Winter Thermal Comfort in 19 th Century Traditional Buildings of the Town of Florina, in North-Western Greece

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1 PLEA2 - The 22 nd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. Beirut, Lebanon, November 2 Winter Thermal Comfort in 19 th Century Traditional Buildings of the Town of Florina, in North-Western Greece Aineias Oikonomou Department of Architectural Technology, School of Architecture National Technical University of Athens, 42, Patission St., 6 82 Athens, Greece. aineias4@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: This paper explores the winter thermal comfort conditions in traditional buildings of the 19th century in the town of Florina, in North-western Greece. This investigation is based on the analysis of in-situ temperature measurements and on computer modelling. The in-situ temperature measurements were conducted throughout the winter using dataloggers. The dataloggers were placed in the living spaces of the ground floor and the upper storey of representative traditional buildings, which were, in some cases, heated with rudimentary active heating methods, such as fireplaces and stoves, and in other cases unheated. The computer analysis includes thermal analysis of the monitored houses with the Ecotect software. Finally, the results of the thermal analysis are compared with the recorded air temperature measurements. This comparison aims at defining the extent to which computer modelling can be used to analyse the thermal behaviour of traditional buildings of Florina. Conference Topic: 8 Traditional Architecture: Sustainability Lessons from the Past Keywords: traditional architecture, NW Greece, winter thermal comfort, temperature measurements INTRODUCTION The traditional architecture of every area is based on the accumulated experience and practice of many centuries and can constitute a continuous source of knowledge. The use of local materials and the harmonisation with the local environment and climate are some of the factors, which contribute to the distinct architectural identity of every area. The main characteristic of the habitation patterns of 19th century traditional buildings in north-western Greece is the inter-seasonal use of different spaces. In most cases, the ground floor contains the winter rooms while the upper storey is used as the summer living space. Furthermore, the behaviour of people was strongly adaptive and consisted of the application of heavy clothing and the continuous use of fireplaces. 2. CLIMATIC ANALYSIS 2.1 Location The prefecture of Florina is located in North- Western Greece, close to the prefectures of Kastoria, Kozani and Pella. The town of Florina is the capital of the prefecture and lies in a mountain valley, which is crossed by a river from West to East. The longitude of the town is 21 23'9'', the latitude is 4 46'8'', and the altitude is 662 m. 2.2 Climatic data The prefecture of Florina has a cold continental climate, with long, cold, humid winters and short, warm, and dry summers. The mesoclimate of the area is affected by the presence of large mountainous volumes. The climate is characterised by significant inter-seasonal and diurnal differences, due to the high latitude and the morphology of the area. The mean maximum temperature in December reaches 6.3 degrees C, the average temperature is 2.2 degrees C, while the mean minimum temperature is -1.6 degrees C. The mean maximum temperature in January (coldest month of the year) reaches 4.6 degrees C, the average temperature is. degrees C, while the mean minimum temperature is -3. degrees C. The mean maximum temperature in February reaches 7.3 degrees C, the average temperature is 2.7 degrees C, while the mean minimum temperature is -1.7 degrees C. The corresponding relative humidity values are 81.8 % for December, 82.1 % for January, and 78.1 % for February (see Table I). Florina has relatively high precipitation values during the winter period, with a monthly average value of 86.2 mm for December, 7.6 mm for January, 2.3 mm for February and about 12 days of rain per winter month. The direction of the prevailing winds is South-West during December, West during January and North during February. The area is characterised by an extended snowing period, which starts in December and ends in March. 33

