10. Severe Local Storms (Thunderstorms)
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1 10. Severe Local Storms (Thunderstorms) Hail. Can be larger than softball (10 cm in diameter) Smaller damage ratios, but over large areas In USA causes more than $1 billion crop and property damage each year Lightning. Causes thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of injuries each year Occur with all thunderstorms Most frequent hazard, but least damaging to property In USA causes more than $1 billion in insured losses each year Tornadoes. Rarest of the severe weather hazards, but highest damage ratios Cause hundreds of deaths and thousands of injuries each year Can produce wind speeds in excess of 300 km/h Can be 2km wide and stay on the ground over 75 km Straight-line winds.. Can exceed 150 km/h Can cause destruction equal to a tornado, but has the largest footprint of severe weather hazards Are extremely dangerous to aviation
2 Where does severe weather occur?
3 Polar Jet Stream tornadoes, hail storms, lightning and straight line winds Equator ITCZ - lightning
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6 Severe Weather occurs along COLD fronts
7 Along the Cold front, cold, dry heavy air collides with warm, moist lighter air Lighter air rises rapidly (buoyancy force)
8 (~1hour)
9 Straight Line Winds Straight-line winds are any winds not associated with the rotation of a tornado. Straight line winds are responsible for most thunderstorm wind damage
10 Derecho courtesy of Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
11 4 July 1999 Damage
12 12.5 million trees blown down
13 Derecho Damage Characteristics Concentrated area of damage and/or wind gusts > 25 m/s (90 km/h) Major axis length > 200 km Organised pattern Minimum of 3 separated reports of damage or wind gusts > 33 m/s (120 km/h) Spatial and temporal continuity
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15 Driving through a Derecho
16 Microburst
17 Flying into a Microburst Dallas 1985 A pilot flying into a microburst must anticipate sudden and strong changes in wind direction and speed. Initially a headwind is encountered that lifts the plane, followed by a strong downdraft, and when leaving the storm a tailwind causes a loss of altitude.
18 0 o C Hail Hail Storms
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20 Hail Size Related to Updraft Intensity km/h.. Smallest hail 88 km/h.. Golf ball size 160 km/h. Softball size
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25 Agricultural Damage
26 Observed hail track from August 3, 2009 storm. Red=heaviest damage many trees down, all crops destroyed, severe tree stripping. Yellow = heavy hail damage -70% or more crop loss siding damage, windows broken, car damage.
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28 Northern India/Bangladesh Home to the largest hailstones in the world (2.25lbs) April 14, people died How costly can hailstorms really be?
29 Costliest natural disaster in Australia s history was a hailstorm April 14 th, ,000 tones of hailstones Total damage 3 billion dollars
30 In US hail storms are the #1 driver for insurance losses from severe weather
31 Lightning Production in Thunderstorms
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34 Lightning Rods & Fulgurite Metal rods that are grounded by wires provide a low resistance path for lightning into the earth, which is a poor conductor. Lightning reaches 30,000 degrees C!! Electric currents of 30,000 Amperes. The fusion of sand particles into root like tubes, called fulgurite, may result.
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40 USA 2015 Norway Reindeer killed
41 75% of lightning is within clouds Intracloud (IC) 25% of lightning is between cloud and ground (CG)
42 Lightning triggered by aircraft during takeoff
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44 Global Lightning Distribution
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46 Global tornado frequency Hot Spot of activity in the United States Mid-West In US tornadoes are #1 driver for loss of life in severe weather
47 How do we get tornadoes? Gust front-induced shelf and roll cloud
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52 Wall Cloud Rotation
53 Tornado
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56 Storm Chasers Twister
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59 Fujita Scale F0 <116 kph Gale F kph Severe F kph Moderate F kph Devastating F kph Significant F kph Incredible
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63 Is Climate Change impacting Severe Weather Frequency and Intensity? It is not clear how CC may impact Severe Weather Some modeling studies imply less thunderstorms, but more intense storms as the globe warms Warmer temperatures and more moisture in the atmosphere should result in stronger storms But changes in the jet stream, may shift storm patterns resulting in increases/decreases in different regions. It is likely that the severe weather season may shift or become longer due to warmer temperatures. Whatever happens with CC, growth in population makes countries ever more vulnerable to risks from severe weather.
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65 Homework Ablah E., et al., 2007: Regional health system response to the 2007 Greensburg, Kansas, EF5 Tornado, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1 (2),
HAZARDOUS WEATHER 1. Dr. Julie Laity Geography 266
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