Preface. Keithley Meade Director of Meteorology (Ag.) Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service

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1 Preface The countdown to Copenhagen is on. World leaders are scheduled to meet in Copenhagen, Denmark at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP15) to seal the deal on a comprehensive climate change agreement. This meeting is scheduled for 7-18 December The process leading to Copenhagen was launched in Bali, December 2007, when all Parties agreed on the Bali Action Plan - a two-year process leading to an agreed outcome on climate change action in Copenhagen. Since then, there has been much optimism of reaching a good agreement especially with the advent of the presidency of Barack Obama, who has moved his country (USA) to a new stance on the subject of global warming and climate change. Previously, the USA was a major hindrance to a reasonable climate change agreement. In addition to the countdown to Copenhagen, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established in 1998 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) is scheduled to have its thirty first session in Bali Indonesia, October 2009, in preparation for its 5 th Assessment Report, which will be an update of the last report adopted in February The 2007 report warned that warming of the climate system was unequivocal. Concern for the earth s climate is not restricted to its temperature but other elements such as the change in stratospheric ozone. The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion report (WMO and UNEP et al (2006)) has suggested that the hole in the Antarctic ozone layer is expected to persist for decades. In order to tackle the issues of the global environment, it is necessary to comprehensively grasp the status and nature of the changes that are taking place in the earth s climate system. The Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service (Met Office) is playing its part in helping to monitor the earth s climate, notwithstanding our limited resources. For over 35 years, the Met Office has been monitoring the climate of Antigua, and has been issuing these weather summaries over the past 6 years. This publication includes summaries of meteorological elements and meteorological events for It is my hope that readers of this summary will find it useful in gaining an understanding of the latest status of the climate of Antigua. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the staff of the Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service, in particular the Acting Climatologist Mr. Dale Destin, who worked tirelessly to bring this publication to fruition. I would also like to thank Ms. Cicely Charles, the Senior Meteorological Officer and Mrs. Simone Brown, who acts in the position in the absence of Ms. Charles. Keithley Meade Director of Meteorology (Ag.) Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service

2 Contents Annual Summary in Brief 1 Monthly Summaries in Brief 1 January 1 February 4 March 7 April 10 May 13 June 16 July 19 August 22 September 25 October 28 November 31 December 34 Precipitation 37 Graph 1: Rainfall at V. C. Bird International Airport Graph 2: Rainfall at V. C. Bird International Airport Temperature 38 Graph 3: Temperature at V. C. Bird International Airport Graph 4: Temperature at V. C. Bird International Airport to Graph 5: Annual Temperature Anomaly at V. C. Bird Int l Airport 1995 to Graph 6: Annual Max and Min Temperature at V. C. Bird Int l Airport to Graph 7: Absolute Annual Temp Range at V. C. Bird Int l Airport to Wind 42 Graph 8: Wind Frequency Distribution at V. C. Bird International Airport Figure 1: Wind Rose for V. C. Bird International Airport Graph 9: Monthly Wind at V. C. Bird International Airport Graph 10: Winds at V. C. Bird International Airport to i

3 Relative Humidity 45 Graph 11: Relative Humidity at V. C. Bird International Airport Graph 12: Relative Humidity at V. C. Bird International Airport to Cloud 46 Graph 13: Clouds at V. C. Bird International Airport Graph 14: Clouds at V. C. Bird International Airport to Table 13: Monthly Weather Elements at V. C. Bird International Airport Table 14: Weather Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport Table 15: The Climate at V. C. Bird International Airport 50 ii

4 WEATHER SUMMARY FOR V. C. BIRD INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, COOLIDGE, ANTIGUA 2008 Annual Summary in Brief Coolidge had above normal rainfall during The major rainmaker was Hurricane Omar, which affected the whole island in October. This system alone dumped close to 6 inches in one day on Coolidge. This resulted in severe flooding in the area. Most of the rainfall for the year was produced by tropical cyclones. October and March had the highest and lowest rainfall totals respectively. In October, inches were measures, while 0.79 of an inch was measured in March. This October ranks among the top 14 of all months with respect to rainfall. Notwithstanding the above normal rainfall, eight months recorded near or below normal rainfall totals (See Table 13). Cumulatively, most of the rainfall at Coolidge took place in a relative short period of time with 35% occurring in 12 days cumulatively. The year 2008 was fairly cool with an average temperature of 26.4 degrees Celsius ( C) or 79.5 degrees Fahrenheit ( F). It was the coolest of the past 14 years at V. C. Bird International Airport (See Graph 4 and 5). Globally, according to MeteoWorld of December 2008, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has estimated the global average temperature for 2008 to be 0.31 C or 0.56 F above the annual average of C or F Monthly Summaries January Summary in Brief Rainfall at Coolidge was well above normal during January. The 3.16 inches which fell at Coolidge was 36% above normal. This was the eighth wettest January since record keeping started in 1960, and the second wettest since Interestingly, more than 50% of the rain fell in one day - January 20, and this resulted in urban and small stream floods. This rainfall was caused by the remnants of a frontal boundary and a deep layered trough. This January was also quite cool. Except for 2005, the average daily temperature of 24.9 Celsius ( C) or 78.6 Fahrenheit ( F) made January the coolest in over 15 years. This month s modal wind direction was northeast by east (NE E) as compared to the normal modal direction of east (E), and the month s mean wind speed was 9.4 knots. 1

