APRIL 1999 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL CLASSROOM EDITION Hurricanes, typhoons, coastal storms Earthquake (San Francisco area) Flooding

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1 12 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL CLASSROOM EDITION APRIL 1999 THE COST OF DISASTERS APRIL 1999 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL CLASSROOM EDITION 13 THE COST OF DISASTERS FORCES OF NATURE The U.S. government spends billions on disaster relief THE MAPS BELOW show the places in the U.S. where four types of natural disasters earthquakes, tornadoes, floods and hurricanes are most likely to occur. Note the hurricane and tornado maps don t include Alaska. None of the maps include Hawaii because these types of disasters rarely occur in this state. The highest risk of earthquakes, or groundshaking hazards, occur on the West Coast, primarily in California. From 1989 to 1998, the Federal Emergency Management Agency spent $7.4 billion for earthquake relief. In the past 10 years, two huge quakes shook California: one in the San Francisco Bay area in 1989, and the other in Northridge, Calif., in FEMA paid out $6.5 billion for Northridge alone. Because of the flat terrain in the Great Plains states of the U.S., the highest risk of tornadoes occurs there. From 1989 to 1998, FEMA paid out $1.3 billion because of tornado damage. As for floods, many occur along major waterways such as the Mississippi River. is also a common problem in the Northwestern U.S. because of regular and somewhat heavy rain. From 1989 to 1998, FEMA spent more than $4 billion for flood relief. Most hurricanes occur on the East Coast. However, when hurricanes make landfall, they can cause significant amounts of damage well inland. From 1989 to 1998, FEMA spent nearly $8 billion on hurricane relief, the highest amount of money in total obligations paid out for any type of disaster. Interpreting the Data The table on page 13 shows how much money (total obligations) the Federal Emergency Management Agency spent on major U.S. disasters (declared by the president) from 1989 to FEMA is an independent agency of the federal government that helps with disaster preparedness and disaster relief. FEMA payouts differ from insurance claims in that FEMA money comes from U.S. taxpayers and insurance payouts come from an individual s own policy. Total obligations are broken down into five categories and are shown two ways: in dollars and in the bar charts to the right of the table. Here is a brief explanation of the categories: Public assistance: Grants available to state and local governments to repair damaged public property. Grants also pay part of the costs for debris removal and emergency services. Individual assistance: Grants available to individuals and families to pay for temporary housing, emergency home repairs and other serious disasterrelated needs. Hazard mitigation: Funding available to the states to help reduce the threat of future disaster risks. The funds can be used for things such as removal or elevation of homes in floodplains, and reinforcement of structures. Mission assignments: Reimbursable funds to other federal agencies that provide resources or services associated with disaster recovery. FEMA administration: Costs associated with administering disaster recovery, which include establishing field offices and other satellite offices, and personnel costs. For a breakdown of disasters by state and for a link to the FEMA Web site, please visit the Archive at the Student Center of our Web site at Earthquake (San Francisco area) High winds Severe freeze 1990 Severe freeze Volcano (Kilauea, Hawaii) 1991 Severe thunderstorms Severe freeze Hail and flooding 1992 and flooding Earthquakes and high winds and hail Hail and flooding Hail Severe thunderstorms Public Assistance $502,709, ,445,046 36,301,151 16,384,417 9,225,398 6,249,097 4,916,870 92,736, ,871,056 7,563,703 10,134,163 3,222,065 5,568,483 2, ,057,788 89,625,801 44,427,091 52,926,089 22,887,851 13,941,016 5,642 3,420,808 2,519,943 1,956,750 1,082,688, ,793,229 44,730,791 52,344,906 19,901,869 20,551,738 14,656,945 5,635,620 1,764,854 1,527, , ,364 Individual Assistance $552,438,813 74,233,910 15,524,827 11,606,799 8,437,478 40,327,833 29,063,207 27,322,858 20,715,125 1,465,163 2,176, ,423 47,986,033 10,641,983 5,752,062 29,865,718 7,825,484 9,531,203 2,716, ,000,839 40,370,067 57,724,480 3,746,324 6,695,261 4,429,053 2,627,723 4,115, , , ,061 1,404,032 Hazard Mitigation $38,764,434 60,593,709 2,906,525 1,318, ,496 70, ,325 7,554,434 8,268,037 5,196, , ,114 11,710,553 3,816,244 3,988,930 2,971,981 1,867,966 1,069, ,572 59, ,546 35,853, ,757 2,231,623 3,190,155 2,022, , , ,172 72,572 35,484 79,353 28,769 Mission Assignments $110,944,599 6,824,358 4,582 3,057 1,543,204 10,776 4,421,122 7, ,418, ,178 31,472 1, ,308 7,586 9, ,948, ,216 7,237,352 50,996 22, , ,419 1, FEMA Administration $144,494,590 26,132,116 4,489,361 1,996,004 1,904,427 12,888 37,414 9,056,459 8,124,049 37,900,146 77,857 74, ,956 68,067 27,222 31,932,513 1,617,179 5,293,680 2,141,048 3,411,347 1,484,915 3,479, ,633 18, , ,019,461 11,699,762 10,127,104 4,424,523 2,261,056 1,526,331 1,198,743 2,084,217 1,313, , ,317 7,840 99,962 Total Obligations $1,349,352, ,229,139 59,226,446 31,305,962 19,909,856 6,332,183 5,232, ,218, ,337,125 82,404,205 20,792,982 12,577,406 5,780,715 5,636, , ,104,939 95,174,402 64,383,156 63,792,440 58,032,894 24,323,139 13,024,051 6,978,878 2,597,370 2,341,283 2,313,510, ,120, ,051,350 63,756,904 30,904,127 27,792,981 19,109,800 12,108,940 3,687,962 1,995,058 1,555,722 1,411, , Earthquake Hazard Highest lowest Regional Local and flooding and fires High winds Earthquakes World Trade Center bombing 492,082, ,990, ,389,922 6,299,379 15,948,322 13,547,753 4,171,846 1,159, , ,661, ,477,003 5,039,666 6,834,158 1,260,713 1,686, ,401,488 40,154,432 13,005,975 11,036, ,527 1,413,344 52, ,659 28,663,995 1,086,558 32,305 28,034 86, ,405 7, ,986 58,135,404 16,030,948 6,004,846 4,148, , , ,941 2,030, ,321 