RPSEA Hi-Res Environmental Data for Enhanced UDW Operations Safety (S&ES)

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1 RPSEA Hi-Res Environmental Data for Enhanced UDW Operations Safety (S&ES) Task 5: Bottom Current Measurements and Modeling Final Presentation Steve Morey, Dmitry Dukhovskoy, Eric Chassignet Florida State University Center for Ocean Atmospheric Prediction Studies Grant Stuart FUGRO GEOS

2 RPSEA - Hi-Res Environmental Data for Enhanced UDW Operations Safety Task 5: Measurement and Modeling of Near-Bottom Currents Objectives: Measure currents near the seafloor at three location within a 10km region in deep water region with complex bathymetry. Develop a high-resolution model of the region to aid in analysis and interpretation of the measurements, specifically focusing on: Response to any energetic surface forcing Characterization of the impacts of complex bathymetry. The region to the north of, and including, the BP Holstein platform was selected for study, as prior episodes of energetic near-bottom currents have been measured following hurricanes, and the bathymetry has a pronounced dome and basin characteristic of many features of the Central Slope. Location of the Holstein Mooring in approximately 1350m depth, with surrounding salt domes and basins having relief scales O( m). Observed speed in the lower water column near the time of Hurricane Katrina (29 Aug 2005). Maximum near-bottom speeds exceed 30 cm/s.

3 ADCPs were deployed to measure near-bottom currents at three locations to the north of Holstein for one year (26 May May 2015). A high-resolution 3-dimensional model simulation was run for the time period. Model Domain. Region inside the white box has 250m resolution. Location of the moorings (blue diamonds) in relation to the location of the Holstein measurements (pink circle).

4 Winds during the Study Period No tropical cyclones during the study period. Typical fall-spring cold fronts.

5 Loop Current and Eddies during the Study Period

6 Conceptual mooring design for Deployments 1 and 2 300kHZ RDI Workhorse ADCP configuration: Ensemble interval: 20minutes Cell depth size: 2m Number of depth cells: 45 First cell range: 3.44m Last cell range: 91.44m Moorings were serviced every four months. The first two deployments had downward-looking ADCPs at ~70mab, then lowered to ~50mab. The third deployment was a short upwardlooking ADCP. ADCP data were quality controlled by FUGRO and supplied to FSU for analysis. Data were also obtained from the NDBC for the Holstein location. (The lower ADCP at Holstein is an upward-looking 150kHz long-ranger ADCP. Cell size is 20m. Near-bottom blanking distance is ~30m.)

7 Data Return from Three Mooring Designs Deployment 1: Downward-looking ADCP at ~70mab Poor data retrieval below 30-40mab Deployment 2: Downward-looking ADCP lowered to ~50mab Better data retrieval down to mab 38mab Deployment 3: Upward-looking ADCP Good data retrieval beginning 10-12mab to ~40-50mab Nearly complete data return at 38mab

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15 Influence of a bottom boundary layer N

16 N Evidence of enhanced nearinertial oscillations at the bottom at the S1 location (top of the pinnacle). Harmonic analysis yields amplitudes of ~1-2 cm/s for dominant diurnal tidal constituents (O1, K1) and less than 1 cm/s for M2.

17 Numerical Model

18 NGDC 3 arcsec (~90m) central Gulf of Mexico coastal relief data smoothed with a 25-pt box filter (smoothing length scale ~450m or approx. 2dx) Interpolated to 250m grid (at latitude of Holstein) over ~100km x 100km area centered on Holstein Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) Vanishing Quasi-Sigma (VQS) Vertical Grid Outside this area, grid is stretched at 3% ratio over 47 grid points, to dx ~=1 km. Total width of this zone is km. (Total domain size is 152km x 153 km.) Relaxation Zone Distance offset between reported mooring location and nearest grid point centers are between 60 and 93m. Differences in reported mooring depths vs. nearest model grid point depths are between 0 and 12m, or less than 1% of the total water column depth. Relaxation Zone

19 VQS vertical grid NCOM vertical grid 100 vertical grid cells (max) Bottom cell thickness between 2 and ~3.5m + + +

20 Nesting NCOM nested in HYCOM (32.5 data assimilative, NAVGEM-forced, tide-simulating) using incremental updating to interpolated u/v/t/s fields with spatially-dependent relaxation time scales for u/v and T/S (Morey and Dukhovskoy, Ocean Modeling, 2013). Λ n+1 = Λ n + 2 t + 1 τ Λ analysis Λ n Relaxation near the boundaries provides incoming signals and dampens shortwave reflection. Relaxation over the main thermocline assimilates mesoscale features from the outer model. T/S relaxation in interior Relaxation Zone 30-day relaxation time scale at 1000m Relaxation Zone

21 Animation of SSH from the outer HYCOM model and the nested NCOM model

22 Comparison of Model Currents Mean and Standard Deviation with Observations Observations NCOM Similar mean direction. Magnitude of mean currents biased approximately 5-6 cm/s high. Similar magnitude and orientation of variability.

