Forensic Tire Evidence

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1 Forensic Tire Evidence What is Impression Evidence? Tire track analysis falls into the category of impression evidence along with footwear and tool marks. Impression evidence can be generally defined as objects or materials that have retained the characteristics of other objects or materials through direct contact. Impressions may be found in or on many different types of material, such as hard flooring, paper, dirt, mud, dust, blood, and other surfaces. Tire tracks are usually found in road accident scenes or on the access and escape routes of other crime scenes. Tire tread evidence is one of the most often ignored evidence at crime scenes. The reason for this is because many people lack the training in properly recognizing and preserving this evidence. Sometimes, it can be perceived as invaluable when in fact it is very valuable. Tracks help investigators identify the vehicle that left them. Types of Tire Prints: There are two types of tire prints known as two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D). So what s the difference? Two-dimensional tire tracks occur when the tread surface acquires various residues on or off the road and then deposits them onto a 2-D surface like a piece of paper, clothing, skin, or the road itself. Three-dimensional tire tracks occur when the tread surface is pressed into a substance like mud. Sometimes, the sidewall may even be recorded if the impression is deep within the substrate. So, if you know what the information means on the sidewall, you might have an easier time finding the car responsible for making the print. Why are Tire Impressions Important for Forensic Scientists? Tire tracks are made by a vehicle driving onto a surface and leaving an impression behind. If the surface is soft like mud, dirt, or snow, the tires often leave an imprint. Sometimes the surfaces are not suitable to retain the impression. If the surface is hard such as road pavement, the tire might still leave a trace if dirt or dust is present. Therefore, the quality of the impression depends on the object making the impression and the surface the impression is made on. Did you know that tires come in a wide variety of sizes and tread designs? These tread designs are exclusive to a particular manufacturer like Firestone or Michelin. When you buy tires, the store typically maintains records of the sale. As you drive your car, tires gradually wear down from the constant contact with hard road surfaces. These cuts, scrapes, and wear can be found in tire impressions. These are called individual characteristics because no 2 tires will have the exact same cuts,

2 scrapes, and wear as your tire. A print examiner may be able to use these marks and wear patterns to connect a specific tire to an impression. How Is A Tire Constructed? It might look plain on the outside, but the inside is very sophisticated. The part of a tire that touches the road is called the tread. It can leave impressions in soft earth, sand, or mud. In the photograph, you can see that the tread is made up of alternating ribs and grooves. Wide ribs help the tire grip the road on a dry day. The pattern of ribs and grooves help the tire grip the road on a wet day. The pattern of ribs and grooves is distinctive for each brand and model of tire. How to Read a Tire? Have you ever looked at a tire and wondered what all those numbers and letters mean? I know I have!!! Tire specialists call this the sidewall of the tire. The markings that you see on a tire are required by all tire manufactures internationally. Let s see what all those numbers and letters really mean. This is the sidewall of a tire. It might look like gibberish, but in fact, it is valuable information that can tell you about the tire maker and type of vehicle that uses the tire.

3 Look at number 1: 205 is the width of the tire in millimeters. What is number 2? 55 is the aspect ratio. This sidewall s height is roughly 55% of the tire width. What is number 3? R stands for radial construction. What is Number 5? 88 is the numerical code associated with the maximum load a tire can carry. What is Number 6? V is the speed rating. This tire could sustain speeds up to 149 mph.

4 There are different speed ratings. Here is a chart used by tire analysts. What is Number 7: XGT V is the manufactures name given for the tread design and architecture. What are Skid Marks? Sometimes a driver has to make a sudden, unplanned stop. The driver may be trying to avoid hitting a person, an animal, or another vehicle. When the driver presses hard on the brake pedal, the wheels on the car may lock, so that the wheels can no longer turn. When the wheels lock, rubber from the tires can make a skid mark. A skid mark is the mark left when a vehicle with locked wheels slides along a road surface. A tire may also leave a skid mark when a driver takes a sharp turn at high speeds. Investigators can use skid marks to figure out a car s direction and speed. Did you know there are Different Types of Skid Marks? Acceleration marks start out heavy and gradually get lighter as traction is acquired. Like at this race track. Braking marks start off light and get darker as the rubber heats up and the vehicle slows down. How Do We Document A Tire Impression? Documenting tire marks or impressions is essential because there is a significant amount of information that can be derived from doing so. CSI's have several methods for documenting these different types of tire tracks. The CSI must first ascertain whether or not the print is two or

