Automatic weather station research by Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition in East Droning Maud Land, East Antarctica.

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1 Automatic weather station research by Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition in East Droning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Takao KAMEDA 1, Shuhei TAKAHASHI 1, Hiroyuki ENOMOTO 1 and Hideaki MOTOYAMA 2 1 Snow and Ice Research Laboratory, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 9-857, Japan. 2 National Institute of Polar Research, 9-1 Kaga 1-chome, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo , Japan contact to : kameda@mail.kitami-it.ac.jp

2 Outline 1. Automatic Weather Stations by Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) J-type AWS Argos AWS (Cooperative work with Prof. C. Stearns, Dr. G. Weidner and Dr. M. Lazzara, University of Wisconsin) 2. Locations of AWS and the data condition by AWS 3. Data quality issues 4. Future plan 5. Conclusions

3 Self introduction Takao KAMEDA, Dr. Sc. (45) Kitami Major: Antarctic glaciology (surface mass balance, snow crystals, and Tokyo ice core analyses), Solar eclipse Meteorology, AWS Associate professor in Kitami Institute of Technology (KIT). KIT is located in Kitami, Hokkaido. KIT is the most northern national university in Japan (44 N). Teaching in KIT: Earth science and classical physics. Family: wife and a kid

Automatic Weather Stations by JARE Two types of AWS have been used: Data logger type (J-type) prepared by our Kitami Institute of Technology (KIT) group,

4 Automatic Weather Stations by JARE Two types of AWS have been used: Data logger type (J-type) prepared by our Kitami Institute of Technology (KIT) group, Japan ( ) Elements: Temp, Ws, Wd Time interval: 1 hour Argos type prepared by UW, USA ( ) Elements: Temp, P, Ws, Wd, Time interval: 1 minutes

5 J-type AWS Aerovene by R.M.Young, USA In snow Radiation shield by Makino Applied Meteorology, Japan I brought catalogue of this logger here, but.. Data logger made by NorthONE Co. Ltd., Japan ( KADEC series ). This logger works under -7 C condition with extra batteries (Latium batteries)

6 Catalogue of KADEC data logger I brought 3 copies of this catalogue with me, but 29 copies are in my checked baggage that is now Madison airport or Chicago airport.

7 Radiation shield made by Makino Applied Meteorology, Japan Bottom view (double wall with anti-reflected plate) (b) PT1 22cm (a) 13.8cm 1.7cm 13.8cm

8 Fan-aspirated radiation shield (solar battery type) made by Davis Instruments (Hayward, CA, USA) This shield was installed at week wind sites as Dome Fuji (inland) and S16 (coast). Problems: Battery and frost Frost at the bottom (Dome Fuji)

Locations of AWS installed by JARE (1993-28)

9 Locations of AWS installed by JARE ( ) Syowa Dome Fuji J-type AWS Argos AWS (UW-Madison)

10 Data list by J-type AWS ( ) and future plan At present, we have only continued J-type AWS at Dome Fuji and Middle Point, inland area; Ta, Ws and Wd.

11 Data list by Argos type AWS ( ) and future plan 7 % At present, two Argos AWS in East Dronning Maud Land 5% - 7% 5% (Mizuho Site name and LatitudeJASE27) Method Elements have been transmitting Data condition the data; Ta, [m] Longtitude P, Mizuho Ws and 7 42'"S Wd, ARGOS but the Ta data from Mizuho seems has some [225m] 44 17'21"E Ws problems. Wd P Relay Station 74 '29"S, ARGOS Ta (MD364) 42 59'48"E Ws [3353m] Wd P Dome Fuji 77 19'1"S ARGOS Ta (MD733) 39 42'12"E Ws [381m] Wd P No.1 No.2 No.3 JASE '17"S ARGOS Ta [3661m] 25 5'1"E Ws Wd P In 27/8 summer season, we success installation of Argos AWS at JASE27. We tried to reboot Argos AWS at Dome Fuji by changing output frequency and Argos AWS at Relay Station by replacing electronics box, but we can not reboot these AWS. Next chance is 29/1 season due to our icebreaker problem.

named from Japanese emperor s era, and Shirase was named after the first

12 Syowa Station and icebreaker Shirase Japanese main base, Established in 1957 on East Ongle island Summer: 6 persons Winter: 3 persons Syowa was named from Japanese emperor s era, and Shirase was named after the first Japanese Antarctic explorer, Nobu Shirase ( , Antarctic expedition ).