2 Table I: Monthly climatic data values for Florina. [1] Dec Jan Feb Mean Min Temp (C) Average Temp (C) Mean Max Temp (C) Rel. Humidity (%) Aver. Rainfall Days of Rain Wind Direction SW W N Wind Speed breadth wise. These beams support the floor of the upper level. The ceiling of the ground floor is also suspended on these beams (Fig. 3). The structural elements of the upper floor are usually lightweight walls, which are called tsatmas. These walls are 2 to 2 cm thick, and are formed by a wooden frame structure, which is filled up with adobe bricks, or, in some cases, small stones and mud. The wooden frame structure comprises of horizontal, vertical and diagonal beams, with dimensions 8 x 8 cm or x cm (Fig. 3). 2.3 Climate Classification The climate classification for Florina was defined using the software Meteonorm v4. [2] to generate hourly climatic data, which were then imported to the software Weather Tool v1. [3]. The psychrometric chart generated with the Weather Tool, for the winter period for the town of Florina, demonstrates that climatic conditions are way beyond thermal comfort. Figure 3: Typical wall configurations in the traditional buildings of Florina. Figure 1: Psychrometric chart for the winter period for the town of Florina. [3] 3.2 Thermal Behaviour of Construction Elements Three are the main wall configurations, which are found in traditional buildings of Florina: a thick stone wall, a thick adobe wall, and a lightweight wall (tsatmas). The thermal behaviour of these elements can be described by their thermophysical properties (see Table II). The U-value data was derived from [4], whereas the time lag values were calculated according to the Thermal Time Constant (TTC) formula cited by Givoni in []. Table II: Thermophysical properties of typical wall construction of Florina. [4] [] Thickness U-value Time lag (cm) (W/m2K) (h) Stone Adobe Tsatmas Figure 2: Diurnal temperature range for the winter period. [3] 3. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS 3.1 Construction Elements and Building Materials The structural elements of the ground floor are usually walls made of local stone or adobe bricks. These walls are 6 to 6 cm thick, and have an average height of 24 cm. The construction includes horizontal and vertical structural wooden elements. Beams with dimensions 8 x 13 cm are placed every cm upon the ground floor walls and always It can be seen that the first two wall configurations are characterised by an increased thermal lag, whereas the third has a relatively low time lag. The high thermal inertia wall types were mainly used in the ground floor, which was occupied during the cold period, whereas the lightweight wall type was used in the upper storey, which was occupied during the summer. The high thermal inertia of the ground floor walls helps moderate the ambient extreme temperature fluctuations and provide stable internal air temperatures during the winter. On the other hand, the low thermal inertia of the upper storey walls combined with the large number of windows and the use of cross-ventilation, helps the quick cooling of the spaces during the summer nights. 34

3 4. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS 4.1 Description of the field study The measurements were performed with dataloggers during the winter months (December to March). From a sample of 4 remaining houses, 4 houses, which are still occupied, were chosen for monitoring. Due to the restricted size of this paper, measurements for the period when the lowest environmental temperatures were recorded (February 7 th to February 12 th, 2) will be presented for three of the monitored houses. The first house has a north orientation. It is the remaining half of a large mansion and is characterised by heavy mass construction (7-cm thick adobe walls) on both the ground floor and the upper storey (Fig. 4). Only the main façade of the building is constructed with lightweight wooden frame walls filled with adobe bricks (tsatmas). The fact that fireplaces existed on both levels indicates that all the spaces were used throughout the year. This is rather irregular, as it is known that the living spaces of the upper storey were not occupied during the winter. This pattern of occupation continues with the contemporary user of the house, who spent the winter period in the main living space of the upper storey. The space was heated by a stove burning wood. Figure 4: Ground and upper floor plans of the house with northern orientation. The second house is facing south. The ground floor has thick adobe walls, and only the main southern façade is constructed of light-weight wooden frame wall filled with adobe bricks. On the upper storey, only the north-facing wall and the wall that separates the two spaces of the house are heavyweight, whereas the rest of the walls are lightweight. At the end of the 19 th century, the house had a different form. The upper storey had a semi-open space (hayat), which was, at a latter stage, closed and transformed into a smaller room, which is separated from the staircase with a light-weight wall (Fig. ). Neither of the monitored spaces was heated during the measurements. Figure : Ground and upper floor plans of the first house with southern orientation. The third house has also a south orientation. This house is more recent than the other two and has a different building structure. Both the ground floor and the upper storey are constructed of lightweight wooden frame walls filled with adobe bricks. Only the north-facing wall of the ground floor is heavyweight (6-cm thick adobe wall) (Fig. 6). This construction is typical of the urban houses, which were built at the end of the 19 th century in Florina. During the monitoring period, the ground floor was heated by means of a stove burning wood. Figure 6: Ground and upper floor plans of the second house with southern orientation. The placement of the dataloggers in the spaces of the three houses is indicated with a dot on the plans of the ground floor and the upper storey (Figs. 4 to 6). Air temperatures were recorded at -minute intervals. Finally, the ambient air temperatures were recorded in a central location of the town. 4.2 Aims of the field study The main aim of the in-situ measurements was to examine the effect of the different construction, namely the heavyweight structure of the ground floor and the lightweight structure of the upper storey, on the internal air temperature fluctuation. Furthermore, the measurements aim at investigating the effect of orientation on the internal air temperatures. For this reason, dataloggers were placed in the unheated spaces of the northern and of one of the southern houses. Finally, it was the intention of the author to investigate the thermal behaviour of houses, which are heated with rudimentary heating methods, such as stoves burning wood. The efficiency and the function of wood stoves are similar to those of fireplaces and braziers, which were originally utilised as active heating systems in these houses. In this way, the recorded air temperatures can help understand the ways in which thermal comfort was achieved at the end of the 19 th century, when these houses were fully occupied. Moreover, the comparison between the temperatures of heated and unheated spaces can provide further information on the thermal behaviour of the building fabric of traditional houses, and especially on its ability to heat up and maintain internal air temperatures. 4.3 Air temperature measurements in the northern house During the period from February 7 th to February 12 th, 2 the ambient air temperatures in Florina were very low, ranging from -13 degrees C, early in the morning, to -2 degrees C in the afternoon. The internal temperatures of the ground floor of the northern house remain relatively stable around -2 and 3