5 Details Weather For the first four days of January, a few perturbations generated partly cloudy to cloudy skies and some showers at Coolidge. After a few days of dry weather, on January 9, a surface to low level trough and an associated low pressure system aloft caused cloudy skies and a few showers during the morning. On January 11, a surface to upper level low caused mostly cloudy skies and some showers. Following a few relatively dry days, notable showers return to Coolidge on January 15, in connection with a low level trough. The trough remained in the area and generated some more cloudy spells and showers through January 17. On January 19, an old frontal boundary, a deep layered trough and an associated upper level low pressure system move across the area and caused partly cloudy to cloudy skies and a few scattered showers. The next day, the systems intensified and drenched Coolidge and much of Antigua and Barbuda. Showers were very heavy at times and on the morning of the 21; they were accompanied by thunderstorms. This was the first set of thunderstorms for the year at Coolidge and the rest of Antigua. At the airport, we measure close to two inches of rain. The rains generated urban and small stream floods in many areas. After this deluge, there were only three other days of notable rainfall at Coolidge. On January 23 and 24, a surface to low level trough along with moisture advection by moderate to strong winds cause partly cloudy to cloudy skies and a few showers. On January 27, another surface to low level trough cause similar weather. Winds During the January, the winds came from the northeast by east for most of the time as oppose to the modal direction of east for January, and the mean wind speed was 9.4 knots. The non modal direction of the winds was likely due to the Atlantic high center being in the western Atlantic for most of the month. The windiest day of the month was January 21, the mean maximum, ten-minute, winds of 24kt occurred on this day. The least windy day was January 11; the winds never got up above 7 knots and were calm 58% of the day. Overall, for the month, the winds were calm 7% of the time; less than or equal to 10 knots 57% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 10% of the time. Temperature The mean (24 hours) daily temperature for the month, 24.9 C or 78.6 F, was below normal. This is the lowest mean since 2005 January, and except for 2005 January, it was the coolest January in over 15 years. During the day, the mean, daytime temperature was 26.0 C or 79.0 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 23.6 C or 74.5 F. The (absolute) minimum temperature and mean daily minimum were the lowest in nine (9) years, while the (absolute) maximum temperature was the highest in 10 years. 2

6 COOLIDGE SUMMARY FOR JANUARY 2008 ELEMENTS OBSERVATIONS PERIOD/DATE AVERAGE CLOUD COVER P/CLOUDY (3.7 oktas) JANAURY MODAL WIND DIRECTION NE E JANAURY AVERAGE WIND SPEED 9.4KT JANAURY MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED 24KT 21 JANAURY 16:50 17:00 AVERAGE BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB JANAURY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS NEAR NORMAL JANAURY TOTAL RAINFALL 80.3MM OR 3.16 JANAURY RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY 47.2MM OR JANAURY MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL 47.2MM OR JANAURY MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL 30.2MM OR JANAURY 06:00-12:00 RAINFALL STATUS WELL ABOVE NORMAL JANAURY AVERAGE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 28.1 C OR 82.6 F JANAURY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 30.2 C OR 86.4 F 29 JANAURY 12:00-18:00 AVERAGE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 22.3 C OR 72.1 F JANAURY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 19.0 C OR 66.2 F 29 JANAURY 06: AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 24.9 C OR 76.8 F JANAURY WARMEST DAY 25.8 C OR 78.4 F 13 JANAURY COOLEST DAY 23.3 C OR 73.9 F 9 JANAURY AVERAGE RELATIVE HUMIDITY 73.7% JANAURY MOST HUMID DAY 89.8% 20 JANAURY LEAST HUMID DAY 54.7% 30 JANAURY NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 10 JANAURY Table 1: January 2008 Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge. (All Times are in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). All Days are Climatological Days, 12:00 to 12:00 UTC. 3

7 February Summary in Brief Like January 2008 and unlike the last two Februarys, shower activity at Coolidge for February 2008 was above normal. Showers were also fairly frequent during this month with only seven days with zero or no measurable rainfall and a maximum of two consecutive days without rainfall. Also, the 15 rainy days experienced during February was 81% above the normal. The 2.09 inches of rainfall measured at the airport was a little over 31% above normal. This was the thirteenth wettest February since record keeping started in 1960, and the fourth wettest since This February was also quite cool. Only February 2005, has been cooler in over 18 years. The average daily temperature of 24.9 Celsius ( C) or 78.6 Fahrenheit ( F) is the same as what was experienced during January The month s average relative humidity of 70.4% was the lowest in nine (9) years, well below normal and surprisingly is among the lowest ever. Interestingly, only January 2005 was colder in the last 15 years. This winter may turn out to be among the coldest ever for Coolidge and perhaps Antigua and Barbuda. This month s modal wind direction was east by north (E N) and the mean wind speed was 14.3 knots, the highest in 7 years. Details Weather As indicated, showers during the month of February were relatively frequent and above normal. Notwithstanding the frequent showers, there were basically five (5) periods of significant shower activity. February 1 through 5, a deep layered trough, a couple of perturbations and moisture advection resulted in cloudy skies and periods of showers at Coolidge. The second period of cloudy skies and showers took place on February 12 to 14 when a couple of troughs, low level convergence and moisture advection affected the area. A few of the showers were heavy on the night of February 14. The third period of showers was on February 16. This day started out partly cloudy, and then became cloudy after midday with generally light showers. The system responsible was a surface to low level trough. Coolidge had its fourth period of significant rainfall February 19 through to 21. Over this time, a few low level perturbations and moisture advection caused partly cloudy to cloudy skies and showers, a few of which were heavy. For the last period of notable showers for the month, February 25 to 29, again a few low level perturbations resulted in partly cloudy to cloudy skies and showers. Winds This was the windiest February since During the month, the winds came from the east by north (E N) for most of the time, while the modal direction for the month was east to east-southeast (E ESE). The mean wind speed was above normal with a speed of 14.3 knots. The above average winds were due to the strong pressure gradient which persisted across the area for most of the month. The windiest day of the month was February 13 and the least windy day was February 16. The maximum sustained 4

