Pilot s Guide. for the. Class B Terrain Awareness & Warning System. Model TAWS8000

Transcription

1 Pilot s Guide for the Class B Terrain Awareness & Warning System Model TAWS8000

2 Forward Looking Technology The FAA Mandate Studies of Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents ultimately led to the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) final rule in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) parts 91, 121, and 135. The final rule requires all turbine powered aircraft equipped with six or more passenger seats to eventually be equipped with a Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) part 121 with a class A system, and parts 135 and 91 with a class B system. The primary difference between classes is that class A has more alerting modes. The Solution Recent technological advancements have allowed L-3 Avionics Systems to develop the new LandMark Class B Terrain Awareness and Warning System, model TAWS8000. The LandMark TAWS8000 offers operators a reliable and affordable solution to the class B requirements of the FAA mandate. The LandMark TAWS8000 improves upon earlier Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) technology by adding look-ahead capability, longer warning times, operability in landing configuration, and greater situational awareness via an optional terrain display. The LandMark TAWS8000 alerts the flight crew to potentially hazardous terrain situations so they can take effective action to prevent a potential CFIT event. The Company L-3 Avionics Systems (a division of L-3 Communications Corporation) is your first source for new, innovative, and high technology safety products including SKYWATCH Traffic Advisory Systems (TAS), SKYWATCH HP TAS/Traffic Alert & Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS I), Stormscope thunderstorm detection systems, standby attitude indicators, and the new SmartDeck Integrated Flight Displays & Control System. Visit our website at A LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

3 Pilot s Guide for the Class B Terrain Awareness & Warning System Model TAWS8000 Methods and apparatus disclosed and described herein have been developed solely on company funds of L-3 Communications Avionics Systems, Inc. No government or other contractual support or relationship whatsoever has existed which in any way affects or mitigates proprietary rights of L-3 Communications Avionics Systems, Inc. in these developments. Methods and apparatus disclosed herein may be subject to U.S. Patents existing or applied for. L-3 Communications Avionics Systems, Inc. reserves the right to add, improve, modify, or withdraw functions, design modifications, or products at any time without notice. Information stored on the data-card is copyrighted by L-3 Communications Avionics Systems, Inc. and by Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. and may not be processed, reformatted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, whether electrical, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. Copyright 2002, 2003 L-3 Communications Avionics Systems, Inc. LandMark, SKYWATCH, Stormscope, SmartDeck, and i-linc are trademarks of L-3 Communications Avionics Systems, Inc. Jeppesen is a registered trademark of Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. The white L3 in a circle design logo is a trademark of L-3 Communications Corporation. Designed and manufactured in the United States of America by: L-3 Communications Avionics Systems, Inc nd Street, S.E. Grand Rapids, MI USA (800) or (616) Fax (616)

4 Safety Summary WARNING page 2-6 & 5-4 These warnings and cautions appear later in this guide and are repeated here for emphasis: Since the LandMark TAWS8000 does not know where you intend to land, it calculates alerts based on your proximity to the closest airport and measures your distance from that airport once per second. The closest airport may or may not be the airport at which you intend to land. Failure to understand this logic may cause you to misinterpret alerts or the lack of alerts. WARNING page 2-6 & 5-4 CAUTION page 5-1 WARNING page 5-2 WARNING page 5-3 WARNING page 5-3 WARNING page 5-3 Since all alerts are prioritized (page 2-11), some alerts may not be heard due to a simultaneous higher priority alert. To avoid power surge damage to the LandMark TAWS8000, start your engines before powering up the LandMark TAWS8000. The LandMark TAWS8000 will not provide accurate terrain awareness and alerts if the altitude on the aircraft altimeter is more than 75 feet different from the altitude that the LandMark TAWS8000 announces during the self test. The LandMark TAWS8000 shall not be used as a navigation instrument. The LandMark TAWS8000 is not intended to provide navigational guidance nor to relieve aircrews from following published navigation procedures, routes, altitude restrictions, and/or instructions from air traffic control agencies except in response to alerts to avoid potentially hazardous terrain and/or obstacles. The terrain display is intended to serve as a situational awareness tool only. The LandMark TAWS8000 does not provide terrain alerts, the 500 ft altitude callout, or terrain display for geographic areas not covered by terrain data on the installed terrain data-card. L-3 Avionics Systems can not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the terrain, runway, and obstacle data which ultimately come from government sources. Any irregularities or anomalies in the database may cause a delayed, missed, or erroneous alert. Please report any irregularities or anomalies in the database to tawsdb@l-3com.com and visit to read about any known or reported database issues. ii LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

5 Safety Summary (continued) WARNING page 5-3 WARNING page 5-3 WARNING page 5-3 WARNING page 5-4 WARNING page 5-4 Terrain elevation recorded in the database refers to the actual ground or water; it does not include trees, shrubs, or ice. The terrain databases do not cover latitudes north of 80 North or south of 80 South. Some runway thresholds are displaced and may not be located at the physical end of the runway. Since the LandMark TAWS8000 relies on baro-corrected altitude, errors in setting your aircraft s barometric altitude correction can delay a terrain alert or cause nuisance alerts. LandMark TAWS8000 performance is degraded when navigational accuracy is degraded, i.e. when the RAIM light on your GPS is lit. In this case, you should press the TERR INH button to inhibit the LandMark TAWS8000. See page 3-4. WARNING page 5-4 CAUTION page 5-4 CAUTION page 5-4 CAUTION page 5-4 WARNING page 5-6 CAUTION page 5-8 CAUTION page 5-8 The LandMark TAWS8000 user is responsible for ensuring that the runways he or she intends to use are included in the database. (You can search the runway database at Takeoffs and landings on unpublished runways may generate nuisance alerts. In these cases, you should press the TERR INH button to inhibit the LandMark TAWS8000. See page 3-4. Nonstandard terminal and landing procedures at an airport may cause nuisance alerts. Certain terrain or obstacles near some airports will always cause nuisance alerts even under normal operation due to their height and close proximity to the runway. If you inhibit terrain alerts you may miss a valid alert condition that puts your aircraft in danger. Removing or inserting the data-card while the LandMark TAWS8000 is powered on may damage the data-card. Forcing the data-card in backwards can damage the data-card s plastic case and the pins inside the LandMark data-card slot. LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide iii