4 -4 degrees C, with a very small diurnal range of less than 1 degree C. On the contrary, the air temperatures of the upper storey, which was heated with a stove burning wood, demonstrate a very large diurnal variation (2 to 2 degrees C), with the air temperature dropping below zero in the morning and raising above 17, or even 2 degrees C during the hours when the wood stove was functioning (Fig. 7). The measured air temperatures of the northern house lead to two basic observations. On the one hand, it is obvious that the stable air temperatures of the ground floor are the direct effect of the high thermal inertia of the 7-cm thick adobe walls. On the other hand, the steep rise and drop of the air temperatures in the upper storey indicate that due to its high thermal inertia and its northern orientation, the space cannot retain high air temperatures after the stove stops functioning (Fig.7) Outside Ground floor Upper storey Figure 7: Air temperature measurements in the northern house. 4.4 Air temperature measurements in the southern unheated house The internal temperatures of the unheated southern house closely followed the diurnal ambient air temperature fluctuation. Nevertheless, the internal air temperature values do not drop as quickly and as low as the ambient temperatures do. In the ground floor, the minimum temperatures are around -1 to -3 degrees C, whereas in the upper storey, they are around - to -7 degrees C, namely approximately and 6 degrees C higher than the lowest ambient temperature values, respectively. The ground floor temperatures had a daily range of about 2 to 3 degrees C. The daily range of the upper storey temperatures was similar, but in this case the temperatures were 2 to 3 degrees C lower than the ones, which were measured in the ground floor. The gradual drop of the external air temperatures caused a gradual drop in the temperatures of the spaces of the house (Fig.8). The fact that the ground floor had higher temperatures than the upper storey is most probably due to its higher thermal inertia, as only its south wall is made of lightweight wooden frame walls filled with adobe bricks. Furthermore, it is obvious that the rise in the internal air temperature during the day is due to the orientation of the house, and its direct solar gains through the south-facing windows Outside Ground floor Upper storey Figure 8: Air temperature measurements in the unheated southern house. 4. Air temperature measurements in the southern heated house In the second southern house, only the main living space of the ground floor, which was heated with a wood-burning stove, was monitored. In this case, the diurnal air temperature range was more than 1 degrees C. The temperature rose above 2 degrees C during the day and dropped until 7 to 9 degrees C when there was no heating. It can be observed that during the heated period of the day, the internal air temperatures are not maintained stable (Fig. 9). This can be attributed to the fluctuations in the operation of the wood-fired stove. The main difference, which is observed between the heated spaces of the northern house and this southern house, concerns their minimum air temperatures. In the northern house the internal air temperatures drop below degrees C, or even - degrees C, whereas in this house, the minimum air temperatures are between and degrees above zero. This fact can be attributed to the effect of orientation, and to the fact that the southern house was partially renovated (new single-glazed timber frame windows and newly constructed roof), and as a result had reduced thermal losses due to infiltration. The difference in the maximum air temperatures of the heated spaces (about degrees C) could also be attributed to the reduced thermal losses of the southern house, and, possibly, to the effect of the low thermal inertia of the light-weight wooden frame walls Outside Ground floor Figure 9: Air temperature measurements in the heated southern house. 36