8 10-minute wind speed observed was 25 knots. Overall, for the month, the winds were calm less than 1% of the time; less than or equal to 10 knots 11% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 50% of the time (See Figure 1). Temperature The mean (24 hours) daily temperature for the month, 24.9 C or 78.6 F, was below normal and among the lowest 10 temperature values since This was the second coldest February at Coolidge since 1990, only February 2005 was colder over this time period. During the day, the mean, daytime temperature was 25.7 C or 78.3 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 23.6 C or 74.5 F. The (absolute) minimum temperature was the lowest since 1999, while the (absolute) maximum temperature was the third highest over the same period. 5

9 COOLIDGE SUMMARY FOR FEBRUARY 2008 ELEMENTS OBSERVATIONS PERIOD/DATE AVERAGE CLOUD COVER P/CLOUDY (3.8 oktas) FEBRUARY MODAL WIND DIRECTION E N FEBRUARY AVERAGE WIND SPEED 14.3KT FEBRUARY MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED 25KT FEBRUARY 2, 20:50 21:00 AVERAGE BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB FEBRUARY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS ABOVE NORMAL FEBRUARY TOTAL RAINFALL 53.1MM OR 2.09 FEBRUARY RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY 6.5MM OR 0.26 FEBRUARY 4 MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL 7.0MM OR 0.28 FEBRUARY 28, 18:00 - FEBRUARY 29 18:00 MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL 6.4MM OR 0.25 FEBRUARY 5, 06:00-12:00 RAINFALL STATUS ABOVE NORMAL FEBRUARY MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 27.9 C OR 82.2 F FEBRUARY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 28.5 C OR 83.3 F FEBRUARY 17, 12:00-18:00 MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 22.0 C OR 71.6 F FEBRUARY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 20.8 C OR 69.4 F AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 24.9 C OR 76.8 F FEBRUARY WARMEST DAY 25.5 C OR 77.9 F FEBRUARY 9 COOLEST DAY 23.7 C OR 74.7 F FEBRUARY 16 AVERAGE RELATIVE HUMIDITY 70.4% FEBRUARY MOST HUMID DAY 76.4% FEBRUARY 28 LEAST HUMID DAY 62.0% FEBRUARY 22 NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 15 FEBRUARY FEBRUARY 1, 12:00 24:00 FEBRUARY 16, 12:00 24:00 Table 2: February 2008 Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge. (All Times are in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). A Day Here Means a Climatological Day, 12:00 to 12:00 UTC. 6

10 March Summary in Brief Rainfall at Coolidge was well below normal during March. The 0.99 of an inch which fell at Coolidge was 43% below the normal for the month. This was the seventeenth driest March since record keeping started in 1960, but only the driest since This March was also quite cool with a below normal mean daily temperature. The mean daily temperature of 24.9 Celsius ( C) or 76.8 Fahrenheit ( F) made this March the coolest since Further, last winter (January February March) was the coldest at Coolidge in over 14 years. This month s modal wind direction was east by north (E N) and the month s mean wind speed of 12.1 knots was near normal. DETAILS Weather Although there were eight (8) rainy days, one more than the normal for March, the month turned out quite dry. The two first rainy days were on March 3 and 4, when low level convection and moisture advection caused partly cloudy to cloudy skies and brief, periods of showers. The same features caused frequent but brief showers on the night of March 6. Moisture advection again brought notable showers to the area on March 9. Then, there was a dry spell (less than 1 millimeter per day) of nine (9) days before notable rainfall returned to Coolidge on March 19, due to a weak low level perturbation. On March 23 and 24, a weak, middle level trough brought mostly cloudy skies and periods of showers, some of which were briefly heavy. The last notable showers, for the month, fell on March 30, due mainly to moisture advection. Winds During the month of March, the winds came from the east by north for most of the time, pretty close to the normal direction of east for March. The mean wind speed of 12.1 knots was also near normal for the month. Fresh to strong breezes were quite evident over the periods March 5 8, 24 25, and 31. There were also gusts to the upper twenties and lower thirties during these times. The strong winds were due to a high pressure gradient across the region. The windiest day of the month was March 4; during this day the winds, at times, gusted to 28 knots. The least windy day was March 17; the winds were less than 10 knots for most of the time. Overall, for the month, the winds were never calm; less than or equal to 10 knots 31% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 66% of the time. Temperature The mean (24 hours) daily temperature for the month, 24.9 C or 76.8 F, was below normal. This is the lowest mean since 2000 March and the second coldest for the month in over 15 years. During the day, the mean, daytime temperature was 25.9 C or 78.6 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 23.6 C or 74.5 F. The absolute 7

11 maximum temperature was the lowest in over 15 years, while the mean daily maximum temperature tied with March 2004 for the lowest mean in over 15 years. Interestingly, although the month was quite cool the absolute minimum temperature was the highest since 2004, the fourth highest in 15 years, and the mean daily minimum temperature was the lowest since Further, last winter (January February March) was the coldest at Coolidge in over 14 years. The mean temperature over this period was 24.9 Celsius ( C) or 76.8 Fahrenheit ( F). Surprisingly, each month had the same mean temperature. 8