6 Important Notice This guide provides general information about the operation of the LandMark TAWS8000. This guide does not cover all possible interconnections with all possible terrain displays and customer-supplied indicator lights and switches. Refer to your aircraft flight manual and flight manual supplement for information specific to your aircraft. If there is conflicting information between those manuals and this pilot s guide, your aircraft flight manual and flight manual supplement take precedence over this pilot s guide. Revision Highlights This revision D of the pilot s guide makes the following changes: Changes occurences of Goodrich Avionics Systems to L-3 Communications Avionics Systems, Inc. or just L-3 Avionics Systems and makes related company contact information changes. (On March 28, 2003, Goodrich Corporation sold its Avionics Systems division to L-3 Communications Corporation.) Adds two warnings on page 2-6 concerning interpretation of alerts or lack of alerts. Adds this Revision Highlights section. Expands the description of the terrain database. Removes references to specific control head vendors. Expands on the description of the SENSOR FAIL light. Expands on the description of the TERR NOT AVAIL light. Expands on the description of forward looking terrain avoidance. Expands on the description of the optional 453 display. Increases the typeface size and adds more white space. iv LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

7 Section Table of Contents Page List of Illustrations... vii List of Tables... vii Abbreviations & Acronyms... viii Chapter 1 System Description General Description Remote Processor Terrain & Obstacle Data-Card Terrain Display (Optional) Controls & Indicators (Not Included) Configuration Module Interconnection With Other Equipment Laptop Computer Aircraft Stall Warning Unit Audio Speaking Flag Heading Features Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Introduction Terrain Alerts Caution Alerts Warning Alerts ft Altitude Callout Alert or Callout Conditions Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance (FLTA) Reduced Required Terrain Clearance (RTC) Imminent Terrain Impact (ITI) Premature Descent GPWS Alerting Excessive Descent Rate Negative Climb Rate or Altitude Loss After Takeoff Altitude of 500 ft Alert & Altitude Callout Priority LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide v

8 Section Table of Contents (continued) Page Chapter 3 Controls & Indicators Introduction Lights & Switches Aural Announcements Chapter 4 Terrain Display Introduction Compatible Radar Indicator Via the RGC Display Symbol Priority On-Screen Messages ARINC 453 Displays Chapter 5 Operating Instructions Start Up the LandMark TAWS Run the Pilot-Initiated Self Test Fly With the LandMark TAWS Cold Weather Operations Respond to a Caution Alert Respond to a Warning Alert Respond to the SENSOR FAIL or TERR NOT AVAIL Light Change the Display Range Stop Displaying Terrain Inhibit All Terrain Alerts Inhibit Obstacle Display & Alerts Inhibit Audio Identify the Database Update the Database Chapter 6 Specifications vi LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

9 List of Illustrations Figure Title Page 1-1 LandMark TAWS8000 Remote Processor LandMark TAWS8000 Data-Card Coverage Area for the North America Data-Card Terrain Screen on a Radar Indicator Via the RGC Example of Discrete Lights & Switches LandMark TAWS8000 Functional Block Diagram Sample Terrain Alert Indicator Lights Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance (FLTA) Phase of Flight Definitions Reduced RTC Alert Condition ITI Alert Condition Premature Descent Alert Condition Excessive Descent Rate Alert Condition Excessive Descent Rate Graph Negative Climb Rate or Altitude Loss After Takeoff Alert Condition Negative Climb Rate Graph Altitude Loss After Takeoff Graph Altitude of 500 ft Example of Discrete Lights & Switches Terrain Screen on a Radar Indicator Via the RGC Color Legend for a Radar Indicator Via the RGC Display Symbol Priority Terrain Screen on a Compatible ARINC 453 Radar Indicator Terrain Screen on a Compatible ARINC 453 EFIS Color Legend for a 453 Radar Indicator/EFIS Display List of Tables Table Title Page 2-1 Caution & Warning Alert Phrases Required Terrain Clearances for the Reduced RTC Alert Condition Required Terrain Clearances for the ITI Alert Condition LandMark TAWS8000 Remote Processor Specifications DC Data-Card Specifications LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide vii

10 Abbreviations & Acronyms ADAHRS Air Data Attitude and Heading Reference System ADC Air Data Computer AFM Aircraft Flight Manual AFS Flight Standards Service AGL Above Ground Level AHRS Attitude and Heading Reference System ARINC Aeronautical Radio, Inc. CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain CFR Code of Federal Regulations DISP Display EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System FAA Federal Aviation Administration FLTA Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance fpm Feet Per Minute FSAW Flight Standards Information Bulletin for Airworthiness GPS Global Positioning System GPWS Ground Proximity Warning System INH Inhibit ITI Imminent Terrain Impact Lat Latitude Long Longitude MFD Multifunction Display MSL Mean Sea Level nmi Nautical Miles NOAA National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration OBST Obstacle RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring RTC Required Terrain Clearance RTCA Requirements & Technical Concepts for Aviation TAS Traffic Advisory System TAWS Terrain Awareness & Warning System TCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System TERR Terrain TSO Technical Standard Order VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions viii LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