23 OBS MODEL (de-biased) OBS MODEL (de-biased) OBS MODEL (de-biased)

24 OBS MODEL (de-biased) OBS MODEL (de-biased) OBS MODEL (de-biased)

25 OBS MODEL (de-biased) OBS MODEL (de-biased) OBS MODEL (de-biased)

26 OBS MODEL (de-biased) OBS MODEL (de-biased) OBS MODEL (de-biased)

27 Spectral Characteristics of Observed and Modeled Currents

28 Wavelet analysis of observations S1, 38 mab Enhanced power near the inertial period at S1 S2, 38 mab 42370, ~38 mab S3, 38 mab Wavelet power spectrum for the current velocity component projected on the axis of the maximum variability at S1, S2, S3, and Holstein (38 mab). The power is normalized by 1/ 2. The horizontal axis is time, the vertical axis is time period (wavelet scale).

29 Wavelet analysis of simulation S1, 38 mab Enhanced power near the inertial period at S1 also evident in the model S2, 38 mab 42370, ~38 mab S3, 38 mab Wavelet power spectrum for the current velocity component projected on the axis of the maximum variability at S1, S2, S3, and Holstein (38 mab). The power is normalized by 1/ 2. The horizontal axis is time, the vertical axis is time period (wavelet scale).

30 S1, 38 mab Wavelet analysis of observations Local inertial period S2, 38 mab 42370, ~38 mab S3, 38 mab The global wavelet power spectrum for the current velocity component projected on the axis of the maximum variability at S1, S2, S3, Holstein 38 mab. The power is normalized by 1/ 2. The horizontal axis is time period (hours) on the log-10 scale. The grey line is the 95% confidence level for the wavelet spectrum. The red dashed line indicate local inertial period.

31 S1, 38 mab Wavelet analysis of simulation S2, 38 mab 42370, ~38 mab S3, 38 mab The global wavelet power spectrum for the current velocity component projected on the axis of the maximum variability at S1, S2, S3, Holstein 38 mab. The power is normalized by 1/ 2. The horizontal axis is time period (hours) on the log-10 scale. The grey line is the 95% confidence level for the wavelet spectrum. The red dashed line indicates the local inertial period.

32 Rotary current spectra for currents measured at 38 mab S1, 38 mab S3, 38 mab S2, 38 mab 42370, ~38 mab

33 Rotary current spectra for currents at 38 mab from the NCOM simulation S1, 38 mab S3, 38 mab S2, 38 mab 42370, ~38 mab

34 Negative rotary power spectral density at the near-inertial peak as a function of depth at the sites from NCOM Rotary coefficient as a function of depth for currents in the near-inertial frequency band Rotary coefficient = -1 Circular clockwise rotation. Enhancement of inertial energy near the bottom at S1.

35 Negative rotary power spectral density at the near-inertial peak as a function of depth at the sites from NCOM Rotary coefficient as a function of depth for currents in the near-inertial frequency band Is the sharp decline of nearinertial clockwise rotation below 1000m a consequence of interference of topography, or ocean stratification? Rotary coefficient from the observed near-bottom currents

36 Negative rotary power spectral density at the near-inertial peak as a function of depth at the sites from NCOM Rotary coefficient as a function of depth for currents in the near-inertial frequency band Slower departure from strong clockwise rotating inertial currents with depth at a nearby deep water location with locally smooth topography.

37 Analysis of Strong Currents

38 Animation of 30mab currents (left) and cross-section of velocity across the S1-S3 mooring line (right). (!!!movie removed too large for SharePoint upload!!!) S1 38mab currents S2 38mab currents Observations Model

39 Eastward currents associated with the periphery of an anticyclone (elongated Loop Current) are coherent from the surface to >1000m. These eastward currents impinge upon the pinnacle (S1 mooring), creating an unstable flow in the wake. Small-scale (<5km) near-bottom eddies interact with the cyclonic flow in the basin to the east, causing bursts of intense flows at the S2 location.

40 Animation of 30mab currents (left) and cross-section of velocity across the S1-S3 mooring line (right) (!!!movie removed too large for SharePoint upload!!!) S1 38mab currents S2 38mab currents Observations Model

41 Westward and southward currents associated with the periphery of an upper ocean cyclone enhance the deep quasi-persistent cyclonic feature, with pulses of energy near the bottom originating from the northern rim of the basin. These pulses of energy circulate with the deep cyclonic flow intermittently impinging on the mooring locations.

42 30mab Eddy Kinetic Energy Animation (!!!movie removed too large for SharePoint upload!!!) An animation of near-bottom Eddy Kinetic Energy shows pulses of energy in the turbulent wake of the S1 pinnacle impacting the S2 site and traveling southeastward down the slope.