13 S16, departing site for inland traverse J-type AWS

14 S16, departing site for inland traverse NHK

15 Inland traverse party to Dome Fuji NHK

Mizuho Station, 25km from S16 Japanese first inland base Established in 1972, now closed Facility: small buildings in snow 3m tower Met stations by Air temperature ( o C) -1-2 -3-4 -5-6 -7-8 -9

16 Mizuho Station, 25km from S16 Japanese first inland base Established in 1972, now closed Facility: small buildings in snow 3m tower Met stations by Air temperature ( o C) November 1995 J-type and Argos AWS 14 years results by J-type AWS. Data logger have been replaced at every year Data missing by stopping the logger, probably caused by discharge of batteries.

17 Comparison of air temperatures by J-type AWS and Argos AWS at Mizuho Station Air temperature ( o C) J-type AWS, 14 years data Argos-AWS contains a lot of spike data ( noise like data ). We must delete these data. How? What is the definition of noise like data? Argos-AWS, 8years data 1/1 2 12/31 112/31 212/31 312/31 412/3 512/3 6 12/3 7 12/38

18 8 Ws by J-type AWS, 1 hour interval, each 1 minutes average Wind speed (m/s) Wind speed (m/s) Ws by Argos-AWS, 1 minutes interval /1 1/1 1/1 12/3 1 12/3 1 12/3 1 12/3 1 12/3 12/3 12/3 12/3 12/2 9 12/2 9 12/2 9 12/2 9

19 J-type and Argos AWS at Mizuho Station Jan. 23 (photo taken by Dr. K. Fujita) Jan. 25 (photo taken by Dr. K. Goto-Azuma)

20 Relay Point (Relay Station, MD364), 6km from S16 Argos AWS point Established in 1993 Replacement of electronics box and batteries in 27. However, the data are not transmitted. Air temperature ( o C) Air temperature at Relay Station (8912) 1995/1/1-25/1/1 Data missing

21 Comparison of air temperatures by J-type AWS and Argos AWS at Relay Point Air temperature ( ) Both data look similar, but some differences exist. J-type AWS Air temperature ( o C) Argos (8918) Data Missing

Argos, replacement of electronics box and batteries in

22 Operations at Relay Point in 27 season 1. J-type, data collecting and finish observation 2. Argos, replacement of electronics box and batteries in order to reboot the Argos system 3. Results no transmission Replacement of batteries

23 Dome Fuji Station, about 1 km from S16 Japanese second inland base Established in 1995, now closed Facility: buildings in snow deep ice coring facility (253m in 1996 and 33 m in 27) 1m tower Met stations by J-type and Argos AWS

24 Deep ice core drilling (1) Winch with 34m cable drill pit (1m)

25 Air temperature at Dome Fuji by J-type AWS ( ) Data missing Air temperature ( o C)

26 Air temperature by Argos-AWS at Dome Fuji (894) ( ) This graphs was made by deleting noise like data. The criteria is temperature difference ( T) within 1 minutes is lager than 5 K. Are there any standard methods for deleting the noise like data? Air temperature ( ) Data missing Data missing /1 1/1 12/31 12/31 12/31 12/31 12/3 12/3 12/3 12/3 12/29 12/29 12/29 No.1 No.2 No.3

Argos, move to 2 m site from the station buildings and adjustment of

27 Operations at Dome Fuji in 27 season 1. J-type, data collecting and continue observation 2. Argos, move to 2 m site from the station buildings and adjustment of transmission frequency by rotating small hole without any instruments. 3. Results no transmission J-type AWS at Dome Fuji

28 Argos 894 at Dome Fuji Station Feb setup (No.1) Dec. 27 (No.3) Frequency adjustment Move to 2m site from buildings After frequency adjustment, no transmission of the data (Dec. 27)

29 Operations at JASE Installation of Argos 335 in December 27 JASE: The Japanese-Swedish Antarctic Expedition in Success of transmission Air temperature from Jan. to Mar. 28 at JASE27 by Argos # Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 28

30 Data acquisition rate by Argos-AWS (UW-Madison) Percentage (%) Acquisition rate of temperature (%) from Jan to Mar. 28 by Argos #894 at Dome Fuji Percentage (%) Acquisition rate of temperature (%) from Jan to Mar. 28 by Argos #8918 at Relay Station Percentage (%) Acquisition rate of temperature (%) from Oct. 2 to Mar. 28 by Argos #21359 at Mizuho Station Percentage (%) Acquisition rate of temperature (%) from Jan. to Mar. 28 by Argos #335 at JASE

