WO2 ROZSA-HRABINSKI METEOROLOGY 1

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1 WO2 ROZSA-HRABINSKI METEOROLOGY 1

2 INTRODUCTION What are we covering today? The Atmosphere Clouds Atmospheric Stability Temperature and Humidity

3 THE ATMOSPHERE

4 THE ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere is composed of: 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% Other Gasses From a weather standpoint, water vapour is the most important gas in the atmosphere. Why? Water Vapour is what drives weather. If there was no water vapour, there would be no weather.

5 PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere has three properties: Expansion Compression Mobility Of these three properties, expansion is the most important. Why? When air expands, it cools, and that is what drives the convective cycle of air rising and falling. We will look at this more later on.

6 DIVISIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere has four divisions: Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Ionosphere Thermosphere => Exosphere Of these four layers, almost all our weather occurs in the troposphere. This is due to the presence of water vapour.

7 DIVISIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE The Troposphere Lowest layer of the atmosphere. Thickness varies with latitude. 28,000 feet over poles 54,000 feet over equator Most weather occurs in this layer. Pressure, density, and temperature decrease with altitude. Upper boundary is called tropopause, approximately -56C.

8 DIVISIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE The Stratosphere Hardly any water vapour present. Ozone layer exists in this layer. Pressure decreases with height, but temperature rises from -56C up to 0C. This is because the ozone layer absorbs the sun s rays. Upper boundary is called the stratopause. The Mesosphere Significant decrease of temperature in this layer. Upper boundary is called the mesopause.

9 DIVISIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERE The Thermosphere => Ionosphere Bottom layer of the thermosphere. Lots of electrons concentrated in this area. Electromagnetic waves bounce off these electrons, sending them back to earth to be picked up by receivers. These are known as sky waves. The Thermosphere => Exosphere Transition layer to space. Temperature rises over 3,000C. Pressure nearly a perfect vacuum (almost no air molecules).

10 ICAO STANDARD ATMOSPHERE This is the perfect atmosphere Air is a perfectly dry gas MSL temperature is 15C MSL pressure is Hg Standard lapse rate is 1.98C/1000

11 CLOUDS

12 CLOUD FORMATION Clouds can form in two different ways Cumuliform Type (Puffy and Vertical): Vertically Unstable Bad Turbulence but Good Visibility Stratiform Type (Horizontal Layers): Vertically Stable Smooth Flying but Poor Visibility

13 CLOUD FORMATION Cumuliform Type Clouds Big puffy clouds that develop upwards into the sky. They are vertically unstable, but have good visibility. Why? Vertical updrafts and downdrafts pull the cloud up, causing it to stretch out and develop vertically. These up and downdrafts create a lot of turbulence that can result in bumpy flying These drafts also move impurities in the cloud around, resulting in less impurities in any one place, increasing pilot visibility

14 CLOUD FORMATION Stratiform Type Clouds Layer type clouds that develop in horizontal layers. They are vertically stable, but have poor visibility. Why? They are very stable therefore they have no vertical currents (up and downdrafts). The lack of these up and downdrafts results in a lack of turbulence and thus smoother flying. The lack of these drafts also reduces movement of impurities, resulting in more settlement of the impurities in one place, reducing pilot visibility.

15 CLOUD FORMATION How do clouds form? A warm, moist parcel of air rises, because it is warmer than the surrounding air. As the parcel rises, it cools, and expands. The parcel will stop rising once it is the same temperature as the surrounding air. This is known as the condensation and is where the base of the cloud will form. As the parcel cools and expands, it condenses into water droplets, but the droplets condense on something called condensation nuclei. Think of when you open a pot of soup. The inside of the lid is full of water droplets from the steam. Water in the atmosphere needs to condense onto something as well. Smoke, dust, and pollutants are all forms of condensation nuclei.

16 CLASSIFICATION OF CLOUDS The four cloud families Remember: Clouds can be classified by how they form (Cumuliform or Stratoform). Depending on where they are formed, we can further classify them into four families. High clouds Middle clouds Low clouds Clouds of vertical development

17 CLASSIFICATION OF CLOUDS High Clouds: Bases range from 16,500 feet up to 45,000 feet. Composed mainly of ice crystals. Middle Clouds: Bases range from 6,500 feet up to 23,000 feet. Composed of ice crystals and water droplets (some supercooled) Supercooled water droplets stay in liquid form between 0C and -15C. As soon as they come in contact with a surface, they freeze. Why could this be important?

18 CLASSIFICATION OF CLOUDS Low Clouds: Bases range from 0 feet up to 6,500 feet. Composed mainly of water droplets (some supercooled). Clouds of vertical development: These are always cumuliform clouds. Bases range from 1,500 feet up to 45,000 feet Composed of ice crystals, water droplets and supercooled water droplets. Be careful when flying through what looks like an innocent stratiform cloud. There may be clouds of vertical development embedded in the layer. You may be flying in smooth conditions and encounter extreme turbulence out of nowhere

19 CLOUD NOMENCLATURE There are two different parts to the cloud name The first part is the location/height. High: Cirro Middle: Alto Low: Strato The second part is the characteristic of the cloud. Cumuliform (Unstable): Cumulus Stratiform (Stable): Stratus Any cloud with nimbo or nimbus in it s name is a cloud that causes precipitation

20 CLOUD NOMENCLATURE Let s try an example. Cirrocumulus: Cirro: The cloud is part of the high cloud family Cumulus: The cloud is vertically unstable but has relatively good visibility

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22 OKTAS To judge the amount of cloud in the sky, we use oktas. We can divide the sky into a pie with 8 pieces. Each piece is one okta. We measure the amount of cloud in the sky by how many oktas have cloud in them. This is the system used in METARs and TAFs. We discuss these later. There are five different sky conditions, and they are based off of the number of oktas of cloud in the sky

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24 VFR PILOTS AND OKTAS VFR pilots have to keep visual reference with the ground, therefore we can t fly in clouds. How much cloud is too much? VFR pilots are not allowed to fly above a cloud ceiling. A ceiling is any cloud layer that is either a broken or overcast condition (5 oktas or more) So as long as the cloud layer is less than 5 oktas, we can fly above it!