1,010,945, ,738, ,472,714 28,346,138 17,048,952 15,386,701 5,114,192 4,510,946 3,044, Earthquake (Northridge) and flooding El Nino (salmon industry) Severe freeze High surf 4,200,081, ,476, ,449, ,688,194 92,900,660 13,593,604 5,097,788 1,758,590 1,430,495,727 88,762, ,884,863 12,588,346 10,407,372 1,184, ,100,728 31,377,269 35,051,903 28,174,390 11,394,705 3,409,826 1,471, , , ,368 19,638,973 20,785,401 2,333,759 98, , , ,114 10, ,480,500 36,163,151 14,632,026 4,483,334 2,357,430 4,613, ,906 81, , ,670 6,498,797, ,564, ,352, ,444, ,758,380 34,328,454 12,526,254 6,018,543 2,340,417 1,656, and flooding Oklahoma City bombing 266,608, ,873, ,104,324 29,590,165 6,537, ,604 2,142, ,500, ,076, ,784,332 15,247,675 2,123,269 6,121,754 83,407,657 52,563,788 32,130,998 5,061, , , ,101,582 18,514,614 1,072,786 90,182 1,411 81, ,870,869 39,059,032 20,680,829 4,644,436 2,295,372 1,263, , ,488, ,087, ,773,269 54,633,566 11,146,730 7,997,080 2,750, Risk of Highest High Medium Low Hurricane Frequency 60 per 100 years and high winds and flooding 335,147, ,507, ,130, ,969,336 17,999,642 24,086,246 15,705,715 9,882, ,625, ,774,032 59,055,638 23,277,301 13,138,688 2,245,691 83,116,948 88,936,175 33,846,498 1,560,206 4,910,615 4,645,677 1,112,014 1,376, ,705,397 4,665,769 2,873,249 5, , ,973 46,437 15,608 64,107,033 70,050,798 21,086,677 2,953,901 3,487,926 2,280,199 1,687,185 1,126, ,701, ,934, ,992, ,488,911 49,835,873 44,372,783 18,551,351 14,647, and flooding and high winds 458,318, ,851,757 59,333,294 68,477, ,103,579 15,189,824 10,289, ,681, ,237,770 74,421,232 40,512,545 16,069,516 9,618,785 73,668,703 52,610,051 18,898,545 8,772,483 3,588,347 2,548,597 2,473,126 30,543,894 4,093,658 11,687,913 2,795, , ,187 8,014,658 52,894,536 49,152,928 21,928,793 44,857,498 3,456,654 7,444,327 3,872, ,107, ,946, ,269, ,415, ,318,484 41,377,451 34,268, and flooding High winds Drought Landslide 229,986, ,004, ,363,812 65,026,705 91,443,497 62,699,405 38,719,498 7,936,806 1,736, , ,178,455 89,817,580 58,636, ,931,017 10,757,693 7,078,693 1,321,596 2,170, , ,249 6,308,255 32,738, ,277 1,447,967 3,217,964 19,313 82, ,352, ,212 2,896,010 2,227, ,657 1,835, ,384,505 1,033,444 16, ,403,852 36,476,721 35,410,985 32,949,794 9,570,883 8,001,442 1,875, ,819 2,842, ,770 1,751,619, ,035, ,045, ,537, ,342,697 82,832,584 41,935,567 10,005,530 7,783,055 1,496,483 Karl Hartig Sources: Maps from Trilateral North American Natural Hazards Map Project (USGS Geologic Hazards Team, data coordinators). Table based on data from Federal Emergency Management Agency

2 APRIL 1999 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL CLASSROOM EDITION 5 ECONOMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT CHARTS The Costs of Disasters Answers are on p. 16. THIS MONTH S Centerspread displays four U.S. maps that illustrate the places where natural disasters earthquakes, tornadoes, floods and hurricanes are most likely to occur. The table on p. 13 shows how much money the Federal Emergency Management Agency spent on disasters in the U.S. from 1989 to FORCES OF NATURE, PP Objective: Examine costs of disasters nationally and locally, and analyze the impact of disasters on the economy. INTERPRETATION 1 Use the maps on p. 12 and Forces of Nature to answer each of the following questions: A Find your state on each map and analyze its risk factor for each of the four natural disasters. Are you living in an area known for its earthquakes or hurricanes? What types of procedures does your state have in place to handle weather emergencies? Do homeowners carry any special insurance to protect them? B Which state isn t represented on these maps? Why? C Which area(s) show the highest risk of earthquakes? Of tornadoes? Of floods? Of hurricanes? D Based on these maps, which state or region looks like the least risky place to live? Would you choose to live there? Why? E For which type of natural disaster did the Federal Emergency Management Agency spend the most money from 1989 to 1998? What was this amount? Why do you think this type of disaster was so costly? F What percentage of the total obligations FEMA paid out for earthquake relief between 1989 and 1998 was related to the Northridge, Calif., earthquake in 1994? G Calculate the total amount FEMA paid out for hurricanes, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes from 1989 to Use the Interpreting the Data text and the table on p. 13 to answer these questions: A What role does FEMA play in disasters? How does it differ from a private insurance company? B In 1998, how much did FEMA spend on tornadoes alone? C For which years did FEMA s spending on hurricanes rank at the top of the list? In which year was this spending the largest? D Aside from fires, for which manmade disasters did FEMA spend the most money? In which years did these disasters occur? On which of these disasters was spending greater? For which of these disasters was publicassistance spending larger? Compare publicassistance spending for this disaster with the total amount of publicassistance spending for all disasters that year. E On which single disaster during this tenyear period did FEMA spend the most money? Why do you think this was so? How much of this total amount did FEMA spend on each of the following: Public Assistance Individual Assistance Hazard Mitigation Mission Assignments FEMA Administration Compare spending on FEMA Administration for this event with spending on FEMA Administration for hurricanes, typhoons and coastal storms in Which is larger? What do you think could have caused this? F What were FEMA s total obligations for all disasters in 1994? 3 Discuss the impact of disasters on the economy. A How do disasters affect businesses and consumers? What effect do natural disasters have on the environment? Can natural disasters benefit the environment? How? B How can damage from these disasters be prevented or reduced? WEBSITE ACTIVITY I Make a timeline of disasters occurring in your state between 1989 and 1998, and analyze the impact of these disasters on your state s economy. How much did FEMA spend? Which disasters were the most costly? For naturaldisaster data for your state, go to the Archive at the Student Center on our Web site at wsj.com/classroom Related Video WHEN DISASTER STRIKES V Costly disasters are making insurance companies quake with fear. How have disasters affected homeowners insurance rates?