12 MARCH 2008 SUMMARY FOR V.C. BIRD INT L AIRPORT, COOLIDGE ELEMENT OBSERVATION PERIOD/DATE MEAN DAILY CLOUD COVER P/CLOUDY (3.9 oktas) MARCH MODAL WIND DIRECTION E N MARCH MEAN DAILY WIND SPEED 12.1KT MARCH MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED* 20KT^ 1 MARCH 05:50 06:00 MEAN DAILY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB MARCH BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS ABOVE NORMAL MARCH TOTAL RAINFALL 25.2MM OR 0.99 MARCH RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY 5.3MM OR 0.21 MARCH MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL 9.6MM OR :00 MARCH 4 24:00 MARCH 5. MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL 4.3MM OR MARCH 12:00-18:00 RAINFALL STATUS BELOW NORMAL MARCH MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 28.2 C OR 82.8 F MARCH ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 28.9 C OR 84.0 F 23 MARCH 12:00-18:00 MEAN DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 22.4 C OR 72.3 F MARCH ABSOLUTE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 21.0 C OR 69.8 F 14 MARCH 06: MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE 24.9 C OR 76.8 F MARCH WARMEST DAY 25.7 C OR 78.3 F 28 MARCH COOLEST DAY 24.0 C OR 75.2 F 4 MARCH MEAN DAILY RELATIVE HUMIDITY 68.7% MARCH MOST HUMID DAY 75.4% 24 MARCH LEAST HUMID DAY 61.5% 7 MARCH NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 8 MARCH Table 3: March 2008 Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge. (All Times in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). A Climatological Day runs from 12:00 to 12:00 UTC, All Days are Climatological Days. *This only considers the wind during 10 minutes to the hour, stronger winds may have occurred otherwise. ^Twenty (20) knots occurred on four (4) other occasions during the month. 9

13 April Summary in Brief Rainfall at Coolidge was below normal during April. The total of 1.25 inches which fell at Coolidge was less than half of the normal total for the month. This was the fifteenth driest April since record keeping started in 1960, but only the driest since This month, like the rest of the year so far, was quite cool. The mean daily temperature of 25.6 Celsius ( C) or 78.1 Fahrenheit ( F) was well below normal and the lowest in over 15 years. Further, the last four months (January February March April) have been the coldest at Coolidge in over 14 years. This month s modal wind direction was east by north (E N) as compared to the normal modal of east-southeast (ESE), and the month s mean wind speed of 12.6 knots was near normal. The winds were often fresh to strong during the first week with one wind gust to gale or storm force strength. DETAILS Weather Although the number of rainy days was near normal for April, the month turned out to be very dry. The rainfall was 51% below the normal figure for the month. Well over half of the few showers fell during the first half of the month. The first three (3) days of the month were partly cloudy to cloudy, rainy and at times quite windy. The weather was caused by a few, low level perturbations (troughs), moisture advection and upper level out-flow from a nearby middle to upper level trough. Showers on day two (2) were heavy at times. After a brief lull on April 4, notable showers and clouds returned on April 5, as a result of anther low level trough supported by the previously mentioned upper level trough. After these showers, there was a five (5) day dry spell before notable showers returned to the area on April 11. The cloudy skies and showers were in response to the presence of a deep layered trough. Partly cloudy to cloudy skies and notable showers were seen on April 13 as a result of this same system. This was followed by another dry spell, which lasted six (6) days. On April 20, the last notable rain fell for the month. This was caused by another deep layered trough and the showers were moderate to heavy. Winds During the month of April, the winds came from the east by north for most of the time, well away from the normal east-southeast for the month. The mean wind speed of 12.6 knots was also near normal for the month. For the first week, the winds were often fresh to strong (17 to 22 knots); the maximum, 10 minute mean, wind speed of 22 knots occurred many times during this week with the wind direction being northeast to east. Also, the month s maximum gust of 37 knots occurred on the second day of the month with the wind direction being easterly. The strong winds were due to a steep pressure gradient across the region. The windiest day of the month was April 1; during this day the winds gusted to near 30 knots several times. The least windy day was April 21; the winds were less than 3 knots for most of the time. Overall, for the month, the 10

14 winds were calm 2.92% of the time; less than or equal to 10 knots 24% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 28% of the time. Temperature The mean daily temperature for the month, 25.6 C or 78.1 F, was well below normal. This is the lowest mean for the month in over 18 years. During the day, the mean temperature was 26.8 C or 80.2 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 24.1 C or 75.4 F. Although the month was very cool, it had a maximum temperature that is above normal, being among the top 15 percentile for this month. Meanwhile, the minimum temperature was near normal. The mean daily maximum and minimum temperature were also near normal. Further, the year continues to be the coolest in over 14 years at Coolidge. The mean temperature thus far for the year is 25.1 C or 77.2 F. This is 0.6 C or 1.46 F below the mean for the same period. 11