43 1050m Eddy Kinetic Energy Animation At a level just above the pinnacle (1050m), these bursts of energy appear to dissipate in the wake of S1, creating a shadow zone. Thus, these energetic features are actually descending the western slope of the basin.

44 1050m and 30mab Model Mean Velocity Near-bottom mean velocity (right) is strongly topographically constrained compared to the 1050m velocity (left), creating large shear in the lower few hundreds of meters. The shadowing effect of the S1 pinnacle is evident in the 1050m mean velocity. Note that this shadowing extends above the pinnacle.

45 1050m and 30mab Model Mean Eddy Kinetic Energy Enhanced current variability (EKE) near the bottom over this region of complex bathymetry. EKE at 1050m is enhanced where topographic features approach this level, and reduced over deeper topographic features.

46 Probability of 30mab speed exceeding 30 cm/s at any given time

47 Probability of 30mab speed exceeding 20 cm/s at any given time

48 There were no tropical cyclones impacting the region during the study, and the impacts of strong winds from cold fronts on the deep currents are not readily apparent. Summary and Conclusions One year of near-bottom observations were collected from three closely spaced (<4 km) moorings in a region with complex bathymetry with seafloor depths from 1072m to 1386m. Mooring design was varied during the three deployments in an attempt to get as close to the seafloor as possible. The short upward-looking ADCP was able to get good data return at 10-12mab. It is likely that lack of scattering particles limited the range of the ADCPs. A nearly-contiguous one-year record of currents was measured at 38mab. The mean vertical profiles of currents shows a very characteristic bottom boundary layer with Ekman turning. Near-seabed enhancement of near-inertial oscillations is evident at mooring S1 over the pinnacle. Deeper moorings (S2 and S3) recorded less near-inertial energy. Several episodes of cm/s near-bottom currents were recorded, with strongest currents at the S2 location. There is little coherence between stations suggesting very short scale circulation features and little propagation.

49 Summary and Conclusions - continued A high-resolution (250m, < 4m vertical resolution near the seafloor) model was run in hindcast mode for the field study time period, nested within a data assimilative Gulf of Mexico model with tides. Model near-bottom currents show similar mean direction and variability as the observations, with the mean vectors biased high about 5-6 cm/s. Analysis of the vertical profiles of inertial power suggest a general decay of clockwise inertial motions below approximately 1000m, except for slight near-bottom enhancement at S1. Rotary coefficients are in remarkable agreement between the model and observations suggesting this is a real phenomenon. Deepwater profiles of inertial clockwise rotation show more gradual decay with depth suggesting the strong influence of topography rather than stratification on the depth dependence of inertial oscillations at the mooring sites. Upper ocean mesoscale features over the region appear to interact with peaks in the topography over this region, forming unstable small-scale circulation features and shadow zones in their wakes. Small eddy-like motions in the lee of the topographic highs under strong upper ocean forcing interact with the topographically constrained background flows to produce high-speed events.

50 Recommendations for Future Studies The mooring array was designed to provide data to better understand the interaction of currents and complex topography with dome and basin features. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an effort has been attempted. A number of novel insights have been gained from this study that warrant further investigation by the oceanographic community and which may have important consequences for industry. It was thought that energy propagation along the slope would be found by comparing S2 and Holstein measurements this was not the case. Animations instead suggest that downslope propagation energy can occur in the lee of high topographic features being impacted by larger scale upper ocean flows. There are many features similar to the S1 pinnacle in the region, and a future study should concentrate high-density moorings and high-resolution modeling surrounding one of these to better understand their role in enhancing near-bottom energy. It was hoped that this study would provide an opportunity to investigate the nearbottom response to tropical cyclone forcing. No storm impacted the region. Prior to mooring development, an El Nino was forecast which reduces the likelihood of tropical cyclones in the Gulf. For a future study, it would be useful to have flexibility in which year to deploy the moorings based on seasonal climate (and hurricane) forecasts to maximize likelihood of capturing one of these rare events.

51 Recommendations for Future Studies - continued This project pushed the boundaries of resolution and downscaling for a structured mesh hydrostatic ocean model. The model was remarkably successful in simulating variability of the currents in agreement with observations and yielded many exciting new discoveries. Discrepancies between the model and observations likely arise from: inherent uncertainty in simulating a highly nonlinear system, mismatch of spatial scales between the outer data assimilative model and the inner model nest, and numerical issues arising from highly complex bathymetry. Further modeling work at very high resolution with such complex bathymetry should consider application of unstructured mesh models, such as FVCOM or the SELFE model (which has implemented the VQS coordinate system we developed for such problems), and nesting within higher resolution data assimilating models (such as the 1-km HYCOM with multi-scale data assimilation we are developing as part of a Gulf Research Program grant).

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