25 ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY

26 THE 5 LIFTING AGENTS Before we look at atmospheric stability, we need to look at the things that make air rise in the atmosphere. There are five ways that air is forced to rise: Convection Orographic Lift Frontal Lift Mechanical Turbulence Convergence

27 THE FIVE LIFTING AGENTS Convection: Convection is the most common of the lifting agents. Remember: Warm air rises and cold air sinks. When warm air rises, it creates an imbalance, so cool air has to flow downward to replace it. The warm air rising and the cool air flowing down to replace it creates a cycle known as a convective cycle. The cycle will continue as long as the sun is heating the earth which will in turn heat air near the earth s surface.

28 THE FIVE LIFTING AGENTS Orographic Lift: Very common source of lift in mountainous terrain. Imagine you have an air mass sitting at the bottom of a mountain. If a wind blows, it will exert a force on that air mass, and since it can t go forward, it will go up into the atmosphere!

29 THE FIVE LIFTING AGENTS Frontal Lift: When ever two air masses interact, frontal lift is happening. Remember: Warm air rises and cold air sinks. When two air masses with two different temperatures interact, one will force its way under the other. This is because the colder air wants to be on the bottom. It forces its way under the warmer air. This forces the warmer air upwards creating frontal lift!

30 THE FIVE LIFTING AGENTS Mechanical Turbulence: Mechanical turbulence is caused anytime wind comes in contact with buildings, terrain, etc. Friction between the air and ground disturbs the lower atmosphere into a bunch of eddies (turbulent pockets of air). These eddies can extend into the upper atmosphere depending on the stability of the air. These eddies carry air into the atmosphere with them, creating lift!

31 THE FIVE LIFTING AGENTS Convergence Around a low pressure system, wind flows counter- clockwise and inward - we will learn this soon. When all this air comes together, it has to go somewhere It can t go down or out, so it is forced up! This is the fifth form of lift in the atmosphere.

32 STABILITY Air will usually move in a horizontal fashion, but there are sometimes disturbances that cause vertical drafts that move air up and down. Stable air resists these disturbances. If a mass of stable air is disturbed by a lifting agent, the air will return to its original level, resisting vertical movement and remaining in a horizontal layer. Unstable will not resist and continue to move vertically. If a mass of unstable air is disturbed by a lifting agent, the air will continue to rise more rapidly and violently.

33 FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS AND STABILITY Stable air (stratiform clouds): Poor visibility Smooth flying conditions Steady precipitation Unstable air (cumuliform clouds): Good visibility Turbulent flying conditions Showery precipitation

34 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

35 CHANGES OF STATE

36 RELATIVE HUMIDITY What is it? The amount of water in a given parcel of air compared to the amount of water the same parcel of air could hold if it were saturated Air with 100% relative humidity means that the air is completely saturated (it can t hold anymore water). If the relative humidity is 0%, the air is completely dry. How does it change? By changing the temperature of the air! If we heat up a parcel of air, it expands, increasing its capacity to hold water. If the amount of moisture stays the same, the parcel is now holding a lower percentage of the moisture it could hold.

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38 TEMPERATURE What is it? How hot or cold the air is outside. An isotherm connects areas of equal temperature. Relationship between temperature and density: When air is heated, it expands, therefore the molecules of air are further apart, and less dense. It is vice-versa when the air is cooled. We can conclude that density and temperature have an inverse relationship (when one goes up, the other goes down).

39 DEW POINT What is it? Remember: Air must cool so that water vapour can condense into water droplets. Dew point is the temperature the air must be cooled to for water to condense (clouds form). How is the air cooled? When the atmosphere cools down at night. When air rises and cools with altitude. Why do we care? We look at the spread between the temperature and dew point. The larger the spread, the less likely it is that clouds will form!

40 LAPSE RATE Remember: As you rise in the troposphere, temperature decreases. The rate of temperature decrease with height is the lapse rate. There are a few standard lapse rates to remember for certain atmospheric conditions: ICAO Standard: 1.98C/1000 Wet Adiabatic: 1.50C/1000 Dry Adiabatic: 3.00C/1000 These are just standard numbers that are used in calculations. They are not exact for any given day

41 LAPSE RATE AND STABILITY The lapse rate can tell us a lot about the stability of the air! But how? The steeper the lapse rate, the more unstable the air. The shallower the lapse rate, the more stable the air Why? If the lapse rate is steep, that means the air is cold aloft (high up) because the temperature is dropping rapidly with height. Since cold air is denser, it wants to sink down through the warm air, forcing warm air up. This causes a cycle of vertically moving air (convection) that makes the air unstable The opposite happens with a shallow lapse rate. If the lapse rate is shallow, there is warm air aloft, and since the warm air doesn t want to rise anymore, the air stays as it is and remains stable.

42 DETERMINING CLOUD BASES Lets say that you are a VFR pilot, and you don't know what altitude the cloud bases are at. How do you find out? If we know the surface temperature, dew point, and lapse rate, we can figure it out. An Example: Lets say a VFR pilot is flying at 3,000 feet, and they want to determine if there will be clouds along his path. He knows the surface temperature is 10C, the dew point is 4C, and the air is very humid.

43 ANY QUESTIONS??

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