11 Chapter 1 System Description General Description The LandMark Class B Terrain Awareness and Warning System, model TAWS8000 from L-3 Avionics Systems continuously monitors your aircraft s position, altitude, speed, track, heading, and phase of flight, and compares that information to the system s internal terrain, obstacle, and runway database. If the system predicts a potential Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) situation, it visually and aurally alerts you to take preventative actions. The LandMark TAWS8000 improves upon earlier GPWS technology by adding look-ahead capability, longer warning times, operability in landing configuration, and greater situational awareness via an optional terrain display. The LandMark TAWS8000 is designed for aircraft configured with 6 to 9 passenger seats operated under part 135, and aircraft configured with 6 or more passenger seats operated under part 91. The LandMark TAWS8000 is not intended for large transport aircraft, high-end business jets, or rotary wing aircraft. The following paragraphs describe the major components of the LandMark TAWS8000. LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 1-1

12 Major Components Chapter 1 System Description Remote Processor The remote processor (figure 1-1) is a small, lightweight unit (7 inches tall, by 2¼ inches wide, by 9 inches deep, weighing 3.35 pounds). It is tray-mounted, typically in the avionics bay. The processor connects to aircraft sensors and systems and to panelmounted lights and switches. The processor analyzes these inputs and the internal database, and issues any appropriate alerts. The processor also outputs terrain, obstacle, and runway data which can then be graphically displayed on an optional terrain display to enhance the pilot s situational awareness. Figure 1-1. LandMark TAWS8000 Remote Processor Terrain & Obstacle Data-Card A data-card (figure 1-2) must be in the remote processor s data-card slot for the system to operate properly. The data-card contains a copyrighted database of the terrain, obstacles, runways, and magnetic variation for selected regions of the world. (Refer to page i for copyright restrictions.) Figure 1-2. LandMark TAWS8000 Data-Card 1-2 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

13 Chapter 1 System Description Major Components To ensure a high quality database and hence a high level of safety for LandMark TAWS8000 users, L-3 uses only approved sources of data for the LandMark database. Jeppesen, the world leader in aviation databases provides the terrain and runway data. L-3, with its long history of aviation databases, provides obstacle data from the FAA and magnetic variation data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Like all aviation databases, the data ultimately comes from government agencies. L-3 and Jeppesen accurately compile the data, but can not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the data. L-3 does however validate the terrain and runway data using a LandMark simulator. This simulator flies the LandMark TAWS8000 through all the published approaches to identify potential problems in the terrain data. It also compares terrain elevation against other sources of accurate spot elevation data to look for discrepancies. Our database experts then analyze and resolve any problems or discrepancies. The LandMark TAWS8000 includes a North America datacard that includes public and private non-military runways measuring 2,000 feet or longer in the United States, Canada, and Latin America ARINC regions (up to 80 N) as shown in figure 1-3. A World data-card is also available that covers the Figure 1-3. Coverage Area for the North America Data-Card LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 1-3

14 Major Components Chapter 1 System Description whole world (except north of 80 N lattitude, and south of 80 S lattitude.) The limited, FAA-supplied obstacle database on both data-cards consists of man-made obstructions greater than 100 ft in height above the terrain in North America only. The data-cards are updated periodically with regular updates from Jeppesen, the FAA, and NOAA. The database coverage area and effective date are printed on the data-card and reported aurally during the pilot-initiated self test. For information on database updates, visit our website at or contact L-3 Avionics Systems directly. (See page i.) Terrain Display (Optional) The LandMark TAWS8000 can display a continuous, color, bird s-eye view of the terrain, obstacles, and runways near your aircraft (figure 1-4) on any of the four display types listed below. (Check with your dealer or L-3 Avionics Systems for a current list of compatible displays.) A compatible Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (ARINC) 453 radar indicator Figure 1-4. Terrain Screen on a Radar Indicator Via the RGC LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

15 Chapter 1 System Description Major Components A compatible ARINC 453 Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) display or an L-3 i-linc Multifunction Display (MFD) A compatible radar indicator via the L-3 RGC350 Radar Graphics Computer A compatible MFD via an RS-232 interface The RGC350 provides the ability to display traffic and lightning information from other L-3 Avionics Systems equipment on the same radar indicator. Controls & Indicators (Not Included) The LandMark TAWS8000 requires, but does not include, a way to control and monitor system operation, whether it s through discrete lights and switches, or through EFIS controls and on-screen annunciators, or through a combination of both. Figure 1-5 shows one possible installation of lights and lighted pushbuttons. The LandMark TAWS8000 supports two sets of lights and switches (for separate pilot and copilot installations). Configuration Module The configuration module is a small, nonvolatile TERR DISP TERR SENSOR FAIL TERR TEST TERR INH PULL UP TERR NOT AVAIL OBST INH AUDIO INH Figure 1-5. Example of Discrete Lights & Switches memory module installed in the 100-pin mating connector backshell. The LandMark TAWS8000 stores system configuration information in the module including: Discrete inputs available Input sense (which state is active) for each discrete input Warning alert optional tone selection (Whoop, Whoop) Alert message subset selection Audio volume selection LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 1-5