15 APRIL 2008 SUMMARY FOR V.C. BIRD INT L AIRPORT, COOLIDGE ELEMENT OBSERVATION PERIOD/DATE MEAN DAILY CLOUD COVER P/CLOUDY (4.3 oktas) APRIL MODAL WIND DIRECTION E N APRIL MEAN DAILY WIND SPEED 12.6KT APRIL MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED* 22KT^ 5 APRIL 04:50 05:00 MAXIMUM GUST 37KT APRIL 2, 12:30 MEAN DAILY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB APRIL BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS NORMAL APRIL TOTAL RAINFALL 31.7MM OR 1.25 APRIL RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY 11.1MM OR APRIL MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL 11.1MM OR APRIL MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL 6.6MM OR APRIL 06:00-12:00 RAINFALL STATUS BELOW NORMAL APRIL MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 29.1 C OR 84.4 F APRIL ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 31.9 C OR 89.4 F 25 APRIL 12:00-18:00 MEAN DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 23.1 C OR 73.6 F APRIL ABSOLUTE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 20.5 C OR 68.9 F 21 APRIL 06: MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE 25.6 C OR 78.1 F APRIL WARMEST DAY 26.8 C OR 80.2 F 28 APRIL COOLEST DAY 23.9 C OR 75. F 2 APRIL MEAN DAILY RELATIVE HUMIDITY 73.2% APRIL MOST HUMID DAY 82.2% 20 APRIL LEAST HUMID DAY 64.5% 9 APRIL. NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 7 APRIL Table 4: April 2008 Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge. (All Times in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). All Days are Climatological Days, 12:00 to 12:00 UTC. *This only considers the wind during 10 minutes to the hour, stronger winds may have occurred otherwise. ^Occurred several times during the first week of the month.

16 May Summary in Brief Rainfall at Coolidge was near normal during May. Although this month s total of 3.40 inches was near normal, it was the second highest since 1993 and the fifteenth wettest May since record keeping started in This month, like the rest of the year so far, was quite cool. The mean daily temperature of 26.4 degrees Celsius ( C) or 79.5 degrees Fahrenheit ( F) was below normal and the lowest in over 14 years. Further, the last five months (January February March April May) have been the coldest at Coolidge in over 14 years. This month s winds were moderate for most of the time. The modal wind direction was east by south (E S) as compared to the normal modal of eastsoutheast (ESE), and the month s mean wind speed of 10.1 knots was below normal. DETAILS Weather Not only was May s rainfall near normal but also the number of rainy days. The rainfall was only 11% below the normal figure for the month. As is often the case, over half the rainfall for the month fell in less than 24 hours. These showers were caused mainly by a low level trough with upper level support from the Tropical Upper-level Tropospheric Trough (TUTT). The above mentioned trough systems also produced showers on May 2 and 4 with the majority of the rain falling on May 3. After these showers, there was a 15 day dry spell which lasted up to 19 May. From 20 May onwards, there were notable showers just about every other day. On May 27 and 28, we saw the first positive interaction between a tropical wave and the TUTT resulting in a few, brief periods of heavy showers. The systems also caused thunderstorms during the early hours of Wednesday, May 28. This was only the third day of severe weather (thunderstorms) at Coolidge for the year. The last set of thunderstorms was in January. The rest of the showers which fell after May 19 were due to various trough systems. Winds During the month of May, the winds were moderate for most of the time. They also came from the east by south for most of the time, which is near the normal of eastsoutheast for the month. The mean wind speed of 10.1 knots was below normal for the month. The maximum, 10 minute mean, wind speed of 18 knots occurred a few times during the month. Also, the month s maximum gust of 27 knots occurred on May 28 with the wind direction being east by south. The windiest day of the month was May 28, while the least windy day was May 15. Overall, for the month, the winds were calm 1.75% of the time; less than or equal to 10 knots 48% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 4.6% of the time. 13

17 Temperature The mean daily temperature for the month, 26.4 C or 79.5 F, was below normal. This is the lowest mean for the month in over 14 years. During the day, the mean temperature was 27.4 C or 81.3 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 25.1 C or 77.2 F. Although the month was quite cool, the maximum temperature was near normal. Meanwhile, the daily minimum temperature and the mean daily minimum temperature were below normal. While the mean daily maximum temperature was near normal. Further, the year continues to be the coolest in over 14 years at Coolidge. The mean temperature thus far for the year is 25.3 C or 77.5 F. This is 0.8 C or 1.48 F below the mean for the same period. 14

18 MAY 2008 SUMMARY FOR V.C. BIRD INT L AIRPORT, COOLIDGE ELEMENT OBSERVATION PERIOD/DATE MEAN DAILY CLOUD COVER P/CLOUDY (4.4 oktas) MAY MODAL WIND DIRECTION E S MAY MEAN DAILY WIND SPEED 10.1KT MAY MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED 1 18KT 28 MAY, 11:50 12:00 MAXIMUM GUST 27KT 28 May, 04:45 MEAN DAILY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB MAY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS BELOW NORMAL MAY TOTAL RAINFALL 86.4MM OR 3.40 MAY RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY MM OR 1.92 MAY 3 MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL 56MM OR May 06:00 5 May 06:00 MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL MM OR MAY, 06:00-12:00 RAINFALL STATUS NEAR NORMAL MAY, MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 29.5 C OR 85.1 F MAY ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 31.4 C OR 88.5 F MAY 15, 12:00-18:00 MEAN DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 23.9 C OR 75.2 F MAY ABSOLUTE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 21.4 C OR 70.5 F 16 MAY, 06: MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE 26.4 C OR 79.5 F MAY WARMEST DAY 27.3 C OR 81.1 F 18 MAY COOLEST DAY 23.6 C OR 74.5 F MAY 4 MEAN DAILY RELATIVE HUMIDITY 74.3% MAY MOST HUMID DAY 84.6% MAY 4 LEAST HUMID DAY 70.2% MAY 25 NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 8 MAY Table 5: May 2008 Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge. (All Times in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). 2 All Days are Climatological Days, 12:00 to 12:00 UTC. 1 This only considers the wind during 10 minutes to the hour, stronger winds may have occurred otherwise. 3 Measured at 8 A.M., 8 P.M., 2 A.M. and 2 P.M. 15