3 Federal Emergency Management Agency Obligations for Major Disasters Declared Since the Stafford Act (1989) (As of 12/31/99) Date Public Individual Hazard Mission FEMA Total State Declared Incident Type (FEMA description) Incident Type (WSJCE catagory) Assistance Assistance Mitigation Assignments Administration Obligations AK 6/10/89 3,110,869 1,039, , ,884 4,750,129 AK 5/10/89 Severe freezing Severe freeze 4,916, ,325 37,414 5,232,609 AK 5/30/91 Heavy snow, ice jams, flooding and flooding 1,956, ,546 9, ,021 2,341,283 AK 9/13/94 Severe storms and flooding 56,450,431 1,681,829 11,071, ,778 2,330,719 71,684,603 AK 10/13/95 Severe storms and flooding 6,381,540 1,192,398 29, ,869 7,974,156 AK 6/7/96 Extreme Inland 9,882,639 2,245,691 1,376,945 15,608 1,126,810 14,647,693 AL 11/17/89 Severe storms and tornadoes 2,298, , ,303 1, ,309 3,505,145 AL 2/17/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 6,905,663 2,399, ,484 6,439 1,047,362 10,738,795 AL 3/21/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 18,932,784 12,052,662 1,258,315 1,172,190 1,231,190 34,647,141 AL 1/4/91 Severe storms and flooding 2,284,511 1,853, ,254 2, ,647 4,971,383 AL 7/8/94 Tropical Storm Alberto, severe storms,flooding 8,425,281 5,076,706 2,104, ,616 1,036,513 16,832,284 AL 3/30/94 Severe storms, tornadoes, and flooding 3,532,519 1,581, ,959 12, ,742 6,417,588 AL 3/3/94 Severe winter ice storm, freeze, flooding and flooding 13,176,390 1,605,943 54,270 92,368 14,928,971 AL 10/4/95 Hurricane Opal 32,710,917 7,887,815 6,528,060 24,209 4,217,955 51,368,956 AL 4/21/95 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 1,804, , ,379 1, ,778 3,482,873 AL 3/20/96 Severe storms, flooding, and tornadoes 573,085 52,944 69, ,160 AL 2/23/96 Severe winter storm, ice & flooding and flooding 9,691, , ,416 10,244,038 AL 7/25/97 Storms, flooding, high winds and high winds 5,368,480 6,853,209 1,906,323 95,000 2,403,679 16,626,691 AL 3/9/98 Severe storms and flooding 15,291,365 3,984, ,380 30,000 1,686,020 21,437,852 AL 9/30/98 Hurricane Georges 18,356,094 16,588,189 56,166 3,399,102 38,399,551 AL 4/9/98 Severe storms and tornadoes 11,601,502 3,206, ,345 15,515 1,728,482 16,712,597 AR 5/15/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 9,242,260 2,010, , ,318 12,429,034 AR 5/30/91 Severe storms and flooding 2,744, , ,871 3,262,661 AR 7/24/92 Severe thunderstorms Severe thunderstorms 701,364 28, , ,275 AR 2/28/94 Severe winter ice storm 8,733,304 1,713,561 35, ,827 10,689,289 AR 4/23/96 Severe storms and tornadoes 3,688,135 1,989, , ,038,267 7,221,572 AR 4/14/97 Severe storms and flooding 2,516,851 1,363, , ,676 4,903,739 AR 3/2/97 Severe storms and tornadoes 9,003,076 8,982,110 2,473,126 8,014,658 3,739,394 32,212,364 AS 2/9/90 Hurricane Ola 620,320 11,218,229 2,912,929 1,608,207 22,652,469 39,012,154 AS 12/13/91 Hurricane Val 36,317,855 37,307,535 7,821,521 4,406,594 18,010, ,864,233 AZ 12/6/90 Severe storms and flooding 6,320, , ,911 6,616,429 AZ 1/19/93 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 116,977,866 2,395,221 6,087,111 13,852 2,962, ,436,902 CA 10/18/89 Loma Prieta earthquake Earthquake 701,445,046 74,233,910 60,593,709 6,824,358 26,132, ,229,139 CA 6/30/90 3,222,065 2,176, ,114 7, ,956 5,780,715 CA 10/22/91 Oakland Hills Fire 43,977,555 5,386,708 2,895,307 1,260 1,851,659 54,112,489 CA 2/11/91 Severe freeze Severe freeze 5,642 9,531,203 7,586 3,479,620 13,024,051 CA 5/4/92 Earthquake and aftershocks Earthquake 7,183,355 1,649, ,297 11, ,254 10,728,418 CA 7/2/92 Earthquake and aftershocks Earthquake 12,718,514 5,045,427 1,080,684 11,282 1,319,802 20,175,709 CA 5/2/92 Fire during a period of civil unrest 98,194,182 38,255, , ,705 10,426, ,909,980 CA 8/29/92 Old Gulch and Fountain fires 29,599,047 2,114,578 53, ,511 1,273,480 33,210,051 CA 2/25/92 Rain/snow/wind storms, flooding, mudslides and flooding 42,213,472 1,674,908 2,438,452 8,920 2,837,192 49,172,944 CA 10/28/93, mudslides, flooding, soil erosion and fires 6,299,379 6,834,158 11,036,067 28,034 4,148,500 28,346,138 CA 2/3/93 Severe winter storm, mud/land slides, flooding and flooding 179,389,922 5,039,666 13,005,975 32,305 6,004, ,472,714 CA 1/17/94 Earthquakes and aftershocks (Northridge) Earthquake 4,200,081,139 1,430,495, ,100,728 19,638, ,480,500 6,498,797,067 CA 9/13/94 El Nino, Salmon Industry El Nino (salmon industry) 1,577, , ,710 2,343,330 CA 1/10/95 Severe winter storms, flooding, mud/landslides and flooding 106,402,119 76,566,945 34,464,499 14,409,572 17,594, ,437,894 CA 3/12/95 Severe winter storms, flooding, mud/landslides and flooding 93,471,335 29,509,745 18,099,289 4,105,042 21,464, ,649,684 CA 1/4/97 Severe storms, flooding, mud/landslides 99,203,963 29,814,011 18,545,919 1,866,375 18,238, ,668,713 CA 2/9/98 Severe winter storm and flooding and flooding 152,912,402 40,859,939 32,558, ,412 22,857, ,370,269 CO 8/1/97 Severe storms, flooding, mudslides, ground saturation 5,754,364 8,636, ,671 59,400 2,763,561 17,829,159 CT 7/17/89 Tropical storm Allison 14,921,023 1,231, , ,852 16,605,245 CT 8/30/91 Hurricane Bob 6,008,680 83, ,235 6,660,735 CT 12/17/92 Winter storm and coastal flooding and flooding 4,512,630 1,925, ,296 31, ,913 7,708,528 CT 1/24/96 Blizzard of ,971,317 70,936 8,042,253 DC 8/28/89 Severe storms and high winds High winds 2,810,725 34,763 5,917 2,851,405 DC 6/17/94 Severe winter ice storm 2,405, , ,824 2,797,036 DC 1/11/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 1,279, ,890 1,331,602 DE 2/6/92 Severe coastal storm 2,743, , ,785 3,251,312 DE 1/15/93 Severe coastal storm and flooding 1,055, ,927 58,748 1,229,944

