Use of radar to detect weather

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1 2 April 2007 Welcome to the RAP Advisory Panel Meeting Use of radar to detect weather G. Brant Foote Brant Director Foote Rita Roberts Roelof Bruintjes Research Applications Program

2 Radar principles Radio wave energy is transmitted......and scattered back

3 Targets Ground Targets Clouds Precipitation particles Insects Planes Smoke Strong gradients in temperature/moisture

4 Radar equation Radar Reflectivity Power received at radar Radar Properties Range of target Diameter of spherical targets Radar is a quantitative tool. It MUST accurately measure the quantities in the radar equation.

5 For example, for rainfall: Rainfall rate = (Z / a) 1/b Requires well trained and motivated technicians and engineers

6 Doppler radar Measures motion of the targets toward or away from the radar

7 Weather radar applications Rainfall estimation Flash flood warnings Severe storm warnings: hail, tornadoes, high winds, heavy rain, lightning Aviation weather: windshear, wind shifts, thunderstorms, turbulence Thunderstorm nowcasting Winter storms Research

8 Convergence features in the clear air Gust fronts Horizontal Rolls Gravity waves Moisture boundaries or dry lines

9 Reflectivity thin lines Gust fronts Arc of blowing dust

10 Radar detects: Organized boundary layer lines of updrafts in the clear air Secondary Dry Lines Cold Front Dry Line As well as precipitation Gravity Waves

11 Movie Loop Showing Cold Front, Gravity Wave and Dry Line Interactions International H 2 0 Water Vapor Project (IHOP) May 11, 2002

12 Wind fields retrieved from single Doppler radar Single- Doppler retrieval of winds and buoyancy Sun and Crook 2001, Wea & Forecasting

13 Strong, potentially damaging, thunderstorm outflows of small spatial and temporal scales Microbursts (aviation safety)

14 Evolution of a microburst on Doppler radar 16:43 16:46 16:48 16:50 16:41 Radial Velocity Total duration: 10 minutes

15 Hailstorms

16 WSR-88D Hail Algorithms Probability of Hail (POH) Probability of Severe Hail (POSH) Hail Size Storm Top Divergence

17 Squall Lines Reflectivity Radial Velocity

18 Supercell Storms Reflectivity Radial Velocity Mesocyclone Mesocyclone

19 Tornado (3 May 99 OKC) Reflectivity Courtesy Don Burgess

20 Tornado (3 May 99 OKC) RadialVelocity Courtesy Don Burgess

21 Rainfall estimation Courtesy Ed Brandes

22 Monthly rainfall for February 1997 Radar Rain gauges (3,494 gauges used) mm Courtesy Clive Pierce

23 Radar mosaic of rain accumulation South Africa Courtesy Pieter Visser

24 Polarimetric Radar Conventional radar - horizontal polarization Polarimetric radar - polarization agility (Graphic courtesy of Terry Schuur, NSSL) Courtesy Tom Keenan

25 Nowcasting 2-h ahead - Echo motion extrapolation - Regions of growth and initiation - Storm dissipation

26 Just having a radar is not sufficient to have these capabilities Must have consistent commitment to a dedicated well trained staff of radar engineers and meteorologists A helpful team attitude where everyone works together!

27 West African Radars Burkina Faso Mali Niger Senegal

28 Burkina Faso infrastructure Radar installations in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso

29 Mali infrastructure Bamako

30 Weather radar and project locations Radar locations Burkina Faso, Mali (currently operational radars) and potential Senegal and Niger radar locations (not fully operational as yet).

31 Real-time data Bamako, Mali rdata/images/bamakodbz/cp_bamakodbz_bamako_ png Convective line of storms approaching Bamako Reflectivity Radial Velocity

32 Current West Africa activities Conducted calibrations of radars and upgraded software Networked the Burkina Faso radars (see demonstration this afternoon) Quality control of data Network Mali and Burkina Faso radars Stream data to UNIDATA and provide UNIDATA products for West African countries

33 Proposed future activities Enhance network by including all West Africa radars starting with Burkina Faso and Mali and including the Senegal and potentially upgraded Niger radars. Propose to upgrade the two C-band weather radars by providing a new digital receivers with Doppler capability and enhanced sensitivity. Education and training (3 people from Burkina Faso and two from Mali visited NCAR for training in October 2006). Current SAHEL 2007 Workshop to share experiences and enhance future collaborations, and to provide for sustaining current infrastructure

34 Training Five people from Burkina Faso and Mali were trained in radar software and radar principles 23 Oct to 8 November 2006 at NCAR Oct and 6-8 Nov with Unidata Attended Unidata workshops Possible future training: Integration of radars with other sensors Radar for different applications: Assessment of rainfall enhancement programs Weather forecasting and nowcasting Aviation weather Water resources management Agriculture

35 Thank you

36 Additional Material Material added dealing with wind shear and microbursts

37 Aviation weather Weather is a contributing or causal factor in 90% of General Aviation accidents 25% of commercial aircraft accidents Causes 75% of the airline delays Costs the airlines in the U.S. some $6B annually due to efficiency losses The industry could use better decision aids Development of Decision Support Systems

38 The microburst Strong divergent low-level winds associated with intense, smallscale downdrafts from cumulonimbi

39 Microburst windshear Why is it important? JFK 1975, New York JFK 1982 New Orleans New Orleans 1983 Air Force One with Pres. Reagan, 110 knot wind within a few minutes of landing 1985 Dallas/Ft Worth 1994 Charlotte Dallas/Ft Worth Charlotte

40 Example of a microburst event Denver, Colorado USA

41 Aircraft response to microburst wind shear

42 Basic microburst structure Water loading Sub-cloud evaporation Divergence region This is the area declared as windshear. It is always an airspeed loss no matter the aircraft flight direction.

43 LLWAS display example Alphanumeric Alarm Display Runway ID Alert Type Intensity Location Used by the final (tower) controllers to alert pilots of aircraft approaching and departing. All alerts are calculated as headwind changes. Example of a concise, integrated product tailored to specific needs of the user

44 An integrated system using Doppler radar and anemometers Graphical Situation Display Alphanumeric Alarm Display Used by: Supervisors/Managers Controllers

45 U.S. fatalities associated with aviation wind shear accidents Number of Fatalities '65-'69 '70-'74 '75-'79 '80-'84 '85-'89 '90-'94 '95-'99 Year of Accident Basically a solved problem Warning systems implemented in the US but in only a handful of foreign countries (LLWAS and Terminal Doppler Wx Radar) 0

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