!"#$%&' A Study of Upper Air Temperature Change ==== N==!"#$%&'() !"#$% ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH

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1 ==== O = R OMMS V!"#$% ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH Vol.2, No.5 September, 2006!" (2006) !"#$%&' A Study of Upper Air Temperature Change!!"#$ %!&'( NMMMUN =!"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,-./012!"#$%&1979!"#$%&'()!"#$%&!"#$%&'()!*+,!!"!"!"#P423====!"#A = ====!"#$%&'()*+$,-./0!"#$% IPCC!"#$%& 1861J2000!"#$%&'()* !"8 km!!"#$%&'()*+,- 0.1L 10 a 1!!"#$%!"#!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'()*+,-./01!!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*+, N==!"#$%&'() ====!"#$%&!"#$%&'(!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,!"#$%&'()*+,-./01$2!!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&!"#$%!"#$%&'()!!"#$%&'(!"!#!" ====!!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()!"#$!"#$%&' 2 ====E1F=NCDCNational Climatic Data Center, USA!"#$%&'()!"#$!"#$%&'( ===E2F GFDLGeophysical Fluid Dynamics!2006J03J21=!"2006J04J21!"#$%&$'!"#$%&'()01!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'()*(+ ==========!"#$%&'()*+2005DKA ! 1962J!!"#$%!&'!"!" ENSO!" K= pmzhai@cma.gov.cn

2 R!W!"#$%&' 229 Laboratory!"#$%&'Metadata!"#$%&' 3 ====E3F=TAMUTexas A&M University!!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123!"#$ 2 ====E4F=UKMOUK Met. Office 1979!"#$%MSU!"#$%&' 4 ====E5F UAHUniversity of Alabama Huntsville!"#$%&'()*+,-.)/012!"#$%&' 5 ====E6F!Zhai et al. 6 7!!"#$%&'()*+,-./*012!"#$!"#$%&'()*+, ====NCDC!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'!"#$%&'!"#$!"!"#$!"#$%!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'(!"#$%!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()*+,-.!"#$%&'()*+,-./012!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&!"#$ ENSO!"#!!"!"#$%&'(!)*+,-!"#$%&'($%)!"#$%!"#$!"!#$%&'($)*!!"#$%&'()*+,!"#!"#$!"#$!"#$%&"#'()*+!!"#$%&'(#)*+,!"#!"#$%&'( O==!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'()*+,!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+,!"#$%!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'(!"!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'()*+,-.!"#$%&'()*+,-./%012!"!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()* ====!!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'(LKSAngellIGRA HadRTHadATI=RATPAC LKS 8J9 1997! 87!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#!"#$%&'()!"#$%&' 1979J1997!"#$!"#$%&'( Angell 10!"#$%&!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*+,-./!!"#$IGRAThe Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive!"#$% 11! NRMM!"#$%&'()*+!"#!"#$HadRT!"#$%&'()!"#$%&'(#$ 3!"#!"#$%Thorne et al. 12 LKS!"#$GUAN 477!"#$%&'85030 hpa 9!"#!"#$%&' 676!"#$%!"#$%&'()* HadATRATPAC Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate 13 LKS!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,-%./01!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&!'() RATPAC-A 1958J1995!"# LKS !"#$IGRA!"#!"#!"#$%&'()*=RATPAC-B!"# OKN==! ====!"#$1950!!" OKO==! ====!"#$%&'()*+, -EMSUF