19 June Summary in Brief Rainfall at Coolidge was near normal during June. Although this month s total of 2.07 inches was near normal, it was the driest June in five (5) years. Also, it was the 21 st wettest June since record keeping started in The mean daily temperature of 27.7 degrees Celsius ( C) or 81.9 degrees Fahrenheit ( F) was near normal, unlike the rest of the months for the year which had their lowest mean temperature in over 14 years. Notwithstanding, the last six months (January February March April May June) have been the coldest at Coolidge in over 14 years. This month s winds were moderate for most of the time. The modal wind direction was east by north (E N) as compared to the normal modal of east-southeast (ESE), and the month s mean wind speed of 12.0 knots was below normal. DETAILS Weather Not only was June s rainfall near normal but also the number of rainy days. The rainfall for the month was within 10% of the normal figure for month. Notwithstanding, it was the driest June in five (5) years. June 1 was the rainiest day of the month. These showers were caused mainly by the Tropical Upper-level Tropospheric Trough (TUTT). The second set of notable showers occurred on June 4 as a result of the above mentioned TUTT. After these showers, there was a five (5) day dry spell lasting through June 9. The third set of notable showers took place over the period June 10 through 13. These showers were caused by the TUTT (reaching the lower levels) and daytime heating, in the first instance, and the TUTT and a tropical wave on June 13. The combined systems caused a few, evening thunderstorms also. Some of these showers were briefly heavy. After these showers, there was another five (5) day dry spell which lasted up to June 18. The last set of notable showers occurred over the period June 19 through 23 as a result of two (2) rapidly moving, active tropical waves. Some showers were briefly heavy and accompanied by thunderstorms on June 20. Winds During the month of June, the winds were moderate for most of the time. They also came from the east by north for most of the time. This is significantly north of the normal of east-southeast for the month. The mean wind speed of 12.0 knots was below normal for the month. The maximum, 10 minute mean, wind speed of 24 knots occurred on June 23. Also, the month s maximum gust of 35 knots occurred during the morning of June 23 with the wind direction being east by north. The windiest day of the month was June 28, while the least windy day was June 10. Overall, for the month, the winds were calm 1.13% of the time; less than or equal to 10 knots 27.8% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 26.3% of the time. 16

20 Temperature The mean daily temperature for the month, 27.7 C or 81.9 F, was near normal. All other temperatures for the month were also near normal. June s mean temperature broke the trend of low monthly temperatures for the year. Unlike the previous months, for the year, June s mean temperature was NOT the lowest for the past 14 years. Four other Junes in the past 14 years have been as cool or cooler. During the day, the mean temperature was 28.7 C or 83.7 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 26.4 C or 79.5 F. Notwithstanding a near normal temperature for June, the year continues to be the coolest in over 14 years at Coolidge. The mean temperature thus far for the year is 25.7 C or 78.3 F. This is 0.7 C or 1.22 F below the mean for the same period. 17

21 JUNE 2008 SUMMARY FOR V.C. BIRD INT L AIRPORT, COOLIDGE ELEMENT OBSERVATION PERIOD/DATE MEAN DAILY CLOUD COVER P/CLOUDY (4.4 oktas) JUNE MODAL WIND DIRECTION E N JUNE MEAN DAILY WIND SPEED 12.0KT JUNE MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED 1 24KT JUNE 23, 15:50 16:00 MAXIMUM GUST 35KT JUNE 23, 13:25 MEAN DAILY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB JUNE BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS NEAR NORMAL JUNE TOTAL RAINFALL 52.6 MM OR 2.07 JUNE RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY MM OR 0.50 JUNE 1 MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL 15.0 MM OR 0.59 JUNE 13, 18:00 JUNE 14, 18:00 MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL MM OR 0.46 JUNE 1, 12:00-18:00 RAINFALL STATUS NEAR NORMAL JUNE, MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 30.5 C OR 86.9 F JUNE ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 31.3 C OR 88.3 F JUNE 19, 12:00-18:00 MEAN DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 25.3 C OR 77.5 F JUNE ABSOLUTE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 22.4 C OR 72.3 F JUNE 1, 12: MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE 27.7 C OR 81.9 F JUNE WARMEST DAY 28.3 C OR 82.9 F JUNE 16 COOLEST DAY 26.3 C OR 79.3 F JUNE 1 MEAN DAILY RELATIVE HUMIDITY 73.9% JUNE MOST HUMID DAY 79.6% JUNE 23 LEAST HUMID DAY 67.9% JUNE 17 NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 9 JUNE Table 6: June 2008 Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge. (All Times in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). 2 All Days are Climatological Days, 12:00 to 12:00 UTC. 1 This only considers the wind during 10 minutes to the hour, stronger winds may have occurred otherwise. 3 Measured at 8 A.M., 8 P.M., 2 A.M. and 2 P.M. 18