5 . THERMAL ANALYSIS USING COMPUTER MODELLING.1 Thermal Modelling The thermal analysis calculations were performed with the software Ecotect v.2 [4]. Models of the two monitored houses, which consisted of heated and unheated spaces (the north-facing house and the first south-facing one) were constructed (Figs., 11). Three basic wall configurations were created and used appropriately: a thick adobe wall, a thick stone wall and a lightweight timber-frame wall. The thermophysical characteristics of these walls were presented earlier in Table II. All the zones of the modelled houses were considered unheated. Figure : Computer model of the north-facing house constructed with Ecotect [4]. chosen software can be used to analyse the thermal behaviour of traditional buildings of Florina. Furthermore, the use of computer modelling can provide additional data concerning the overall thermal behaviour of the buildings, which are analysed. In this way, it is possible to analyse the thermal gains and losses of the different spaces (zones) house..3 Thermal analysis of the northern house The measured and the modelled air temperatures of the ground floor of the house are relatively close, especially concerning the minimum values, which are observed during the night and early in the morning. The only difference is the fact that the modelled air temperatures follow the external ones during the day, and in this way, demonstrate a peak, which does not exist in the measured air temperatures (Fig. 12). Similarly, the modelled diurnal temperature variation in the upper storey follows closely the ambient air temperature variation. Although the use of the wood-fired stove for heating alters dramatically the thermal behaviour of the monitored space, it can be seen that the minimum air temperatures, which were derived from the computer analysis, are fairly close to the measured ones (Fig. 13). Finally, it can be seen that the modelled diurnal air temperature range of the ground floor is significantly smaller than the one of the upper storey (Figs. 12,13) Figure 11: Computer model of the unheated southfacing house constructed with Ecotect [4]..2 Aims of the computer modelling The basic aim of the computer modelling was to compare the simulated air temperatures with the ones, which were actually measured in the unheated spaces of the monitored houses. For this reason, the internal air temperatures, which were recorded during the period from February 7 th to February 12 th, 2, were plotted against the modelled internal air temperatures that the computer software generated for the coldest day (January, 26 th ). Even though the dates do not coincide, the ambient diurnal temperature range used by the computer software is very close to the actual temperatures, which were measured during the period in question. The comparison of the modelled and the measured data is very important, as it can define the extent to which the -1 Figure 12: Modelled air temperatures in the ground floor of the northern house plotted against the measured ones Figure 13: Modelled air temperatures in the upper storey of the northern house plotted against the measured ones. 37

6 In both diagrams (Figs. 12, 13), the main difference is detected in the peaks, which are observed in the modelled temperatures and coincide with the maximum external air temperatures. These peaks could be attributed to the potential inability of the software to fully account for the effect of thermal inertia. [6].4 Thermal analysis of the unheated southern house In the thermal analysis of the unheated southern house the air infiltration value was assumed to be air changes per hour (ach). This assumption was based on the actual behaviour of the user of the house, who ventilates the spaces throughout the morning by opening the windows. The measured and the modelled air temperatures of the ground floor of the house are practically identical (Fig. 14). Similarly, the measured and the modelled temperatures of the upper storey are very close. Nevertheless, in this case, the maximum air temperatures, which were derived from the computer modelling, are 2 to 4 degrees C higher than the ones, which were actually measured. Seeing that the diurnal fluctuation of the modelled and the recorded air temperatures is almost identical, this disagreement could very well be attributed to higher infiltration values in the actual house during the daytime, which caused a decrease in the internal air temperatures Figure 14: Modelled air temperatures in the ground floor of the unheated southern house plotted against the measured ones Figure 1: Modelled air temperatures in the upper storey of the unheated southern house plotted against the measured ones. 6. CONCLUSIONS This paper explored the winter thermal comfort conditions in traditional houses of Florina using both in-situ air temperature measurements and computer modelling. Concerning the conditions, which prevail in the unheated spaces of the houses, both the in-situ measurements and the computer analysis demonstrate that the air temperatures during the coldest days of the winter are particularly low, and may well drop below zero, during the night. On the other hand, the measurements, which were conducted in heated spaces, indicate that the use of rudimentary heating systems, such as wood-fired stoves, can significantly improve thermal comfort conditions. The increased thermal losses of the houses, which are mostly due to fabric losses and infiltration through cracks, cause a steep temperature drop after the operation of the heating systems stops, which is usually in the evening. As a result, the internal air temperatures may drop below zero, even in the heated spaces of the houses. Nevertheless, in all the studied cases, the minimum internal air temperatures are maintained at a high level compared to the very low ambient air temperatures due to the high thermal inertia of the overall structure. This fact explains why the use of the heavyweight ground floor structure was preferred during the wintertime. The first results of the comparison of modelled and measured internal air temperature values indicate that it is possible to use Ecotect in order to perform a thermal analysis of unheated traditional houses. For this reason, it is the intention of the author to extend this study throughout the whole year period, in order to be able to compare measured data for other seasons with the output of the computer software. In this way, a complete understanding of the thermal behaviour of traditional houses in the town of Florina will be achieved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to thank the Greek State Scholarships Foundation (I.K.Y.) for supporting the on going Ph.D. thesis, of which this study forms part. Also, the author would like to thank S. Rantzaki, S. Eleftheriou and L. Athanasiou, owners of the monitored houses, for their co-operation and understanding throughout the course of the study. REFERENCES [1] [2] Meteonorm software v4., Meteotest, J. Remund, et al., Bern - Switzerland (1999). [3] Weather Tool software v1., Square One Research PTY Ltd., A. Marsh, [4] Ecotect Tool software v.2, Square One Research PTY Ltd., Dr. A. Marsh, [] B. Givoni, Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1998). [6] Ecotect Support Forum, 38

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