16 Interconnection Chapter 1 System Description Terrain display output type Heading source type and communication interface used Baro correction source type Air Data Computer (ADC) type and communication interface used GPS type and communication interface used Having this information stored in the configuration module allows for quick unit swapping and return to service after maintenance without the need to go through the normal installation setup procedures. Interconnection With Other Equipment Figure 1-6 shows how the major components of the LandMark TAWS8000 connect to each other and to other aircraft sensors and systems. The following paragraphs describe some of the interconnections. Laptop Computer The LandMark TAWS8000 contains nonvolatile memory for storage of equipment operating time, detected equipment failures, alert information, and other system parameters for the purpose of system maintenance and improvement. The laptop port allows access to that memory and to other system resources. The laptop port also allows for easy, menu-driven installation. Aircraft Stall Warning Unit An aircraft stall warning input suppresses aural TAWS alerts until the stall warning stops. Audio Speaking Flag The LandMark TAWS8000 sends an audio speaking flag to any connected TCAS or TAS unit during an aural TAWS alert. The TCAS/TAS can use the flag to delay aural traffic alerts until the TAWS alert stops. Heading Heading is only required if you install a terrain display. 1-6 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

17 Chapter 1 System Description Features Pilot s Barometric Altimeter Adjusting Knob (This input is only used if the ADC or ADAHRS does not supply the correction.) Air Data Computer GPS Navigation Source Synchro (XYZ) Compass, or AHRS/ADAHRS Aircraft Power Circuit Day/Night Lamp Power Aircraft Stall Warning Unit Squat Switch (optional) TAWS8000 Barometric Correction Compact Flash Data-Card Terrain, Obstacle, Runway, & Magnetic Variation Databases Configuration & Maintenance Information Pressure Altitude, Baro-Corrected Altitude, Outside Air Temperature, Barometric Altitude Rate, Indicated Airspeed Aircraft Position (Lat/Long), Ground Speed, Track GPS RAIM Flag Heading Heading Valid Flag V dc 18 W max Day/Night Lamp Control TAWS Audio Suppression Signal Weight On Wheels LandMark TAWS8000 Remote Processor Terrain Display Data to an Optional Display Display Control Aircraft & System Configuration Settings Configuration Module Aural Alerts & Status Caution, Warning, Failure, & Status System Control MFD or Weather Radar Indicator Radar Graphics Computer Model RGC350 or ARINC 453 Weather Radar ARINC 453 Switch If Needed 453 EFIS or 453 Radar Indicator or i-linc MFD Aircraft Audio System Discrete Lights & Switches Landing Gear Position Switch (optional) Flap Position Switch (optional) Landing Gear Position Flap Position Diagnostic Commands & Status (RS-232 Laptop Port) Audio Speaking Flag Laptop Computer (for installation & maintenance) TCAS/TAS (optional) Figure 1-6. LandMark TAWS8000 Functional Block Diagram Features Forward-Looking Terrain Avoidance alerts for: Reduced Required Terrain Clearance and Imminent Terrain Impact Premature Descent Alert GPWS alerts or callouts for: Excessive descent rate (GPWS mode 1) Negative climb rate or altitude loss after takeoff (GPWS mode 3) LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 1-7

18 Features Chapter 1 System Description Altitude of 500 ft above terrain or runway (GPWS mode 6) Selectable aural alert phrases Operates at ground speeds up to 900 knots Works with or without a terrain display Displays two-dimensional terrain on ARINC 453 radar indicators, 453 EFIS displays, non-453 radar indicators via the L-3 Avionics Systems RGC350 Radar Graphics Computer, and on compatible MFDs Easily understandable display of runways, obstacles, terrain threats, and predicted impact point Installer-selected panel-mounted indicator lights and switches Uses output from your existing Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver Installation-specific configuration information stored in a configuration module that remains in the aircraft wiring Small and lightweight (7 inches tall, by 2¼ inches wide, by 9 inches deep, weighing 3.35 pounds) Database is stored on a front-loaded compact flash card for easy updating Database subscription service available Includes a North America data-card containing Jeppesen terrain and runway data and FAA-supplied obstacle data World data-card also available Certified to FAA TSO-C151a Class B 1-8 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

19 Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Introduction This chapter describes the LandMark TAWS8000 terrain alerts and the 500 ft altitude callout as well as the conditions that trigger them. Terrain Alerts The LandMark TAWS8000 issues two types of terrain alerts: caution alerts and warning alerts. Caution Alerts A caution alert consists of a panel-mounted, amber indicator light turning on (figure 2-1), an aural announcement such as Caution, terrain; caution, terrain! repeating every 7 seconds, and an amber alert symbol appearing on the optional terrain display (chapter 4) until the alert condition ceases. The exact phrase used in the aural announcement depends on the installation setup, the type of alert condition, and whether the alert is due to terrain or an obstacle. See table 2-1 for details. Caution Alert Indicator Light TERR DISP TERR SENSOR FAIL TERR TEST PULL UP TERR NOT AVAIL Figure 2-1.Sample Terrain Alert Indicator Lights LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 2-1 TERR INH Warning Alert Indicator Light OBST INH AUDIO INH