22 July Summary in Brief Rainfall at Coolidge was below normal during July. The month s total of 1.54 inches was the sixth lowest since record keeping started in The mean daily temperature of 28.2 degrees Celsius ( C) or 82.8 degrees Fahrenheit ( F) bordered above normal. The last seven months (January February March April May June July) have been the coldest at Coolidge in over 14 years. This month s winds were moderate for most of the time. The modal wind direction was north east by east (NE E) as compared to the normal modal of east-southeast (ESE), and the month s mean wind speed of 12.1 knots was below normal. DETAILS Weather Coolidge was relatively dry during July. The rainfall total was 65% below the normal figure for the month. Only five (5) other Julys have been dryer since This month s below normal rainfall was clearly reflected in the number of rainy days. There were only seven (7) rainy days as compare to the average of 12. The first of the seven (7) rainy days took place on July 4, when a tropical wave passed by. The second rainy day for the month was caused by a feeder band from Hurricane Bertha on July 8. The system caused showers and thunderstorms across the area. After these showers, there was a four (4) day dry spell lasting through July 12. This brief dry spell was broken by tropical wave which moved into the area on July 13. The wave generated showers across the area on July 13 and 14, a few of which were heavy. After this weather, there were 10 days before notable showers return to Coolidge on July 25. This dry spell was broken by a tropical wave with upper level anti-cyclonic support which brought a few showers. The last set of notable showers occurred on the last two (2) days of the month. These showers were as a result of a tropical wave and the Tropical Upper-level Tropospheric Trough (TUTT). A few of the showers were heavy and accompanied by thunderstorms. Winds During the month of July, the winds were moderate for most of the time. They also came from the north east by east for most of the time. This is significantly north of the normal of east-southeast for the month. The mean wind speed of 12.1 knots was below normal for the month. The maximum, 10 minute mean, wind speed of 20 knots occurred several times during the month. The month s maximum wind gust of 31 knots occurred during the morning of July 31 with the wind direction being east. The windiest day of the month was July 15, while the least windy day was July 9. Overall, for the month, the winds were calm 0.54% of the time; less 19

23 than or equal to 10 knots 17.5% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 23.7% of the time. Temperature The mean daily temperature for the month, 28.2 C or 82.8 F, fell on the border of the near normal to above normal range. The average maximum and maximum temperatures were near normal while the average minimum and minimum temperature were well above normal. During the day, the mean temperature was 29.0 C or 84.2 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 26.9 C or 80.4 F. This continues to be the coolest year at Coolidge in over 14 years. The mean temperature thus far for the year is 26.1 C or 79.0 F. This is 0.6 C or 1.1 F below the mean for the same period. 20

24 JULY 2008 SUMMARY FOR V.C. BIRD INT L AIRPORT, COOLIDGE ELEMENT OBSERVATION PERIOD/DATE MEAN DAILY CLOUD COVER P/CLOUDY (4.0 oktas) JULY MODAL WIND DIRECTION NE E JULY MEAN DAILY WIND SPEED 12.1KT JULY MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED 1 20KT JULY 14, 11:50 12:00 MAXIMUM GUST 31KT JULY 31, 10:45 MEAN DAILY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB JULY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS NORMAL JULY TOTAL RAINFALL 39.0 MM OR 1.54 JULY RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY MM OR 0.47 JULY 30 MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL 12.3 MM OR 0.48 MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL MM OR JULY 30, 18:00 JULY 31, 18:00 JULY 31, 06:00-12:00 RAINFALL STATUS BELOW NORMAL JULY, MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 30.9 C OR 87.6 F JULY ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 31.7 C OR 89.1 F JULY 30, 12:00-18:00 MEAN DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 25.9 C OR 78.6 F JULY ABSOLUTE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 23.5 C OR 74.3 F JULY 5, 06:00 12:00 MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE 28.2 C OR 82.8 F JULY WARMEST DAY(S) 28.8 C OR 83.8 F JULY 28 & 29 COOLEST DAY(S) 27.0 C OR 80.6 F JULY 8 MEAN DAILY RELATIVE HUMIDITY 72.9% JULY MOST HUMID DAY(S) 80.9% JULY 8 LEAST HUMID DAY(S) 67.3% JULY 27 NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 7 JULY Table 7: July 2008 Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge. (All Times in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). 2 A Climatological Day runs from 12:00 to 12:00 UTC, All Days are Climatological Days. 1 This only considers the wind during 10 minutes to the hour, stronger winds may have occurred otherwise. 3 Measured at 8 A.M., 8 P.M., 2 A.M. and 2 P.M.

25 August Summary in Brief Rainfall at Coolidge was above normal during August. The month s total of 4.52 inches was the twelfth highest since record keeping started in The mean daily temperature of 28.3 degrees Celsius ( C) or 82.9 degrees Fahrenheit ( F) was above normal. Thus far for the year, it has been the coldest at Coolidge in over 14 years. This month s winds were gentle for most of the time. The modal wind direction was east-northeast (ENE) as compared to the normal modal of eastsoutheast (ESE), and the month s mean wind speed of 9.5 knots was well below normal. DETAILS Weather Coolidge was fairly wet during August. The rainfall total was 119% of the normal figure for the month. Only 11 other Augusts have been wetter since Notwithstanding, the above normal rainfall, the number of rainy days (13) were near normal. This suggests that showers were heavier and or longer than normal. The first rainy day took place on August 1, when an active tropical wave passed across the area. Some showers were locally heavy and accompanied by thunderstorms. After a five (5) day dry spell, a low level perturbation ahead of a tropical wave generated showers and thunderstorms on August 7. Then on August 9, the tropical wave brought another bout of showers in less than 36 hours. The next set of notable showers took place over the period August 12 to 14. These showers were caused by a strong tropical wave with an associated low level circulation. This wave eventually developed into Tropical Storm Fay. The tropical wave had support from the Tropical Upper-level Tropospheric Trough (TUTT). The systems produced periodic showers over the three (3) day period. On August 14, showers were accompanied by thunderstorms as daytime heating further enhanced conditions. Showers were also locally heavy on August 14 and resulted in urban and small stream floods. After these showers, there was another five (5) day dry spell before the TUTT returned on August 20. The system generated showers which were briefly heavy. On August 24, daytime heating, low level confluence and upper level diffluence caused some periods of showers, some of which were briefly heavy. On August 26, the same conditions that were around on August 24 combined with a low level trough to produce a few periods of showers and thunderstorms. A heavy shower occurred during the late afternoon. Except for August 27, the remainder of the month was quite wet with the TUTT, Tropical Storm Hanna and daytime heating producing periods of showers that were very heavy at times. Some showers were accompanied by thunderstorms on August 28 and 29. Over half of the rainfall for the month fell on the last four (4) days. 22

