Cascading Outages in Power Systems. Rui Yao
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1 Cascading Outages in Power Systems Rui Yao
2 Outline Understanding cascading outages Characteristics of cascading outages Mitigation of cascading outages
3 Understanding cascading outages Definition (by IEEE [1] ) A sequence of events in which an initial disturbance, or set of disturbances, triggers a sequence of one or more dependent component outages Synonym: cascading failures Cascading outages can lead to blackouts. [1] IEEE PES CAMS Task Force on Cascading Failures. "Risk assessment of cascading outages: Methodologies and challenges." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 27, no. 2 (2012): 631.
4 Some historical blackouts worldwide Date Location Load loss (MW) Northeast US ~ New York ~ Western US Western US Northeast US & Canada Western Europe ~ India ~ India ~ South Australia 1895
5 Related entities Reliability coordinators and controlling areas
6 Before cascading outage Hot day, but in normal temperature range Low wind High air-conditioning demand System within limits prior to 3:05pm on both actual and contingency basis August Temperatures in 2003 Akron-Cleveland load area
7 12:15-14:14 EDT: Normal afternoon degrades 12:15-16:04 EDT: MISO s state estimator error Line outages not updated, causing estimator mismatch with physical system Cyber system (brain) communication Physical system (body) 13:30 EDT: Eastlake 5 generator out Cleveland-Akron area lost an important source
8 14:14-15:59 EDT: FE s computer system failure 14:14 FE alarm and logging software failed. 14:20 Several FE remote EMS consoles failed. 14:27 Star-South Canton 345-kV line tripped and reclosed. The event was not recorded by FE. 14:41 The primary FE control system server hosting the alarm function failed. 14:54 The FE back-up computer failed. FE and other operators in MISO and PJM area has lost full situational awareness
9 15:05-15:57 EDT: Three FE s 345kV lines outage 15:05 Harding-Chamberlin 345-kV line. 15:32 Hanna-Juniper 345-kV line. 15:41 Star-South Canton 345-kV. Caused by tree contact Often occurs in hot, low-wind weather Power flow redistribution in FE area Voltage began to fall in FE area
10 15:39-16:08 EDT: FE s 138 kv system collapse Caused by outages of 345 kv lines and voltage dip 16 lines tripped Voltage continued falling in Cleveland-Akron area FE was not equipped with automatic load shedding Line loading during 138 kv system outages Bus voltages
11 Cascading outages in 345 kv system Zone 3 relay actions without short-circuit faults Lines tripped by Zone 3 relay Low voltage contributed to the trigger of Zone 3 relays
12 Outages in 345 kv system & Zone 3 relay action What is zone 3 relay? How does it work? X Zone 3 ~ Zone 2 V, I Zone 1 R Measure voltage and current, Calculate impedance Z V I
13 Outages in 345 kv system & Zone 3 relay action Why does voltage drop?
14 16:10-16:13 EDT: Fast, wide-spread cascades Large numbers of lines and generators tripped. Frequent protection actions (large disturbance) Large generator swing Oscillation Large frequency deviation
15 16:10-16:13 EDT: Fast, wide-spread cascades System separate and blackout 16:05:57 16:05:58 16:09:25 16:10:37 16:10:39 16:10:40 16:10:41 16:10:44 16:10:45 16:13:00
16 Line outage, generator trip and load loss
17 Lessons learned from Aug. 14, 2003 cascading outages & blackout Robustness of cyber system Extreme weather Hidden problems in protections Emergency load shedding Voltage / reactive power support
18 Sept South Australia Blackout Ref: Final report by Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO)
19 Pre-event status Wind farms Traditional generators Murray HVDC 114MW Heywood AC 499MW
20 Pre-event status ~50% wind generation ~30% electricity import Only ~20% local traditional generation Generation mix before events Traditional Renewable Inertia Larger Smaller Controllability High Lower Ride-through More resilient More vulnerable Traditional vs. Renewable generation
21 16:16:46-16:18:13 Weather-caused multiple line faults Lightning and tornadoes observed Line damage found
22 16:18:09-16:18:15 Wind farms quit Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) LVRT of single fault LVRT of repeated faults AEMO wasn t aware! Lost 456MW wind generation Compensated by import
23 16:18:15.8 Lost of Heywood AC interconnection Voltage drop & angle divergence Loss-of-synchronization protection
24 16:18: :18:16 System collapse Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) very high Under-Frequency Load Shedding cannot restore frequency
25 Lessons learned from South Australia cascading outages & blackout Extreme weather Fault ride-through capability of renewable energy sources Incompatibility of UFLS with high RoCoF Local voltage / reactive power support Voltage / frequency support from renewable sources
26 Characteristics of cascading outages Dependency. Previous events will trigger or contribute to upcoming ones Stages (underlying timescales) Uncertainty Various processes (e.g. tree contact, improper relay settings, etc.) are regarded as uncertain factors
27 Characteristics of cascading outages Complexity Load Weather Cascading outages Renewable energy Cyber system Protection Stability
28 Mitigation of cascading outages The more-accurate and the earlier to take correct actions, the more abundant time and the less cost is needed The 2003 blackout could have been prevented if only 1500 MW load was shed before 16:05 EDT.
29 Mitigation of cascading outages General philosophy Offline study (prepared scenarios): pre-generate strategies Online actions (prepared & unprepared scenarios): Protection Re-dispatch Load shedding (UFLS, UVLS) Controlled islanding Restoration
30 References Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada. US-Canada Power System Outage Task Force, Apr Black system South Australia 28 September 2016 final report. Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO), Mar IEEE PES CAMS Task Force on Understanding, Prediction, Mitigation and Restoration of Cascading Failures, "Risk Assessment of Cascading Outages: Methodologies and Challenges," IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 27, pp , R. Yao, S. Huang, K. Sun, F. Liu, X. Zhang, and S. Mei, A Multi-timescale Quasi-Dynamic Model for Simulation of Cascading Outages, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 31(4), pp , R. Yao, S. Huang, K. Sun, F. Liu, X. Zhang, and S. Mei, W. Wei, L. Ding. Risk Assessment of Multitimescale Cascading Outages based on Markovian Tree Search. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. In press. K. Sun, D. Zheng, and Q. Lu, Splitting strategies for islanding operation of large-scale power systems using OBDD-based methods," IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol.18, May 2003.
31 Questions (1) What kinds of stability problems occurred in (1) Aug. 14, 2003 US & Canada blackout and (2) Sept. 28, 2016 South Australia blackout? (Maybe more than one is correct) A) Voltage stability B) Angle stability C) Frequency stability Which condition is most likely to trigger Zone 3 relay? A) High voltage, high current B) High voltage, low current C) Low voltage, high current D) Low voltage, low current
32 Questions (2) In what weather condition is line-tree contact most probable? A) Thunderstorm B) Hot, calm wind C) Fog D) Cold, rainy Which one is for preventing excessive frequency drop? A) Loss-of-synchronous relay B) Exciter C) Zone 3 relay D) UFLS
33 Additional Study Questions Know more about historical cascading outages and blackouts: Aug. 10, 1996, WECC Jul. 30 & 31, 2012, India Sept. 8, 2011, California & Arizona Why are the developing speeds of cascading outages so different in different stages? Please list some techniques that can improve the situational awareness of power systems.
34 Thank you! Rui Yao
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