20 Warning Alerts Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Table 2-1. Caution & Warning Alert Phrases* Alert Condition Reduced Required Terrain Clearance (figure 2-4) or Imminent Terrain Impact (figure 2-5) Premature Descent (figure 2-6) Excessive Descent Rate (figure 2-7) Negative Climb Rate or Altitude Loss After Takeoff (figure 2-9) Caution Alert ( Caution, terrain; caution, terrain! or Terrain ahead; terrain ahead! ) and Caution, obstacle; caution, obstacle! Too low, terrain! Sink Rate! Don t sink! or Too low, terrain! Warning Alert (Whoop, Whoop** Terrain, terrain; pull up, pull up! or Whoop, Whoop** Terrain ahead, pull up; terrain ahead, pull up! ) and Whoop, Whoop** Obstacle, obstacle; pull up, pull up! (none) Whoop, Whoop** Pull up! (none) * All phrases are spoken in a female voice in an attempt to distinguish LandMark TAWS alerts from other spoken alerts in the cockpit. The installer can choose either the primary or the secondary subset of phrase options shown. **The sweep tones Whoop, Whoop are optional. FAA Advisory Circular (AC) defines a caution alert as an alert that requires immediate flight crew awareness with subsequent corrective action usually necessary. The AC further states that When a terrain awareness caution occurs, take positive corrective action until the alert ceases. Stop descending or initiate either a climb or a turn, or both as necessary, based on analysis of all available instruments and information. Warning Alerts A warning alert consists of a panel-mounted, red indicator light turning on (figure 2-1), the optional sweep tones Whoop, Whoop sounding followed by an aural announcement such as Terrain, terrain; pull up, pull up, and a red 2-2 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

21 Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Alert Conditions alert symbol appearing on the optional terrain display (chapter 4). ( Whoop, Whoop only sounds if your unit was configured at installation to do so.) Whoop, Whoop and the aural announcement repeat continuously until the alert condition has passed. The exact phrase used in the aural announcement depends on the installation setup, the type of alert condition, and whether the alert is due to terrain or an obstacle. See table 2-1 for details. FAA AC defines a warning alert as an alert that requires immediate crew action. The AC further states that, If a terrain awareness warning occurs, immediately initiate and continue a climb that will provide maximum terrain clearance, or any similar approved vertical terrain escape maneuver, until all alerts cease. Only vertical maneuvers are recommended, unless either operating in visual meteorological conditions (VMC), or the pilot determines, based on all available information, that turning in addition to the vertical escape maneuver is the safest course of action, or both. 500 ft Altitude Callout The 500 ft altitude callout consists of the aural announcement five hundred. The callout is intended to provide situational awareness to the flight crew and does not necessarily indicate a hazardous condition. Alert or Callout Conditions The following conditions trigger a terrain alert or an altitude callout. The following sections describe these conditions and identify the resulting terrain alerts or altitude callout. Reduced required terrain clearance Imminent terrain impact Premature descent Excessive descent rate Negative climb rate or altitude loss after takeoff Altitude of 500 ft Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance GPWS Alerting LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 2-3

22 Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance (FLTA) The first two alert conditions, reduced required terrain clearance and imminent terrain impact, are part of the LandMark TAWS8000 FLTA function. Using FLTA, the LandMark TAWS8000 looks ahead of the airplane (in the database) along its projected vertical and horizontal flight path, including turns, to determine if any terrain or obstacles might pose a threat (figure 2-2). (Hereafter the word terrain refers to terrain or obstacles unless indicated otherwise.) The LandMark TAWS8000 determines the terrain threat based on your phase of flight (figure 2-3) and on the predicted terrain clearance compared to the required terrain clearance (tables 2-2 & 2-3). FLTA alerts are disabled within the area 1.2 nmi around the runway and 500 ft above the runway threshold when you are landing to prevent nuisance alerts. Width of the search volume increases linearly from 0.25 nmi at the plane, to 0.5 nmi 60 seconds ahead of the plane, and increases even more around turns. Note that turns are only "predicted" based on the current turn rate. Look-Ahead Distance (60 Seconds) Look-Down Distance (Required Terrain Clearance) Terrain Terrain Figure 2-2. Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance (FLTA) Approach Phase Departure Phase Not to Scale 3,500 ft Terminal Phase Enroute Phase 1,900 ft Nearest Runway Elevation 1,500 ft 15 nmi 5 nmi 5 nmi Figure 2-3. Phase of Flight Definitions or 2-4 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

23 Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Reduced RTC Reduced Required Terrain Clearance (RTC) The reduced RTC alert condition occurs when your aircraft is currently above the altitude of the upcoming terrain along the projected flight path, but the projected terrain clearance is less than the required terrain clearance (figure 2-4). The LandMark TAWS8000 issues a caution alert 60 seconds before the offending terrain and a warning alert 30 seconds before the offending terrain. Figure 2-4. Reduced RTC Alert Condition Table 2-2. Required Terrain Clearances for the Reduced RTC Alert Condition Phase of Flight Level or Ascending Flight Descending Flight Enroute 700 ft 500 ft Terminal 350 ft 300 ft Approach 150 ft 100 ft Departure 100 ft 100 ft LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 2-5

24 Imminent Terrain Impact Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Imminent Terrain Impact (ITI) The ITI alert condition occurs when your aircraft is currently below the altitude of the upcoming terrain along the projected flight path, and the projected terrain clearance is less than the required terrain clearance (figure 2-5). The LandMark TAWS8000 issues a caution alert 60 seconds before the offending terrain and a warning alert 30 seconds before the offending terrain. Figure 2-5. ITI Alert Condition Table 2-3. Required Terrain Clearances for the ITI Alert Condition Phase of Flight Enroute Terminal Approach Departure Required Terrain Clearance 700 ft 350 ft 150 ft 100 ft WARNING Since the LandMark TAWS8000 does not know where you intend to land, it calculates alerts based on your proximity to the closest airport and measures your distance from that airport once per second. The closest airport may or may not be the airport at which you intend to land. Failure to understand this logic may cause you to misinterpret alerts or the lack of alerts. WARNING Since all alerts are prioritized (page 2-11), some alerts may not be heard due to a simultaneous higher priority alert. 2-6 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