4 DE 3/16/94 Severe ice storms, flooding and flooding 5,456, ,341 20, ,170 5,957,099 DE 1/12/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 3,298,781 79,351 3,378,132 DE 2/13/98 Severe winter storms, high winds & flooding and flooding 2,178,468 47, ,689 2,881,326 FL 4/3/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,766, ,517 2,028,766 FL 1/15/90 Severe freeze Severe freeze 8,555,625 71,332 8,626,957 FL 8/14/92 Severe storms and flooding 6,236, , ,827 6,995,803 FL 8/24/92 Hurricane Andrew 761,945, ,305,309 22,128, ,697, ,358,862 1,700,435,795 FL 10/8/92 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 3,009,665 1,534, , ,447 4,919,852 FL 3/13/93, flooding, high winds &tides, freezing 34,695,172 33,320,150 1,830, ,672 3,356,753 73,676,505 FL 7/10/94 Tropical Storm Alberto, severe storms,flooding 11,744,254 11,643,946 4,192,698 1,629,144 2,033,318 31,243,360 FL 11/28/94 Tropical Storm Gordon, tornadoes, flooding,rain 3,018, ,043 25, ,669 4,443,957 FL 10/27/95 6,902,342 4,833,515 2,022,087 4, ,737 14,122,681 FL 8/10/95 Hurricane Erin 23,818,036 5,346,833 4,315,621 1,862,048 35,342,538 FL 10/4/95 Hurricane Opal 69,589,157 21,477,261 14,628,927 1,271,704 12,739, ,706,403 FL 10/15/96 Tropical Storm Josephine 12,000 5,888, ,534 10,600 1,403,663 7,760,496 FL 6/18/98 Extreme fire hazards 1,736,287 2,170,950 1,033,444 2,842,374 7,783,055 FL 1/6/98 54,320,296 14,798, , ,136 8,164,325 78,176,516 FL 9/4/98 Hurricane Earl 1,833, ,732 2,425,053 FL 9/28/98 Hurricane Georges 27,379,474 15,361, ,208 64,920 3,954,297 47,022,721 FL 11/6/98 Tropical Storm Mitch 924,978 2,462, ,078 3,538,496 FL 2/12/98 Severe storms, winds, tornadoes and flooding 7,206,749 3,031,345 90, ,238 10,929,880 FM 1/17/91 Typhoon Russ 381, ,790 13,536 1, ,664 1,941,553 FM 12/10/91 Typhoon Yuri 967, , ,434 1, ,048 2,083,565 FM 2/7/92 Typhoon Axel 731,275 51,315 4,687 85, ,944 FM 4/3/98 Severe drought Drought 1,005, , ,978 2,069,207 GA 10/19/90 Severe storms and flooding 5,580,958 2,203, , ,967 8,977,607 GA 2/23/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 9,263,005 2,820,470 1,063,181 5,905 1,691,502 14,844,063 GA 3/15/91 Severe storms and flooding 2,404, , , ,346 3,806,980 GA 12/1/92 High winds, heavy rains and high winds 1,764, ,436 72,572 1,313,100 3,687,962 GA 3/4/93, high winds, heavy rains 1,159, ,193 52,857 6,069 1,550,479 3,232,200 GA 7/7/94 Tropical Storm Alberto, severe storms,flooding 308,307,270 69,023,623 24,568,360 18,941,470 32,204, ,045,374 GA 3/31/94, flooding and severe storms 3,186,905 1,832, ,314 73,482 2,424,844 8,333,991 GA 10/19/94 Heavy rains tornadoes, flooding, high winds 6,874,180 7,210,636 1,737,505 35, ,107 16,706,306 GA 10/10/95 Hurricane Opal 14,277,097 2,659,135 2,441, ,263 20,207,170 GA 12/20/95, thunderstorms, flooding 535,257 66, ,332 GA 3/11/98 Severe storms and flooding 40,259,254 7,999, ,351 3,107 4,800,673 53,430,032 GU 12/24/90 Typhoon Russ 1,842,557 3,211, ,696 71,101 3,446,165 8,937,302 GU 12/4/91 Typhoon Yuri 4,000,554 1,772, ,484 3,000 2,875,100 9,369,547 GU 8/28/92 Typhoon Omar 20,470,922 18,455,008 3,250,061 13,681,552 16,538,882 72,396,425 GU 12/17/97 Super Typhoon Paka 60,883,715 34,913,359 8,496,760 2,767,557 42,040, ,101,932 HI 5/18/90 Lava flow, Kilauea Volcano Volcano 10,134,163 1,465, ,020 74,060 12,577,406 HI 9/12/92 Hurricane Iniki 146,132,922 39,449,181 4,283,132 22,743,081 46,128, ,736,360 HI 11/26/96 Severe storms, high winds and flooding and high winds 4,772, , ,546 6,240,954 IA 5/26/90 Severe storms and flooding 7,984,395 5,287,124 60,099 5,500 1,102,758 14,439,876 IA 9/6/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,265, , , ,376 2,469,608 IA 7/12/91 Severe storms and flooding 2,021, , , ,443 3,059,156 IA 12/26/91 Ice storm 12,148, , , ,604 12,631,003 IA 10/2/92 Severe storms and flooding 2,679, , ,794 3,014,053 IA 4/26/93 Severe storms and flooding 2,457,570 1,029, , ,010 4,009,368 IA 7/9/93 Severe storms and flooding 106,328,604 87,568,565 33,592,799 12,745,063 12,670, ,905,136 IA 6/24/96 Severe storms and flooding 3,001, , ,915 3,590,709 IA 8/21/96 Severe storms and flooding 4,895, ,758 4, ,620 5,908,698 IA 11/20/97 Severe snow storms, rain, strong winds 3,225,993 7, ,024 3,566,852 IA 7/2/98 Severe Storms, flooding and 15,868,018 17,705,978 2,735 2,713,267 36,289,998 ID 2/11/96 Severe storms and flooding 14,173,866 5,229,285 2,990, ,098 2,856,446 25,731,403 ID 1/4/97 Severe storms, flooding, mud/landslides 12,998,090 3,578,528 2,883, ,970 3,562,741 23,505,438 ID 6/13/97 Severe storms, snowmelt, mud/landslides, flooding 8,320,561 1,449, ,511 8,585 1,025,643 11,235,034 IL 1/13/89 Severe storms and tornadoes 893, , ,537 1,099,776 IL 8/29/90 Severe storms and flooding 5,349, , ,423 6,834,679 IL 6/22/90 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 5,468, , , ,642 6,951,018 IL 3/6/90 Severe ice storm 5,568, ,067 5,636,887 IL 4/15/92 14,827,660 18, ,324 7,214, ,788 22,858,832 IL 7/9/93 Severe storms and flooding 124,238,132 77,435,270 34,685,454 5,488,834 13,320, ,167,871 IL 4/26/94 Severe storms and flooding 11,814,013 5,341,237 2,727,028 9, ,234 20,774,699 IL 5/30/95 Severe storms, flooding 18,535,689 13,059,741 3,854, ,195 2,378,512 37,977,760 IL 7/25/96 Severe storms, rains, flooding 17,322, ,435,163 20,984, ,351 4,298, ,479,274

5 IL 4/23/96 Severe storms and tornadoes 1,559, , , ,738 2,926,918 IL 5/6/96 Severe storms and tornadoes 15,391,383 10,692,749 3,695, , ,360 30,590,548 IL 3/21/97 Severe storms and flooding 1,478, , , ,499 3,118,992 IL 9/17/97 Severe storms, flash flooding 63,725,942 6,578,981 2,715 2,088,431 72,396,069 IN 12/6/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,195,600 2,674,194 3, ,800 4,111,782 IN 6/4/90 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 7,951,227 2,405, ,020 10, ,951 11,399,043 IN 1/5/91 Severe storms and flooding 3,966,716 2,491, ,490 1, ,788 7,470,434 IN 3/29/91 Severe ice storm 19,353,326 1,663,964 1, ,270 21,139,256 IN 8/17/92 Severe storms and flash flooding 2,147, ,750 17, ,062 3,138,726 IN 9/18/92 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 4,748, ,397 14,091 35,817 4,941,296 IN 9/9/93 Severe storms and flooding 2,002, ,005 2,109,179 IN 7/3/96 Severe storms and