3 ==== 230!"#$% =OMMS !"#$%&' AMSU!"#$!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*+!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123!"#$%&'()*#+,-./-!"#$%"&"LT!!"#2!!4 2!"T 2 75%80%!!"15%!"#"ip5% 10%!" 4!"T 4!! LS! 2! T 2LT!"#$%& Cristy et al. 14 UAHMears et al. 15J16 RSSVinnikov et al. 17 Grody et al. 18 VG1 VG2! OKP==!" ====!"#$%&'()*+,-./01!"NCEP/NCARNRAKalnay et al. 19 Kistler et al. 20 FI=NCEP-2= Kanamitsu et al. 21 ERA15/ERA-40Uppala et al. 22!"#!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,!"#$%&'()*+,-.!" 23J24!"#$%&'(!"# P==!"#$%&'( ====!!"#$%&'() MSU!"#$%&'()*+,-./IPCC!"#$2001!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'!"!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,-./!!"#$%&'!"#$%&'()!"#$%!"#$%&'(!"#=1958!"#$%&%'()* 1979J2000!"#$%&%'(!"#1958!!"#"$%&!"#$!J0.20J1.10 K/10 a!"#$%&'()*+ UKMO 4 NOAA! 10 RIHMI!" 25!"#$%1958J1978!"#$%& J0.03J0.08 K/10aNCEP 26!"#1958J1978!"#$#!"#$ ====Free et al. 13 RATPAC!"#!"#$%!"!"#$%&!"#$%&'()!"#$%& 1960J J2004 =IGRA!"#$!"1979J2004!"!"#"$%&'()*!" 0.10 K/10 a!"#$%&' J0.5 J0.9 K/10 a!"#$%&j1.0 K/10 a!1979j J2004!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%!"#$%&'!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*!"#$%!"#$%&'()*Thorne et al. 12 HadAT!"#$1958J2002!"#$!"#$%&'()*!"#$!"#$%&'()*+!" 1979!!"#$%&'()*+! ====!"#$%&'()*+HadAT UAHRSS!" 1!" 1!"! "#$%&'()* 1a!"#$%&'()*+,-.!/ 1979!"#$%&HadAT!!UAH RSS! "#$!"#=E1bF=1958J1978!!"#$!%&'!"#1979!! "#$%&'()*+HadAT EF 1958!"#$#%&'()*+!1979!!"#$%&!" #$!%&'()*+,-./!"#$%& RSSHadAT UAH!" RSS HadAT ====!"#$%&'(!"#$

4 R 231!"#$%&'()*#$%+,- 14J16!"#$%&'()*"+ 1979J2004 MSU/AMSU!"#!"#T 4 J0.32J0.47 K/ 10 a!"#$t K/10 a!"#$%&rss UAH 0.1 K/10 a!"# NOAA!"#$%&!VG2RSS UAHRSS VG2!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&'!" RSS!"# UAH 0.1 K/10 at 2 15%!"#"$!"#$%&'()*+, ====!"#$%&'()*+,-NRA 1978!"#$%&'()*+,-+.!"#$%&' 22 ERA NRA!"#$%&'(!"#$%&Jones et al !"#$%&'()*+,- ERA!"#$%&'()* ====!"#$%&'()*+,!!"#$!"#$%UAH RSS!!"#$%&'()*+, 1979J1997!"#$%&!"#$!"#!"#$%&'! RSS Seidel et al. 26 5!"#$ 3!"#$%&!"#$ ENSOQBO!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123!"#$%&'()*+, HadRT LKS!"#"$%&%'()*+,-./ 0.1K/10 a!"#$%&'()*+!"#$%&'()*+,-. Q=== ====!"#$%&'()*+,-.!"#$%&'()"*+,-./0!"#$%&'()*+,-.!!"#$%&'()*+*,-./0123!"#!"!"#!" 1979!!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&'( )!"#$%!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*!"#$%&'()*+,-./012!"#$%&'()*+!"#!"#$% &!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()*+,()#$!" ====!!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'()*+,LKSAngell IRGAHadRTHadATRATPAC!"!"#$ ====!"#$%&'(!"#$%&!"#$%&'()*+,!"!"#$%&'()*!"#$%!"#$%&'()*+,UAH RSS!"!"#$%&'(!"#$%&'()*+!"#$!"#$%&"#!'()*+,!!!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&!"!"#$%!"#$%&'( ENSOQBO!!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#!!"#$%&'()!"#!!"#$%&'(!!"#$%&'()*+,-./0!"#$!"#$%&'()*+,-!"#$%&'()*+,-.Free et al. 13!"#$%&'!"#$%& ERATPAC-A BF!"#$%& ====!"!"#$%&'()*+,!"!"#$%&'()*+$,!"#$%&'()*+,-./01!"#$%&'()*+(,-./01!" 27!"#$%&'(! 50 a!"#$!!"#!"#$%!"#$!"#!!"#$%&'()*+,-./!"#$%&'()*+,-./0