25 Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Excessive Descent Rate Premature Descent The premature descent alert condition (figure 2-6) occurs when your aircraft is significantly below the normal final approach flight path to the nearest runway (typically a 3- degree implied glideslope). This condition may exist for a variety of reasons such as poor visibility or nighttime operation. If this condition is not corrected, you will likely touch down short of the runway even if your aircraft is properly configured for landing and is descending at a normal rate. The premature descent alert is only enabled in the terminal and approach phases. Figure 2-6. Premature Descent Alert Condition The LandMark TAWS8000 uses your aircraft s current position, flight path information, and the runway database to detect the premature descent condition and then alerts you with a caution alert. GPWS Alerting The remaining three alert and callout conditions (excessive descent rate, negative climb rate or altitude loss after takeoff, and altitude of 500 ft) are based on an older technology called GPWS which uses a radio altimeter to determine height above terrain. Instead of using a radio altimeter, the LandMark TAWS8000 subtracts the terrain elevation stored in its terrain database from the baro-corrected altitude to calculate height above terrain. LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 2-7

26 Negative Climb Rate Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Excessive Descent Rate The excessive descent rate alert condition (figure 2-7), also known as GPWS Mode 1, occurs when you are descending too fast for your current height above terrain, regardless of your landing gear and flap position. More precisely, it s when your aircraft s descent rate and height above terrain fall within the envelopes shown in figure 2-8. Since the LandMark TAWS8000 doesn t use a radio altimeter to determine height above terrain, there is no 2,500 ft Above Ground Level (AGL) altitude limit like in traditional GPWS systems. This freedom allows the LandMark TAWS8000 to expand the alerting envelope to include earlier alerts at the faster descent rates. Figure 2-7. Excessive Descent Rate Alert Condition Figure 2-8. Excessive Descent Rate Graph 2-8 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

27 Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Negative Climb Rate Negative Climb Rate or Altitude Loss After Takeoff These alert conditions (figure 2-9), also known as GPWS Modes 3A and 3B, are enabled between 50 and 700 ft above the runway after takeoff or a missed approach. The negative climb rate alert condition is based on descent rate. The altitude loss after takeoff alert condition is based on accumulated altitude loss in order to catch descents that are too gradual to qualify for the negative climb rate alert condition. The two together ensure that practically any descent after takeoff or missed approach will trigger an alert. When your aircraft s height above the runway elevation and its descent rate or altitude loss fall within the envelopes shown in figures 2-10 and 2-11, the LandMark TAWS8000 issues a caution alert. Figure 2-9. Negative Climb Rate or Altitude Loss After Takeoff Alert Condition Figure Negative Climb Rate Graph LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 2-9

28 Altitude of 500 ft Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Figure Altitude Loss After Takeoff Graph Altitude of 500 ft This condition (figure 2-12), also known as a subset of GPWS Mode 6, occurs when you descend within 500 ft of the terrain during enroute mode, or when you re in enroute mode in level flight but the terrain below rises up within 500 ft of your aircraft, or when you descend within 500 ft of the nearest runway threshold elevation during terminal or approach mode. When any of these conditions occurs, the LandMark TAWS8000 issues an aural 500 ft altitude callout. The 500 ft altitude callout does not occur when you are ascending or during departure or missed approach mode. The callout is armed to play again only after you ascend to 700 ft above the terrain or runway. Figure Altitude of 500 Feet 2-10 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

29 Chapter 2 Terrain Alerting Alert Priority Alert & Altitude Callout Priority If two or more alert or altitude callout conditions exist at the same time, the most critical condition has the highest priority and immediately sounds its alert or altitude callout phrase, preempting or preceding the phrases of the lower priority conditions. If the lower priority conditions persist after the higher priority alert or callout is cleared, the lower priority conditions will then sound their phrases. The priorities are listed below with the highest priority listed first. 1. Excessive Descent Rate Warning Alert: Whoop, Whoop Pull up! 2. Reduced RTC or ITI Warning Alert: Whoop, Whoop Terrain, terrain; pull up, pull up! or Whoop, Whoop Terrain ahead, pull up; terrain ahead, pull up! or Whoop, Whoop Obstacle, obstacle; pull up, pull up! 3. Reduced RTC or ITI Caution Alert: Caution, terrain; caution, terrain! or Terrain ahead; terrain ahead! or Caution, obstacle; caution, obstacle! 4. Premature Descent Caution Alert: Too low, terrain! ft Altitude Callout: Five Hundred 6. Excessive Descent Rate Caution Alert: Sink Rate! 7. Negative Climb Rate or Altitude Loss After Takeoff Caution Alert: Don t sink! or Too low, terrain! LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 2-11

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31 Chapter 3 Controls & Indicators Introduction This chapter describes the LandMark TAWS8000 controls and indicators including aural announcements. Lights & Switches The LandMark TAWS8000 requires, but does not include, a way to control and monitor system operation, whether it s through discrete lights and switches, or through EFIS controls and on-screen annunciators, or through a combination of both. Figure 3-1 and the following paragraphs describe one possible installation of lights and lighted pushbuttons. TERR PULL UP TERR DISP TERR SENSOR FAIL TERR TEST TERR INH PULL UP TERR NOT AVAIL OBST INH AUDIO INH Figure 3-1. Example of Discrete Lights & Switches Caution Alert Indicator Light This amber light is the visual part of the caution alert described on page 2-1. It turns on in response to the various alert conditions described on page 2-3. The light stays lit until the alert condition goes away. Warning Alert Indicator Light This red light is the visual part of the warning alert described on page 2-2. It turns on in LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 3-1

