Lecture 5: Precipitation

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1 Lecture 5: Precipitation Key Questions 1. What physical concepts control the formation of precipitation (air pressure, expanding gases and cooling, and vapor pressure)? 2. What are some air mass lifting mechansims? 3. What cause precipitation spatial variability in WA? 4. What is a tipping bucket rain gauge? 5. Where can precipitation data for WA be found? PNW radar image January 16, 2011

2 Precipitation Precipitation is the primary input into a basin and has a dominant effect on streamflow and hillslope processes. Type Duration Intensity Distribution (spatial variability) rain/snow Q

3 Assignment: open up the link below and read the section about Precipitation

4 Precipitation formation involves multiple physical concepts: 1. Processes lift air masses up higher in the atmosphere. 2. Rising clouds expand due to a decrease in atmospheric pressure with altitude. 3. Clouds (gases) get cooler as they expand. 4. Water vapor condenses when clouds cool.

5 air has mass air has density Density = ρ a = mass volume atmosphere ground surface

6 upper atmosphere air pressure is equal to the density of the air times the distance below the upper atmosphere times the acceleration of gravity P a = air pressure = ρ a x g x h ρ a = air density h g = acceleration of gravity h = depth below the upper atmosphere Actually, it is a little more complicated because air density changes with altitude, but we will assume a uniform density. ground surface

7

8 upper atmosphere h P a = 60 KPa h Mt. Rainier P a = KPa sea level

9 upper atmosphere low pressure ground surface balloon P a = ρ a x g x h high pressure

10 upper atmosphere low pressure Concept 1: the balloon expands with altitude because the pressure drops ground surface high pressure

11 upper atmosphere low pressure coolest Concept 2: the balloon temperature decreases with altitude because expanding gases cool off cooler For an adiabatic process V x T = constant cool V = volume T = temperature ground surface high pressure

12 Vapor Pressure According to Dalton s Law, each gas in a parcel (volume) of air exerts a pressure independent of the other gases (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor).

13 Actual vapor pressure is a measure of the amount of water vapor molecules present in a given parcel of air. low vapor pressure high vapor pressure

14 Saturation vapor pressure is the maximum amount of water vapor a parcel of air could hold at a specific temperature (which decreases with temperature).

15 Saturation vapor pressure is the maximum amount of water vapor a parcel of air could hold at a specific temperature (which decreases with temperature). cool air has a low saturation vapor pressure warm air has a higher saturation vapor pressure (more water molecules)

16 Relative humidity is the ratio of the amount of water vapor in a parcel of air (absolute vapor pressure) to how much water vapor the parcel could hold at a given temperature (saturation vapor pressure). relative humidity = actual vapor pressure saturation vapor pressure X 100 Dew point temperature is the temperature at which a parcel of air reaches saturation.

17 Air Mass Lifting Mechanisms

18 Warm Front Warm air slowly rises over cool air produces light rain over large areas. cool air

19 Warm Front

20 Cold Front Steep cold air mass collides with warm air and forces warm air up quickly produces moderate to heavy rain over smaller areas. warm air cold air

21 Cold Front

22 Convective Storm (thunderstorm) Warm, humid air rises fast produces heavy rain over isolated areas. cool down drafts cool down drafts warm, humid air ground heat warms humid air warm, humid air is less dense and rises fast

23 Convective Storm (thunderstorm)

24 Orographic Effect Humid air is forced to rise over mountains

25 Our Maritime climate brings moisture from the Pacific Ocean

26 Orographic Effect

27 Orographic Effect low pressure high pressure

28 Orographic Effect clouds cool when they expand

29 Orographic Effect water vapor condenses when air cools, which produces rain clouds cool when they expand

30 Orographic Effect

31 If warm, humid air is cooled off water vapor will condense because the saturation vapor pressure decreases

32 Condensation nuclei are required as nucleation points for water vapor condensation (dust, pollutants, salt, ash) to form droplets. Droplets collide and aggregate to form drops (0.4 to 4 mm in diameter).

33

34 state/maps/img/washington state map.jpg

35

36 Pineapple Express: January 8,

37 Janauary 6 9 storm event, 2009

38 high topographic relief

39 increase in rainfall due to the orographic effect

40 Point Measurement of Rainfall Accurate measurements are necessary for quantitative hydrologic analyses. Two questions arise: 1. How accurate are point measurements? 2. How accurately can point measurements be extrapolated over an area?

41 City of Bellingham Rain Gauge Locations

42 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge 8 inch diameter Collects 1 mm (0.01 inch) of rain and tips, empties and send an electronic digital signal that is recorded.

43 Variables that affect accuracy Wind (keep about 1 m above the ground) Obstacles (place in open areas away from trees and structures) Brannian Creek Rain Gauge Splashing Evaporation Annual measurement accuracy is 5-15% up to 75% for a single storm

44 Lake Whatcom Watershed Rain Gauge Locations

45 North Shore Meteorological (MET) Station Measures rain, temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and solar radiation

46 Brannian Creek Rain Gauge

47 Geneva Rain Gauge

48 Bloedel Donovan Rain Gauge

49 North Shore Hyetograph: 2010 Water Year Oct 1 Apr 1 Sep 30

50 North Shore Monthly Totals: 2010 Water Year

51 North Shore Meteorological (MET) Station There are 8760 hours in one year. In 2010, the North Shore gauge recorded rainfall 1221 hours out of Meaning that it rained14% of the year. Measures rain, temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and solar radiation

52 Hourly rainfall frequency for the 1221 hours of recorded rainfall at the North Shore gauge in % of the 1221 hours of recorded rainfall in 2010, were 0.1 inches. What does this say about rainfall intensity in the watershed?

53 Cumulative Rainfall: 2010 Water Year Oct 1 Apr 1 Sep 30

54 Why does it rain more in the southern part of the Lake Whatcom Watershed?

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