flooding 5,991,445 1,805, , , ,697 9,753,621 IN 4/2/96 Blizzard of ,388,925 37,673 3,426,598 IN 3/6/97 Severe storms and flooding 3,737,507 5,855,778 2,123, ,123 6,140,039 18,345,049 IN 7/22/98 Severe storms and flooding 4,865,795 6, ,866 5,432,361 IN 5/8/98 Severe Winter Storm 4,444, ,473 4,727,660 KS 4/29/91 Severe storms and tornadoes 2,132,542 2,162, ,397 4,843,753 KS 7/22/93 Severe storms and flooding 51,574,428 24,243,413 15,228,629 2,795,106 6,324, ,166,082 KS 11/5/98 Severe storms and flooding 293,017 9,134, ,975 9,996,840 KS 10/14/98 Severe storms, flooding & tornadoes 3,522,963 2,429, ,333 6,471,534 KY 2/24/89 Severe storms and flooding 6,368,335 2,623, , ,649 10,209,943 KY 6/30/89 Severe storms and flooding 2,952,672 1,196, , ,600 4,850,160 KY 10/30/89 Severe storms, mudslides and flooding 4,371,941 2,199, , ,526 7,362,978 KY 1/29/91 Severe storms and flooding 3,254, , ,591 3,654,566 KY 3/16/94 Severe weather freezing rain, sleet, snow 19,275,056 2,007, ,518 22,093,113 KY 6/13/95, winds hail rain 5,561,249 2,123, , ,038,113 9,907,545 KY 6/1/96 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 1,602, , , ,584 2,577,991 KY 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 3,300, ,865 3,417,482 KY 3/4/97 Severe storms, flooding and tornadoes 34,208,246 57,232,797 16,185,930 11,613,223 16,735, ,976,081 KY 4/28/98 Severe Storms,, and 4,201,693 4,024,007 23,542 4,151,435 12,400,677 KY 3/3/98 Severe winter storm 14,139,824 16, , ,390 14,766,508 LA 11/22/89 Heavy rains and flooding 1,412, ,014 1,682,596 LA 5/20/89 Severe storms and flooding 1,918,725 2,960, , ,960 5,778,385 LA 7/17/89 Tropical storm Allison 623,133 3,557,651 33,218 1, ,331 4,774,389 LA 6/16/89 Severe storms and tornadoes 579,273 63, ,191 LA 4/23/91 Severe storms and flooding 1,030,420 3,063, , ,621 4,762,951 LA 5/3/91 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 12,835,361 12,399, , ,063,781 27,129,173 LA 8/26/92 Hurricane Andrew 71,265,445 60,015,316 2,205,658 7,600,471 7,638, ,725,413 LA 2/2/93 Severe storms and flooding 2,001, ,829 2,458,950 LA 2/28/94 Severe winter ice storm 5,757,284 1,296, ,562 7,244,394 LA 5/10/95 Severe storms and flooding 23,311, ,011,446 16,318, ,393 9,132, ,249,383 LA 3/18/97 Severe winter storm 3,715,742 96,995 49,248 3,861,985 LA 9/23/98 Tropical Storm Frances, Hurricane Georges 10,525,604 20,201, ,040 2,241,495 33,272,838 MA 8/26/91 Hurricane Bob and flooding 29,011,770 41, ,210 7,468 2,290,908 32,095,340 MA 11/4/91 Coastal storm 9,309,817 6,662, ,790 36,781 2,028,199 18,705,326 MA 12/21/92 Winter coastal storm 14,656,945 2,627, , ,419 1,198,743 19,109,800 MA 10/25/96 Severe storms and flooding 31,736,630 21,077,748 10,618, ,131 3,626,214 67,243,128 MA 1/24/96 Blizzard of ,607, ,542 22,735,076 MA 6/23/98 Heavy rains, flooding 12,549,300 24,480 11,565 1,831,118 14,416,463 MD 8/28/89 Severe storms and high winds High winds 3,438,372 35,435 6,971 3,480,778 MD 3/16/94 Severe winter weather and ice storms 9,561, ,386 31, ,397 10,385,169 MD 1/23/96 Severe storms and flooding 3,096,136 3,152, , ,473 2,380,107 9,234,441 MD 9/30/96 Hurricane Fran 1,360,168 1,221, , ,013 3,284,316 MD 1/11/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 13,641, ,011 13,742,418 ME 6/7/89 Severe storms and flooding 1,114, ,841 66,814 1,348,802 ME 4/19/91 Severe storms, ice jams and flooding 7,763,891 1,010,478 17, ,182 9,044,651 ME 8/28/91 Hurricane Bob 4,244,106 2, ,670 14, ,530 5,017,687 ME 11/7/91 Coastal storm 1,906, , , ,348 2,575,626 ME 3/27/92 Heavy rains, ice jams and flooding and flooding 2,631, , ,489 3,173,017 ME 5/11/93 Heavy rain snowmelt, ice jams & flooding 2,721, , ,945 3,457,225 ME 5/13/94 and ice jams 13, ,449 90,367 43, , ,437 ME 5/20/96 Severe storms,mudslides,inland,coastal flooding 2,027, ,846 1, ,599 2,736,631 ME 10/28/96 Severe storms and flooding 5,880,347 3,929,709 1,554,488 47,944 1,111,311 12,523,799 ME 3/13/96 Severe storms, winds, rain, floods, ice jams and flooding 1,657, , ,458 2,346,255 ME 7/2/98 Severe storms and flooding 1,826,562 98,864 21,759 1,089,115 3,036,300 ME 1/13/98 Severe ice storms, rain and high winds 34,270,866 6,558,470 1,331,943 1,549,310 5,962,337 49,672,926

6 MH 12/6/91 Typhoon Zelda 1,737, , ,526 2,863,146 6,122,730 MH 2/7/92 Tropical storm Axel 1,510, , , ,541 1,449,749 4,447,674 MH 12/16/92 Typhoon Gay 674, ,603 28,408 1,076,329 1,936,000 3,818,768 MH 10/6/94 High surf and wave action High surf 1,758, ,671 12, ,042 2,340,417 MI 5/10/94 Severe deep freeze Severe freeze 5,097, ,841 81,914 6,018,543 MI 7/23/96 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 4,028,737 13,757,076 2,288, ,847 21,044,021 MI 7/11/97 Severe storms, flooding and tornadoes 18,830,728 15,004,500 2,129,441 2,278,950 38,243,619 MI 6/24/98 Severe storms and straight line winds High winds 25,743, ,459 26,493,125 MI 8/6/98 Severe storms and high winds High winds 5,476, ,319 5,716,950 MN 5/8/89 3,610, , ,361 1, ,168 4,413,839 MN 12/26/91 Ice storm 8,154, ,946 67,291 8,996,546 MN 6/26/92 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 5,369, ,097 7, ,975 6,611,962 MN 6/11/93 Severe storms, tornadoes flooding 29,043,303 31,105,647 13,512, ,844 2,176,440 76,029,972 MN 8/18/95 Severe thunderstorms, winds, tornadoes, flooding 5,283, , ,933 6,307,532 MN 6/1/96 8,998,371 1,233, ,369 10,481,382 MN 1/5/96 High winds, freezing rain, heavy snow 4,654, ,977 5,272,358 MN 8/25/97 Severe storms and flooding 9,877,756 2,256,339 1,329, ,511 14,461,298 MN 1/7/97 Severe ice storms 12,419,776 1,958,312 2,260 91,764 14,472,112 MN 1/16/97 Major winter storm and blizzard conditions 24,802,808 2, ,998 25,239,010 MN 4/8/97 Severe flooding, winter storms, high winds, ice jams and flooding 157,829,838 38,558,811 29,362, ,367 16,608, ,218,669 MN 4/1/98 Severe storms and tornadoes 26,326,389 2,400,496 1,268, ,763 2,420,295 32,518,252 MN 6/23/98 Severe Storms,Straight line winds and 25,887,234 1,391 1,250,618 27,139,243 MO 5/24/90 Severe storms and flooding 7,117,167 2,667, , ,968 11,125,347 MO 5/11/93 Severe storms and flooding 1,668, ,202 2,173,660 MO 7/9/93 Severe