmosphere: Atmosphere Thermosphere bottom layer 0 12 km (0 7.5 miles) temperature decreases 2nd layer up km ( miles) third layer up km (30 50 miles) temperature decreases ozone layer makes temperatures increase top layer from 80 km (50 miles) up has high temperatures, but doesn't feel hot 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen pressure decreases coldest layer down to 93o C ionosphere and auroras found here ozone layer protects us from the sun's UV rays "meso" means "middle" where weather happens and where we live a mixture of gases no upper limit "strato" means "layers" 90% of atmosphere's mass is here provides oxygen and protects us from the sun's UV rays held around the Earth by gravity 5

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