5 ==== [1]! " # $ %! of large-area anomaly time series [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 2005,110, D22101, Houghton J T, Ding Y H, Griggs D J, et al. Climate Change 2001: The Science of Climate Change. [M]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Free M, Durre I, Lanzante J, et al. Creating climate reference datasets: CARDS Workshop on Adjusting RadiosondeTemperature Data for Climate Monitoring [J]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 2002, 83(6): [3] Lanzante J R. Resistant, robust and nonparametric techniques for the analysis of climate data: Theory and examples, including applications to historical radiosonde station data [J]. Int. J. Climatol., 1996, 16(11): Parker D E, Gordon M, Cullum D P N, et al. A new global gridded radiosonde temperature data base and recent temperature trends [J]. Christy J R, Spencer R W, Braswell W D. MSU tropospheric temperatures: Dataset construction and radiosonde comparisons [J]. J. Atmos. Oceanic Zhai Panmao, Eskridge R. Analysis of inhomogeneities in radiosonde temperature and humidity time series [J]. J. Climate, 1996, 9: [7] K!"#$% &'()*+,-.,/0=[J]. Lanzante J R, Klein S A, Seidel D J. Temporal homogenization of monthly radiosonde temperature data, Part I: Methodology [J]. J. Climate, 2003, [16] Mears C A. Wentz F J. The effect of diurnal correction on satellite-derived lower tropospheric temperature [J]. Science, 2005, 309, doi: / science (online). temperature observed by satellites [J]. Science, 2003, 302: [18] Grody N C, Vinnikov K Y, Goldberg M D, et al. Calibration of multi- (MSU)[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 2004, 109, D24104, doi: / 2004JD reanalysis project [J]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1996, 77: [20] Kistler R, Kalnay E, Collins W, et al. The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: Month means CD-ROM and documentation [J]. Bull. Amer. [21] Kanamitsu M, Wesley E, Woollen J, et al. NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2) [J]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 2002, 83: [22] Uppala S M, Kallberg P W, Simmons A J. The ERA-40 reanalysis [J]. 16(2): [9] tropospheric temperature record [J]. J. Climate, 2003, 16: Meteor. Soc., 2001, 82: I 1997, 55: 563J572. [8] [15] Mears C A, Schabel M C, Wentz F J. A reanalysis of the MSU channel 2 [19] Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Tech., 2000, 17: [6] Tech., 2003, 20: satellite observations for climatic studies: Microwave sounding unit Geophys. Res. Lett., 1997, 24: [5] [14] Christy J R, Spencer R W, Norris W B, et al. Error estimates of version [17] Vinnikov K Y, Grody N C. Global warming trend of mean tropospheric [4] doi: /2005jd of MSU/AMSU bulk atmospheric temperatures [J]. J. Atmos. Oceanic Press, [2] =OMMS Lanzante J R, Klein S A, Seidel D J. Temporal homogenization of monthly radiosonde temperature data, Part II: Trends, sensitivities, and MSU Quart. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 2005, 131(612): [23] Stendel M, Christy J R, Bengtsson L. Assessing levels of uncertainty in recent temperature time series [J]. Clim. Dyn., 2000, 16(8): comparison[j]. J. Climate, 2003, 16(2): [10] Angell J K. Effect of exclusion of anomalous tropical stations on temperature trends from a 63-station radiosonde network, and comparison with other analyses [J]. J. Climate, 2003, 16 (13): [11] Durre I, Vose R S, Wuertz D B. Overview of the integrated global [24] Jones P D, Moberg A. Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and update to 2001[J]. J. Climate, 2003, 16: [25] Sterin A M. An analysis of linear trends in the free atmosphere temperature series for [J]. Meteorologiai Gidrologia, 1999, 5: radiosonde archive [J]. J. Climate. 2006, 19: [12] Thorne P W, Parker D E, Tett S F B, et al. Revisiting radiosonde upper air temperatures from 1958 to 2002 [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 2005, 110, [26] Seidel D J, Lanzante J R. An assessment of three alternatives to linear trends for characterizing global atmospheric temperature changes [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 2004,109, D14108, doi: /2003jd D18105, doi: /2004jd [13] Free M, Seidel D J, Angell J K, et al. Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC): A new data set [27] I= K=!"#$%&'()* [J].=, 2005, 10(4): 780J790.!"#

6 !"!"#$%&'! L! L 1.5 (a) J0.5 J1.0 J (b) HadAT2 0.6 UAH RSS Surface 0.0 J0.2 J0.4 J0.6 J HadAT2 UAH RSS 0.0 J0.2 J0.4 J0.6 from from Jan Dec from from Jan Dec L(/10 a) L(/10 a) 1==!HadAT2!UAH, RSS! a!"! b!"#! 1981J1990!=Ehttp:/ / Fig. 1 Global lower stratospheric (a) and lower tropospheric (b) temperature anomalies from satellites and radiosondes (from (see Zhai s text, P.230)!!"#$%&'(&)* NPP!!"!"!!! = N NPP=/Eg/(m 2 a)f No data N 2==!"#$%&$'()*! P.247 Fig. 2 The terrestrial vegetation distribution in the studied region (see He s text, P.247) 3==!"#$% 2000J2004!" NPP! P.247 Fig. 3 The terrestrial annual mean NPP distribution during the period of 2000J2004 in the studied region (see He s text, P.247)