32 Lights & Switches Chapter 3 Controls & Indicators response to the various alert conditions described on page 2-3. The light stays lit until the alert condition goes away. SENSOR FAIL TERR NOT AVAIL Sensor Fail Indicator Light (optional) This amber light turns on when the LandMark TAWS8000 detects no input or an invalid input from an external sensor such as the GPS, ADC, Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS), synchro (XYZ) compass, or barometric altitude correction potentiometer, or loss of display range and control data from the optional EFIS/ radar display. This light also turns on when the squat switch is active (aircraft on ground) for more than a minute when aircraft speed exceeds 35 knots, or when the audio suppression input from the stall warning computer is active for more than a minute. While this light is lit and the TERR NOT AVAIL light is not lit, the LandMark TAWS8000 still issues terrain alerts and the 500 ft altitude callout, and attempts to display terrain on an optional display (except via the RGC350) if it has enough information and inputs to do so reliably. Once the sensor input becomes valid, the light turns off and the LandMark TAWS8000 returns to normal operation. This light is not lit when the TERR INH button is lit. Terrain Not Available Indicator Light This amber light turns on when the LandMark TAWS8000 can not calculate terrain alerts; for example, when the unit fails, or when any part of the search volume is not covered by the database, or when the GPS input is invalid or missing for more than 5 seconds. While this light is lit, the LandMark TAWS8000 does not issue any terrain alerts or the 500 ft altitude callout, but it still displays terrain on an optional terrain display (except via the RGC350) if terrain data is available. This light is not lit when the TERR INH button is lit. 3-2 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

33 Chapter 3 Controls & Indicators Lights & Switches TERR DISP If the light is lit due to equipment failure, the LandMark TAWS8000 does not display any terrain on an optional terrain display. The LandMark TAWS8000 can detect equipment failures during its continuous, power-on, and pilot-initiated self tests. The LandMark TAWS8000 interprets an unexpected system configuration change as an equipment failure. The LandMark TAWS8000 also interprets lack of power as an equipment failure. A powereddown optional terrain display is not considered an equipment failure. If the light is lit due to a lack of terrain data in the database for any part of the search volume, the LandMark TAWS8000 still displays terrain on an optional terrain display, but areas not covered are colored magenta. Once you cross over into an area covered by the installed database, the light turns off and the LandMark TAWS8000 returns to normal operation. Terrain Display Lighted Pushbutton (This button is only required if you have a terrain display.) In general, for basic installations, pressing this momentary button when the white light inside the button is not lit, turns on the light and causes the optional display to switch from its normal weather or flight information screen to the LandMark TAWS8000 terrain screen. Pressing the button when the light is lit turns off the light and removes the terrain screen from the display. How this button and light actually function in your specific installation, however, depends on many variables including the type and number of terrain displays installed, the type of interfaces used to connect them to the LandMark TAWS8000, and the way the displays are configured at installation and during operation. Refer to your flight manual supplement for a description of how the button and light function in your specific installation. LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 3-3

34 Lights & Switches Chapter 3 Controls & Indicators TERR TEST TERR INH OBST INH Terrain Test Lighted Pushbutton The light inside this pushbutton is optional. Pressing this momentary button when your aircraft is on the ground starts the pilot-initiated self test and turns on the optional white light inside the button. All the other LandMark lights also light up for a few seconds. If you have a terrain display, the terrain data is removed and replaced by a rainbow test pattern screen or the message TAWS TESTING. Pressing the button when your aircraft is in the air has no effect. (The pilot-initiated self test is inhibited during flight.) The optional light inside the button remains lit until the self test is completed. Terrain Inhibit Lighted Pushbutton Pressing this momentary button when the white light inside the button is not lit turns on the light and stops the LandMark TAWS8000 from issuing all terrain alerts and the 500 ft altitude callout. This means that the TERR and PULL UP indicator lights will not light, and no aural terrain alerts or the 500 ft altitude callout will be announced. Pressing this button does not stop the LandMark TAWS8000 from generating terrain display data; however, your optional terrain display may not display the terrain data after you press this button depending on how the system was installed in your aircraft. Refer to your Aircraft Flight Manual Supplement for information specific to your aircraft. The light inside the button remains lit until you press the button again to return to normal operation. At power up, the button is off. Obstacle Inhibit Lighted Pushbutton Pressing this momentary button when the white light inside the button is not lit turns on the light and stops the LandMark TAWS8000 from issuing terrain alerts caused by obstacles and the 500 ft altitude callout caused by obstacles, and stops the LandMark TAWS8000 from displaying obstacles on an optional terrain display. The light inside the button remains lit until you press the button again to return to normal operation. At power up, the button is off. (optional) 3-4 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