storms and flooding 136,049,594 80,693,087 37,890,445 7,249,203 19,358, ,240,946 MO 12/1/93 Severe storms, tornadoes, and flooding 2,651,705 2,566,672 1,147, ,523 6,995,307 MO 4/21/94 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 1,963, ,048 1, ,677 2,870,569 MO 6/2/95 Severe storms, flooding, hail, tornadoes 14,985,079 6,686,605 2,298,697 7,180 2,173,005 26,150,566 MO 10/14/98 Severe storms and flooding 6,268,025 4,362,355 3,732 1,001,096 11,635,208 MO 10/19/98 Severe storms and flooding 3,221, ,736 3,465,181 MP 2/5/90 Typhoon Koryn 1,776, ,825 86,940 66,979 2,041,979 MP 12/14/90 Typhoon Owen 2,482,846 10,146,928 1,566,149 1,104,241 10,768,997 26,069,161 MP 3/11/97 Typhoon Fern 2,111, ,723 25, ,873 2,985,729 MP 12/8/97 Super Typhoon Keith 3,522,102 4,411,286 1,926 1,821,221 9,756,535 MP 12/24/97 Super Typhoon Paka 1,960,423 1,187, ,863 3,571,186 MP 3/20/98 Severe drought Drought 6,931,622 82, , ,841 7,936,323 MS 2/28/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 6,002,838 1,587, ,412 4, ,859 8,828,207 MS 3/5/91 Severe storms and flooding 1,927, , , ,343 3,183,082 MS 1/3/91 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 1,035,857 1,250, , ,823 2,939,873 MS 5/17/91 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 6,478,162 2,144, , ,470 10,224,373 MS 3/20/92 Severe storms and tornadoes 671, ,138 46, ,370 1,378,587 MS 11/25/92 Severe storms, high winds and tornadoes 2,358,966 1,499, ,450 4,743,497 MS 10/17/92 Wind storms, tornadoes and hail and hail 1,527, ,920 35, ,276 1,995,058 MS 2/18/94 Severe winter storm, freezing rain and sleet 68,206,664 6,740,496 25,059 1,231,258 76,203,477 MS 5/12/95 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 3,304, ,084 78, ,548 4,468,002 MS 6/13/97 517,618 8, , ,210 MS 10/1/98 Hurricane Georges 20,724,349 29,170,857 99, ,915 6,300,660 56,519,028 MT 5/16/96 Severe storms,flooding,ice jams,soil saturation 1,588, ,712 82,489 1,900,579 MT 2/23/96 Severe storms, flooding & ice jams and flooding 1,923, ,662 4, ,936 2,436,299 MT 7/25/97 Severe storms, ice jams, snowmelt, flooding, soil sat. 5,055, ,518 25,000 1,346,089 7,025,783 NC 9/25/89 Hurricane Hugo 57,649,618 2,233,107 2,103,279 4,780 2,209,631 64,200,415 NC 5/17/89 5,194, , , ,740 6,342,541 NC 9/10/93 Hurricane Emily 274,852 1,686, , , ,321 3,044,274 NC 10/23/95 Severe storms and flooding, high winds 5,156, ,340 15, ,054 6,302,028 NC 7/18/96 Hurricane Bertha 13,900,317 2,405,087 48,078 59,127 1,636,064 18,048,673 NC 9/6/96 Hurricane Fran 235,148,561 61,501,753 40,744, ,061,183 21,670, ,126,458 NC 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 2,114,271 14,821 2,129,092 NC 2/23/96 Winter storm 11,362, ,664 11,520,847 NC 1/15/98 Severe storms and flooding 7,670,057 2,131, ,362 2,007,866 12,497,139 NC 8/27/98 Hurricane Bonnie 12,422,581 7,871,059 66,082 1,713,000 4,292,078 26,364,800 NC 3/21/98 Severe Storms,, and 996, ,821 1,021,677 2,619,344 ND 5/8/89 2,075, , , ,237 2,553,388 ND 7/26/93 Severe storms and flooding 8,568,219 17,256,122 4,438,231 70,177 2,556,337 32,889,086 ND 7/1/94 Severe storms and flooding 3,559, , , ,368 4,434,130 ND 5/16/95 Severe storms, flooding, ground saturation 10,340,616 3,550,971 1,707,688 27,209 1,494,763 17,121,247 ND 6/5/96 Severe storms,flooding,ice jams,soil saturation 9,716,662 1,084,330 8,754 2,378,752 13,188,498

7 ND 1/12/97 Major winter storm and blizzard 15,143, , ,963 15,982,388 ND 4/7/97 Severe flooding, winter storms, high winds, ice jams and flooding 200,183,068 89,982,262 29,797,276 29,517,467 24,757, ,237,527 ND 6/15/98 and ground saturation 9,421,752 5,198,258 13,350 2,222,510 16,855,870 NE 7/4/90 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 3,069, , , ,756 4,313,589 NE 5/28/91 Severe storms and flooding 4,762, ,680 10, ,993 5,452,837 NE 8/19/92 Severe storms and flooding 1,932, ,370 64,904 2,163,626 NE 4/2/93 Ice jams and flooding 7,595, , ,268 8,207,280 NE 7/19/93 Severe storms and flooding 48,679,446 2,762,053 8,152, ,402 1,770,035 61,679,380 NE 5/9/94 Severe snow and ice storm 31,837,821 6,553, ,484 38,526,580 NE 6/25/96 Severe storms and tornadoes 3,446,829 3, ,834 3,633,745 NE 11/1/97 Severe snow storms, rain, strong winds 34,794,051 34, ,366 35,468,847 NH 8/29/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,788, , ,464 2,143,323 NH 9/9/91 Hurricane Bob and severe storms 1,879,033 82, ,170 2,123,412 NH 11/13/91 Coastal storm 531,105 80,375 67, , ,325 NH 10/29/96 Severe storms and flooding 1,913,073 2,777, ,244 1,133,079 6,580,571 NH 1/3/96 Excessive rainfall, high winds, flooding and high winds 2,102, ,614 50, ,399 2,826,902 NH 7/2/98 Severe storms and flooding 2,702, ,950 12,050 1,472,397 4,521,440 NH 1/15/98 Severe ice storms, rain and high winds 7,948, ,223 1,869,908 33,504 1,307,215 11,679,787 NJ 12/18/92 Coastal storm high tides heavy rain and flooding 38,507,020 10,136,125 1,890, ,099 6,612,422 57,484,820 NJ 3/3/92 Severe coastal storm 3,775, , ,265 4,647,370 NJ 11/19/96 Severe storms and flooding 2,124, ,365 1,072,126 3,466,350 NJ 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 33,433, ,361 33,577,948 NJ 9/23/97 Severe storms and flooding 1,087,880 1,623,667 1, ,056 3,458,803 NJ 3/3/98 Severe winter coastal storm, high winds and flooding and flooding 2,057, ,206 9,685 2, ,766 3,248,339 NM 6/18/92 Thunderstorms, hail and flooding Hail and flooding 481, ,061 79, ,317 1,555,722 NM 6/7/93 Severe storms and flooding 1,788, ,637 74,181 1,974,508 NM 1/29/98 Severe winter storm 1,895, ,027 1,985,703 NV 1/3/97 Severe storms, flooding, mud/landslides 18,828,775 3,715,246 4,108, ,316 3,040,403 30,325,908 NY 9/16/91 Hurricane Bob 12,680, , ,001 13,296,650 NY 3/21/91 Severe winter storm 49,969,563 1,202,884 10,136 1,225,014 52,407,597 NY 12/21/92 Coastal storm high tides heavy rain and flooding 34,932,049 17,093,620 1,333,194 2,933 5,332,262 58,694,058 NY 4/2/93 Explosion at World Trade Center Explosion at World Trade Center 4,171,846 1, ,941 5,114,192 NY 1/24/96 Severe storms and flooding 95,152,340 18,071,920 15,525, ,363 12,100, ,964,522 NY 11/19/96 Severe storms and