5 three dimensional. The dimension of the impression will tell investigators whether or not to photograph the print or take a dental stone casting of the print. Two-Dimensional Impressions: Documentation Remember that two-dimensional tire tracks occur when the tread surface has residue on it which is then transferred to another surface. We can t take a cast of this type of print, therefore we must use photography. Photographs of the evidence should always be taken first before any attempt to collect it. It can be a challenge to take good photos of an impression because the photographs need to capture every possible detail of the impression. If not, people who look at the photos later won t be able to see those details. The CSI s will first take a photo of the general scene and then of each individual impression without a scale and then with a scale. The scale should be a two dimensional ruler. The typical cameras used by CSI s are 35mm because they have a large negative format. How to Photograph the Print 1. Place the camera on a tripod with the camera directly over and perpendicular to the impression. 2. Adjust the camera height so the impression and scale fill the frame. 3. Then take the picture. It is helpful if more than one picture is taken of each print. Three-Dimensional Impressions: Documentation Remember that three-dimensional impressions occur when the tread surface is pressed into a substance like mud. Commonly, they are found in soil, sand, or snow and the detail within the impression may vary according to the substrate. Casting is an effective method of collecting these types of impressions. So what is a cast? A cast is an object made by filling a mold with a liquid that takes the shape of the mold as it changes to a solid. By taking a cast of the impression, the analyst can see more detail such as tread depth, design contours, and expose any uneven tread wear. How To Make A Cast? Cast impressions are usually made from dental stone. Here are the steps that a crime scene analysts must follow when taking a cast impression: First, block off the area were the cast is located. Place a form around the impression. You need 2 pounds of dental stone and an 8 x 12 ziplock bag. Many CSI will have numerous two-pound bags already prepared and stored in their vehicle for easy access. You will then add 10 ounces of water to your dental stone in the ziplock bag and mix it thoroughly. The thickness should resemble pancake batter. Open the bag at

6 ground level and carefully pour the mixture into the impression, allowing it to gently flow into it. Make sure the impression is filled completely. When the cast is firm but still soft, scratch identifying marks on the exposed surface, this will help with identification purposes. Allow the cast to dry for approximately 20 minutes, depending upon the weather. Carefully lift the cast. Do not try to clean it. That will occur at the crime lab. Then package the cast in a large brown paper bag and allow it to dry for an additional 48 hours. Tire Exemplars: Rather than submitting the entire tire to the crime lab, exemplars may be made from them by inking the tire while it is on the vehicle and rolling it onto clean, white, heavy-stock paper. Here is an example of that method. You may also grease the tire with a thin film of petroleum jelly, like Vaseline, roll it onto paper, and dust the resulting grease print with fingerprint powder. Watch the videos in Moodle to see Mrs. Intelicato and Mrs. Lancenese perform this method. For each tire you will need about 6 feet of paper, depending on the tire size. Both methods work best when the vehicle is on a clean, smooth surface.

7 Collecting and Packaging Evidence: Whenever possible, collect the impression evidence and submit it to the crime laboratory where a tire impression analyst will handle the rest. It is imperative that you submit the photographs of the impressions you took at the crime scene. Make sure that you protect the impression evidence item so that the impression does not rub off or get damaged on your way to the crime lab. A good way to protect flat impressions is to carefully secure them to a thin piece of cardboard or the bottom of a paper bag. Also, make sure you complete the evidence chain of custody sticker and attach it to the packaging you are handing over to the crime lab. This is an important step. Now, the analysts take over! Tire Analysis: When impressions are being analyzed, the analyst will look at the following items: Cuts, scrapes, wear, gouges, and any other physical type of damage because this is unique to that particular tire. They will measure the tread width and depth because each manufacturer has different specifications for their tires. When tire impressions are left at the scene, the laboratory can examine the design of the impression and possibly determine the style and/or manufacturer of the tire. This may be particularly helpful to investigators when a suspect tire has not yet been located. To compare tire prints, examiners use data supplied by companies that make tires like Firestone. This data may be part of an online database or it may be in a reference book. Using this system, an impression from a crime scene can be compared to a reference database to find out what type of tire caused the imprint. When a suspect is apprehended, the tires from the vehicle in question can then be compared to the data gathered by the analyst. Conclusion: Tire marks and impressions provide an investigator with a variety of information that is useful in determining the possible type of vehicle responsible as well as even allowing positive identification of the tire used. Without this useful technique, suspects might go free to commit other crimes. Therefore, proper training and protocols are essential for this unique type of evidence.

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