31 Problems in AWS data 1. Data quality Data lacking and noise like data containing (Argos). Air temperature at Dome Fuji Air temperature ( ) /1 4/3 4/5 4/7 4/9 4/11 4/13 4/15 26 Warming of shelter caused by weak wind condition -2 (J-type shield) -25 ature ( ) Air temper

32 Warming of shield by weak wind and strong solar radiation condition in J-type AWS Artificial warming of shelter is seen in J- type AWS at Dome Fuji when wind speed become less than 1.9 m/s. Air temperature ( ) Caused by Warming of the shield Wind speed (m/s) /8 2/9 2/1 2/11 2/12 2/13 2/14 2/15

33 Quality checking for Argos-AWS data (JASE27, Argos # 335) Air temperature from Jan. to Mar. 28 at JASE27 by Argos # Deleting the data by temperature difference ( T) within 1min: T > 5K Are there any standard methods for deleting the noise like data in Argos temp. data? Jan. Air temperature Feb. from Jan. to Mar. Mar. 28 Apr. at JASE27 by Argos # Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 28

34 Surface hoar on Argos AWS at Dome Fuji in winter season We have tested anti-icing paint, on J-type AWS, but it does not work so good. Any there any good methods?

35 Future Plan 1. J-Type AWS Continuing at Dome Fuji (Ta, Ws and Wd) and Middle Point (Ts, Ws and Wd) 2. Argos AWS Continuing at Mizuho and JASE27 We hope replacements of Dome Fuji (894) and Relay Station (8918) in 29/1 summer season. It is necessary to send two AWS units to Tokyo by the middle of September 29.

36 Conclusions 1. We have obtained AWS data at six sites (S16, H21, Mizuho, MD18, Relay Point, MD55 and Dome Fuji; Ta, Ws and Wd) by J-type AWS since Some data were missing and some data contained artificial warming when wind is less than 1.9m/s. 2. We have obtained AWS data at four sites (Mizuho, Relay Station, Dome Fuji and JASE 27; Ta, P, Ws and Wd) by Argos-AWS since Some data were missing and some noise like data contained. 3. Quality checking of the AWS data must be done before using the data. Are there any standard methods for checking and correcting the Argos-AWS data? What is the effective method for surface frost on the aerovene? 4. In 29/1 summer season, we would like to install two AWS units at Dome Fuji and Relay Station.

37 Publications on AWS by JARE Takahashi, S., T. Kameda, H. Enomoto, H. Motoyama and O. Watanabe (24): Automatic Weather Station (AWS) data collected by the 33rd to 42nd Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions during JARE Data Reports, 276 (Meteorology 36), National Institute of Polar Research, 416p. Enomoto, H., H. Motoyama, T. Shiraiwa, T. Saito, T. Kameda, T. Furukawa, S. Takahashi, Y. Kodama and O. Watanabe (1998): Winter warming over Dome Fuji, East Antarctica and Semiannual oscillation in the atmospheric circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 13(D18), Takahashi, S., T. Kameda, H. Enomoto, T. Shiraiwa, Y. Kodama, S. Fujita, H. Motoyama, O. Watanabe, G. A. Weidner and C. R. Stearns (1998): Automatic weather station program during Dome Fuji Project by JARE in East Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology, 27, Kameda, T., S. Takahashi, H. Enomoto, N. Azuma, T. Shiraiwa, Y. Kodama, T. Furukawa, O. Watanabe, G. A. Weidner and C. R. Stearns (1997): Meteorological observations along a traverse route from coast to Dome Fuji Station, Antarctica, recorded by Automatic Weather Stations in Proc. NIPR Symp. Polar Meteorol. Glaciol., 11, 35-5.

38 Name and position of Argos-AWS installed by JARE

39 J-type (logger type) AWS by JARE

40 Argos-AWS (UW-Madison) installed by JARE Dome Fuji (894) Feb JASE 27 (335) Dec. 27 Mizuho (21359) Jan. 23 Relay Station (8918) Jan. 1995

Antarctic Automatic Weather Station Data for the calendar year 2000

Antarctic Automatic Weather Station Data for the calendar year 2000 by Linda M. Keller George A. Weidner Charles R. Stearns Matthew T. Whittaker Robert E. Holmes Matthew A. Lazzara Space Science and Engineering