flooding 2,147,473 4,975,170 1,118, ,497,888 10,740,124 NY 12/3/96 Severe storms and flooding 17,998,086 2,741,479 2,965,391 27,655 3,547,331 27,279,942 NY 1/12/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 21,725, ,481 21,973,397 NY 7/7/98 Severe storms and flooding 10,022,323 3,549,045 77,250 25,000 2,280,086 15,953,704 NY 9/11/98 Severe storms and high winds High winds 7,499,201 1,321,596 19, ,282 9,725,492 NY 6/16/98 Severe Thunderstorms, and 2,187,748 19, ,212 2,376,273 NY 1/9/98 Severe winter & ice storms, high winds, flooding and flooding 27,404,463 16,264,303 77,250 2,694,160 9,824,691 56,264,867 OH 6/10/89 Severe storms and flooding 2,760,521 2, ,217 3,484,495 OH 6/6/90 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 8,840,201 5,635, , ,366 1,085,132 16,487,348 OH 8/4/92 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 6,448,805 2,084, , , ,747 10,139,010 OH 8/25/95 Severe storms and flooding 100,000 3,548, , ,976 4,971,365 OH 1/26/96 Severe storms and flooding 4,537,087 1,842,547 1,835,894 36,656 1,608,857 9,861,041 OH 6/24/96 8,265, ,508 15, ,156 9,716,433 OH 3/4/97 Severe storms and flooding 29,850,551 22,520,854 8,188, ,134 3,931,466 64,958,621 OH 6/30/98 Severe storms, flooding and tornadoes 22,211,164 13,581, ,729 1,852,500 6,953,661 44,911,101 OK 5/18/90 Severe storms and flooding 10,222, ,779 1,019, ,145 12,549,819 OK 5/8/91 Severe storms and tornadoes 1,288, , , ,236 2,135,125 OK 4/26/93 Severe storms and tornadoes 715, ,413 1,021,986 OK 5/12/93 Severe storms, tornadoes flooding 11,010,358 4,518,284 1,106,889 1,060,153 17,695,684 OK 4/21/94 Severe storms and flooding 730,314 88, , ,444 OK 9/1/95 Severe storms and flooding 3,948, , ,728 4,356,845 OK 4/26/95 Explosion at Federal Courthouse Oklahoma City bombing 529,604 6,121,754 81,824 1,263,898 7,997,080 OK 6/26/95, severe storms, flooding 7,455,297 1,021,643 2, ,567 8,839,058 OR 1/24/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,948, ,454 64,283 2,207,476 OR 4/26/93 Earthquake Earthquake 9,290, , ,548 10,473,100 OR 10/15/93 Earthquake Earthquake 4,257, , ,402 4,913,601 OR 8/2/94 El Nino, Salmon Industry El Nino (salmon industry) 2,363, , ,628 2,812,366 OR 8/3/95 1,643, ,604 67,819 1,925,088 OR 2/9/96 High winds, severe storms, flooding and high winds 50,651,212 21,962,371 10,870,597 1,696,776 8,988,056 94,169,012 OR 12/23/96, land & mud slides, wind and sev. storms and high winds 3,074, ,046 30, ,375 4,584,646 OR 3/19/96 Severe storms and high winds 2,616, ,449 5,947 3,044,955 OR 1/23/97 Severe winter storms, flooding, land and mud slides and flooding 6,040,783 2,119,966 1,261,777 2,204 1,355,329 10,780,059

8 OR 6/12/98 889, , ,842 2,585,682 PA 3/10/94 Severe winter storms 73,564,798 8,307,217 5,284 1,416,392 83,293,691 PA 1/21/96 Severe storms and flooding 61,689,565 71,976,140 17,869,139 2,793,401 21,799, ,127,319 PA 6/18/96 495,058 3,930,297 82, ,179 5,090,489 PA 12/23/96 Severe storms, high winds, rain and flooding and high winds 1,429, , ,344 5, ,130 2,373,362 PA 9/17/96 Hurricane Fran 3,475,308 4,346, ,315 2,706 1,693,136 10,094,544 PA 7/26/96 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 10,714,822 8,568,279 2,250,674 1,634 1,476,046 23,011,455 PA 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 26,959, ,019 27,810,874 PA 6/8/98 Severe storms and tornadoes 1,716,028 1,415, ,629 3,851,682 PR 9/21/89 Hurricane Hugo 68,962, ,521,908 3,142,297 3,113, ,209, ,949,498 PR 1/22/92 Severe storms and flooding 10,371,231 53,217,033 2,453 8,081,252 71,671,969 PR 9/16/95 Hurricane Marilyn 2,648,658 20,063,560 4,030, ,019 16,657,148 44,072,128 PR 9/11/96 Hurricane Hortense 45,620, ,241,883 33,967,699 98,502 22,265, ,193,912 PR 9/24/98 Hurricane Georges 126,191, ,763, , ,263, ,095,004 1,493,461,094 PW 11/28/90 Typhoon Mike 841,745 2,745, ,777 1,550, ,536 6,343,609 RI 8/26/91 Hurricane Bob 10,081,554 25, ,927 11, ,315 11,408,210 RI 1/24/96 Blizzard of ,625,421 40,533 2,665,954 SC 9/22/89 Hurricane Hugo 240,431,459 90,216,622 10,890,588 33,191,981 14,861, ,591,687 SC 10/22/90 Severe storms and flooding 4,276,784 1,248, , ,200 6,541,621 SC 9/30/96 Hurricane Fran 3,871,862 29,748 26, ,680 4,098,440 SC 9/4/98 Hurricane Bonnie 2,757, ,875 2,999,094 SD 7/2/92 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 974,939 94, ,345 1,180,861 SD 7/19/93 Severe storms, tornadoes flooding 10,219,406 17,345,772 4,735,075 81,287 3,364,127 35,745,667 SD 6/21/94 Severe storms and flooding 4,921, , , ,838 6,220,869 SD 5/26/95 12,761,287 9,592,862 2,666,191 70,748 2,141,502 27,232,590 SD 3/14/95 Severe winter storms 2,142, , ,889 2,750,558 SD 1/5/96 Severe winter storm 7,914,690 1,137,757 5,000 51,551 9,108,998 SD 1/10/97 Severe winter storms and blizzard conditions 13,603,594 8, ,182 14,609,126 SD 2/28/97 Severe winter storm, snow and ice 1,691, ,521 42,955 2,000,418 SD 4/7/97 Severe flooding, winter storms, high winds, ice jams and flooding 35,629,930 17,748,018 3,403,816 30,275 4,592,824 61,404,863 SD 6/1/98 Severe Storms,, and 4,130,667 3,380, ,886 3,839,415 11,552,372 TN 2/27/90 Severe storms and flooding 1,434, ,688 80,800 25,938 2,182,032 TN 1/4/91 Severe storms and flooding 4,113,442 1,668, , ,255 6,965,318 TN 6/21/91 Severe storms and flooding 4,609, , ,845 4,919,248 TN 4/14/94 Extensive rainfall and flash flooding 3,212,940 1,575, ,558 3, ,722 5,653,016 TN 2/28/94 Severe winter ice storm, flash flooding and flooding 55,954,769 6,806, ,400,646 64,162,361 TN 6/14/95 976,371 5, ,259 1,239,185 TN 4/2/97 Severe storms and tornadoes 1,286, , ,588 2,056,408 TN 3/7/97 Severe storms, flooding and tornadoes 6,294,320 2,183, ,174 74,690 2,913,958 12,050,077 TN 1/11/98 Severe storms and flooding 23,069,579 2,247,831 2,022,246 8,739 1,906,247 29,254,642 TN 7/23/98 Severe storms and flooding 2,166,743 1,170, ,473 3,784,078 TN 4/20/98 Severe storms and tornadoes 23,724,596 3,735,419 2,988 3,281,647 30,744,650 TX 4/23/89 Severe storms and flooding 1,485, ,428 65, ,240 2,324,240 TX 7/18/89 Severe storms and tornadoes 838,461 6,518,960 59, ,923 8,319,203 TX 5/19/89 