35 Chapter 3 Controls & Indicators Aural Announcements AUDIO INH Audio Inhibit Lighted Pushbutton (optional) Pressing this momentary button during an alert when the white light inside the button is not lit turns on the light and stops the LandMark TAWS8000 from announcing the current alert. When the alert condition goes away, or a new alert condition occurs, audio is automatically re-enabled and the light turns off. You can also re-enable audio by pressing the button while the light is lit. Pressing this button when there s no alert turns on the light but does not inhibit audio of a future alert. Pressing this button does not affect the 500 ft altitude callout. At power up, the button is off. Aural Announcements The TAWS8000 makes the following aural announcements in a female voice over the cockpit speakers and headphones: Terrain alerts (table 2-1) Note: all aural terrain alerts are suppressed during an aircraft stall if the stall warning unit is connected to the audio suppression input. 500 ft altitude callout: Five Hundred Processor software version, database coverage area, database effective date, and your altitude after the pilotinitiated self test, for example: LandMark software version one point zero, LandMark database North America, effective date January twenty five, two thousand one, M S L nine four eight Operational status after the above announcement after the pilot-initiated self test: LandMark System Test Passed or LandMark System Test Failed LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 3-5

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37 Chapter 4 Terrain Display Introduction As mentioned in chapter 1, the LandMark TAWS8000 can display terrain information on four types of displays: A compatible radar indicator via the RGC350 A compatible ARINC 453 radar indicator A compatible ARINC 453 EFIS display or i-linc MFD A compatible MFD via an RS232 interface This chapter describes the terrain screen on the first three display types. Refer to the MFD manuals for details on how the MFD displays LandMark TAWS8000 information. The terrain screen on the displays is in the heading-up orientation. If the LandMark TAWS8000 loses heading or heading is invalid, the terrain screen switches to track-up orientation. Compatible Radar Indicator Via the RGC350 Figures 4-1, 4-2, and the following paragraphs describe the terrain screen and the LandMark TAWS8000 messages displayed on the radar indicator via the RGC350. Check with your dealer or L-3 Avionics Systems for a list of radar indicators that are compatible with the RGC350. Own Aircraft This symbol represents your aircraft s relative position and heading. LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 4-1

38 RGC350 Terrain Display Chapter 4 Terrain Display Figure 4-1. Terrain Screen on a Radar Indicator Via the RGC350 Alert Symbols The yellow alert symbol appears over terrain associated with the highest priority caution alert. The red alert symbol appears over terrain associated with the highest priority warning alert. Obstacle This symbol represents a man-made obstruction that reaches more than 100 ft above the terrain. Examples from the FAA-supplied obstacle database include tall buildings and television towers. This symbol appears when your projected flight path falls within 2,000 ft above the obstacle s height during descent or level flight, and within 750 ft during ascent. Runway The white line, drawn to scale, represents a runway 2,000 ft or longer. The black area around the runway is a 1.2-mile-radius buffer zone that the LandMark TAWS8000 generates to make it easier to see the runway against the surrounding terrain. Any runway in the database within the current display range is displayed, regardless of your altitude or phase of flight. 4-2 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

39 Chapter 4 Terrain Display RGC Color Legend Upcoming terrain is 1,000 ft or more above you ft above you ft above you ft below you 501 1,000 ft below you 1,001 1,500 ft below you 1,501 2,000 ft below you 2,001 2,500 ft below you 2,501 3,000 ft below you more than 3,000 ft below you no terrain data available Figure 4-2. Color Legend for a Radar Indicator Via the RGC350 Range Rings The outer range ring represents a distance of 10 nmi from your aircraft. The inner range ring represents a distance of 5 nmi. The display range is fixed. LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 4-3

40 On-Screen Messages (RGC350) Chapter 4 Terrain Display Display Symbol Priority The following list ranks the priority of display symbols from highest to lowest. Higher priority display symbols overwrite lower priority symbols (figure 4-3). 1. Own Aircraft 2. Alert Symbols 3. Runways 4. Obstacles 5. Terrain Figure 4-3. Display Symbol Priority On-Screen Messages One of the following messages may appear on the screen in place of terrain data when the LandMark TAWS8000 is not in its normal operating state. TAWS DATA FAIL No LandMark TAWS data received or bad TAWS data checksum TAWS TESTING Waiting for the results of the pilotinitiated self test. TAWS DEGRADED A sensor failure has occured. TAWS FAIL LandMark TAWS8000 is unable to generate alerts. The following message may appear on the display along with terrain data: TRK UP If the LandMark TAWS8000 loses heading, or heading is invalid, the terrain screen switches from heading-up to track-up orientation. ARINC 453 Displays Figures 4-4 through 4-6 show the LandMark TAWS8000 terrain screen on compatible ARINC 453 displays. The display range set on the 453 display determines the display range of the terrain data up to and including the 20 nmi range. If you choose a display range on the 453 display greater than 20 nmi, terrain data is still only displayed out to 20 nmi. Refer to the documentation that came with your display for definitions of screen items that look different than those described for the RGC350 interface. The 4-4 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide

41 Chapter 4 Terrain Display 453 Radar Indicator & EFIS Display Figure 4-4. Terrain Screen on a Compatible ARINC 453 Radar Indicator Figure 4-5. Terrain Screen on a Compatible ARINC 453 EFIS (10 nmi display range shown) LandMark TAWS8000 also supports dual displays via one output in interleave mode with independent range selection. Check with L-3 Avionics Systems for a current list of compatible ARINC 453 displays. LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide 4-5

42 453 Color Legend Chapter 4 Terrain Display Upcoming terrain is 1,000 ft or more above you ft above you ft above you ft below you 501 1,000 ft below you 1,001 1,500 ft below you 1,501 2,000 ft below you 2,001 2,500 ft below you 2,501 3,000 ft below you more than 3,000 ft below you no terrain data available Figure 4-6. Color Legend for a 453 Radar Indicator/EFIS Display 4-6 LandMark TAWS8000 Pilot s Guide