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 16,384,417 11,606,799 1,318,742 1,996,004 31,305,962 TX 1/9/90 Severe freeze Severe freeze 12,159,500 6,525 12,166,025 TX 5/2/90 Severe storms tornadoes and flooding 12,839,969 8,677,414 1,094,343 80,738 1,183,669 23,876,133 TX 12/26/91 Severe thunderstorms Severe thunderstorms 13,941,016 7,825,484 1,069,416 2,308 1,484,915 24,323,139 TX 4/12/91 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 2,538,471 14,071, , ,273 17,739,475 TX 3/20/92 Severe storms and flooding 2,638, ,493 3,114,370 TX 9/9/92 Excessive rain and hail Hail 1,404,032 7,840 1,411,872 TX 7/2/92 Severe storms and tornadoes 680, , ,788 TX 12/4/92 Severe thunderstorms and tornadoes 1,054,875 1, ,292 1,283,293 TX 10/18/94 Severe thunderstorms and flooding 20,477, ,084,038 19,140,289 1,906,531 10,053, ,661,853 TX 4/29/94 Severe storms and tornadoes 1,184, ,368 10, ,670 1,656,348 TX 6/13/95 Thunderstorms, flooding, hail, tornadoes 61,320 4,155, , ,530 4,784,203 TX 7/7/97 Severe storms and flooding 5,361,150 4,500, ,955 6,840 2,208,191 12,707,403 TX 8/26/98 Tropical Storm Charley 5,029,295 8,605, ,211 2,561,920 9,454,866 25,774,532 TX 9/23/98 Tropical Storm Frances, severe storms and flooding 3,948,777 6,404,643 2,291 2,244,269 12,599,980 TX 10/21/98 Severe storms, flooding & tornadoes 313,734 49,622, ,379 9,445,178 59,518,977 UT 1/31/89 Dike failure and flash flooding 1,086,029 95,048 40,680 1,221,757 VA 11/8/89 Severe storms, mudslides and flooding 3,337, , ,505 67,110 3,915,439 VA 5/19/92 Severe storms and flooding 4,389, , ,615 2, ,379 6,262,433 VA 12/22/93 Severe storms and tornadoes 81,947 1, , ,760 VA 4/11/94 Severe winter ice storm 4,346, , ,072 5,211,574

9 VA 3/10/94 Severe ice storms, flooding and flooding 18,312,659 2,619,152 29, ,246 21,709,949 VA 7/1/95 Severe storms and flooding 13,296,981 4,130,738 1,662, ,631 2,425,989 21,802,486 VA 1/27/96 5,377,325 2,236,871 71,462 26,137 1,947,995 9,659,790 VA 9/6/96 Hurricane Fran 16,239,618 7,444,577 3,139,799 22,995 5,107,133 31,954,122 VA 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 12,818, ,815 12,935,212 VA 9/4/98 Hurricane Bonnie 10,700 1,338,760 3, ,646 2,297,280 VI 9/20/89 Hurricane Hugo 120,122,356 94,677,833 22,374,374 74,633,150 15,423, ,231,115 VI 9/16/95 Hurricane Marilyn 123,564, ,065,717 51,462, ,133, ,565, ,791,414 VI 7/11/96 Hurricane Bertha 4,018,826 2,713,903 2,190, ,939 8,086,326 17,433,544 VI 9/24/98 Hurricane Georges 1,716,334 3,576, ,900 1,492,750 6,944,949 VT 9/11/89 Severe storms and flooding 2,631, ,735 29,419 2,809,030 VT 7/25/90 Severe storms and flooding 2,980, ,462 86,233 3,330,021 VT 3/18/92 Heavy rains, ice jams and flooding and flooding 2,987, , ,998 10, ,929 3,702,415 VT 5/12/93 Heavy rain, snowmelt & flooding 1,025,536 79, ,435 1,276,570 VT 8/16/95 Excessive rainfall, flooding 3,420, , ,354 13, ,657 5,775,120 VT 6/27/96 Extreme rainfall and flooding 1,018, ,583 2, ,732 1,343,464 VT 2/13/96 Ice jams and flooding and flooding 2,432, ,773 40, ,375 3,524,759 VT 7/25/97 Excessive rainfall, high winds and flooding and high winds 4,847,749 1,084, ,828 30,000 1,982,341 8,537,411 VT 6/30/98 Severe storms and flooding 7,793,294 1,959, ,015 76,247 3,222,102 13,856,009 VT 1/15/98 Severe ice storms, rain, high winds, and flooding and flooding 4,810,949 1,009,515 46,050 17,286 1,397,360 7,281,160 WA 4/14/89 Heavy rains, flooding and mudslides 2,236, ,682 62,843 2,521,265 WA 1/18/90 Severe storms and flooding 10,591,000 1,733,962 1,273, ,401 14,189,369 WA 11/26/90 Severe storms and flooding 36,814,382 8,213,387 3,490, ,070,665 50,589,370 WA 11/13/91 8,948, ,354 76, ,389 9,679,951 WA 3/8/91 Severe storms and high tides 3,543, ,354 48,755 3,829,889 WA 3/4/93 Severe storms and high wind High winds 15,948, ,527 86, ,237 17,048,952 WA 8/2/94 El Nino, Salmon Industry El Nino (salmon industry) 6,465, ,383 77,568 7,370,558 WA 1/3/96 Severe storms, high winds, flooding and high winds 26,140,591 4,223,734 5,106,096 4,907 2,108,198 37,583,526 WA 2/9/96 High winds, severe storms, flooding and high winds 77,572,150 25,401,994 14,227,375 1,081,032 5,187, ,470,366 WA 4/2/97 Heavy rains, snow melt, mud/landslides, flooding 5,588,456 1,505,133 1,009, ,731 8,524,876 WA 7/21/97 Snowmelt and flooding 462, , ,531 WA 1/7/97 Severe ice storms 7,705,680 1,259,684 3, ,154 9,117,746 WA 1/17/97, flooding, mud and land slides and flooding 58,634,752 12,272,882 9,842, ,581 5,580,220 86,466,325 WA 10/5/98 Severe storms and flooding 1,279,464 72,486 1,351,950 WA 10/16/98 Landslide in the City of Kelso Landslide 679, ,100 16, ,770 1,496,483 WI 8/30/90 2, ,423 27, ,649 WI 7/13/90 Severe storms, tornadoes and flooding 4,220,447 1,631, ,444 3, ,078 6,703,962 WI 8/6/91 Severe storms and hail Hail 2,519,943 59,244 18,183 2,597,370 WI 9/30/92 Severe storms and flooding 2,147, , , ,605 2,831,538 WI 9/2/92 Severe storms and tornadoes 613, ,757 21, ,866 1,535,401 WI 9/18/92 Severe storms, tornadoes 1,991, ,801 4,385 2,200,374 WI 7/2/93 Severe storms, tornadoes flooding 23,392,195 33,225,257 11,734, ,853 2,481,100 71,158,909 WI 8/2/96 Severe storms, flooding, tornadoes 1,653, , ,318 2,507,246 WI 7/7/97 Severe storms and flooding 5,192,608 25,793,823 4,959,034 52,000 1,123,073 37,120,538 WI 7/24/98 Severe storms and flooding 5,708,610 80,020 1, ,390 6,330,520 WI 8/12/98 Severe storms and flooding 2,157,178 16,135,541 1,112,722 5,890 1,606,398 21,017,729 WV 7/12/95 Severe storms, rains, flooding, mudslides 1,304,954 1,166, ,821 1, ,595 2,962,520 WV 1/25/96 21,917,448 13,443,986 5,361,456 96,914 3,045,081 43,864,885 WV 8/14/96 Rains, winds, flooding, slides 1,567,717 2,024, , ,265,895 5,467,475 WV 5/23/96 and Heavy Winds and high winds 5,388,409 7,202,555 1,923,691 3,157 2,226,158 16,743,970 WV 9/11/96 Hurricane Fran 11,499,581 2,862,082 1,853, ,491,732 17,707,123 WV 1/13/96 Blizzard of 1996 (severe snow storm) 1,256, ,464 1,375,715 WV 3/7/97 Heavy rain, flooding, slides high winds and high winds 4,973,595 8,131,814 49, ,058,307 16,213,349 WV 7/1/98 Severe Storms, flooding and 6,574,871 8,555,269 8,246 3,705,590 18,843,976