26 Winds During the month of August, the winds were gentle for most of the time. They also came from the east-northeast for most of the time. This is significantly north of the normal of east-southeast for the month. The mean wind speed of 9.5 knots was well below normal for the month. The maximum, 10 minute mean, wind speed of 20 knots occurred a few times between August 12 and 23. The month s maximum wind gust of 29 knots occurred during the morning of August 12 with the wind direction being northeast. August 22 was the windiest day of the month, while August 26 was the least windy day. Overall, for the month, the winds were calm 4.70% of the time; less than or equal to 10 knots 41.93% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 6.59% of the time. Temperature The mean daily temperature for the month, 28.3 C or 82.9 F, was above normal. The average maximum and minimum temperature were above normal. Meanwhile, the maximum temperature was below normal and the minimum temperature was near normal. During the day, the mean temperature was 29.3 C or 84.7 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 27.2 C or 81.0 F. This continues to be the coolest year at Coolidge in over 14 years. The mean temperature thus far for the year is 26.4 C or 79.5 F. This is 0.5 C or 0.9 F below the mean for the same period. 23

27 AUGUST 2008 SUMMARY FOR V.C. BIRD INT L AIRPORT, COOLIDGE ELEMENT OBSERVATION PERIOD/DATE MEAN DAILY CLOUD COVER P/CLOUDY (4.65 oktas) AUGUST MODAL WIND DIRECTION ENE AUGUST MEAN DAILY WIND SPEED 9.5 KT AUGUST MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED 1 19KT AUGUST 23, 18:50 19:00 MAXIMUM GUST 29KT AUGUST 12, 12:00 MEAN DAILY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB AUGUST BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS - AUGUST TOTAL RAINFALL MM OR 4.52 AUGUST RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY MM OR 0.81 AUGUST 28 MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL 21.4 MM OR 0.84 MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL MM OR AUGUST 30, 06:00 AUGUST 31, 06:00 AUGUST 1, 06:00-12:00 RAINFALL STATUS ABOVE NORMAL AUGUST, MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 31.4 C OR 1.24 F AUGUST ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 32.8 C OR 91.0 F AUGUST 25, 12:00-18:00 MEAN DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 25.7 C OR 78.3 F AUGUST ABSOLUTE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 23.2 C OR 73.8 F AUGUST 29, 00:00 06:00 MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE 28.3 C OR 82.9 F AUGUST WARMEST DAY(S) 29.4 C OR 84.9 F AUGUST 22 COOLEST DAY(S) 26.2 C OR 79.2 F AUGUST 26 MEAN DAILY RELATIVE HUMIDITY 75.4% AUGUST MOST HUMID DAY(S) 87.3% AUGUST 30 LEAST HUMID DAY(S) 69.3% AUGUST 17 NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 7 AUGUST Table 8: August 2008 Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge. (All Times in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). 2 A Climatological Day runs from 12:00 to 12:00 UTC, All Days are Climatological Days. 1 This only considers the wind during 10 minutes to the hour, stronger winds may have occurred otherwise. 3 Measured at 8 A.M., 8 P.M., 2 A.M. and 2 P.M.

28 September Summary in Brief Rainfall at Coolidge was above normal during September. The month s total of 8.48 inches was the seventh highest since record keeping started in The mean daily temperature of 27.3 degrees Celsius ( C) or 81.1 degrees Fahrenheit ( F) was below normal. This was the coldest September in over 14 years. This month s winds were gentle for most of the time. The modal wind direction was east (E) and the mean wind speed was 7.6 knots. DETAILS Weather Coolidge was quite wet during September. The rainfall total was 170% of the normal figure for the month. Only six (6) other Septembers have been wetter since This high rainfall was also reflected in the high number of rainy days which exceeded the average by 42%. The month started out rainy with the first three (3) days yielding well over two (2) inches of rain. The showers were caused by moisture from an area of disturbed weather and Hurricane Hanna. Some showers were heavy and accompanied by thunderstorms on September 1 and 2. After these showers, the longest dry spell of the month occurred from September 4 to 7. On September 8, a tropical wave and the Tropical Upper-level Tropospheric Trough (TUTT) caused very active weather across the area. There were thunderstorms and or showers mainly on the night of September 8 through the morning of September 9. Showers were heavy at times and resulted in minor to moderate floods. After two (2) days of dry weather, a tropical wave caused September 11 through 13 to be rainy. Another brief dry spell took place before the TUTT and another tropical moved across the islands with a lot of furry especially on the morning of September 18 when the systems caused a peak ten minute mean wind speed of 27 knots (31 miles per hour (mph)). We also had a peak one minute sustained wind speed of 30 knots (35 mph) with a peak gust of 45 knots (52 mph). During the period of September 17 to 21, there were periodic showers which were heavy at times and accompanied by thunderstorms. From September 23 to 27, low level confluence coupled with upper level diffluence and daytime heating caused showers and or thunderstorms mainly during daylight hours. September 26 was particularly active with a few intervals of heavy showers and periodic thunderstorms, which were heavy at times, during the afternoon. Showers during this day also lead to minor to moderate floods. After one day without rainfall, showers again picked up on September 29 and lasted through the end of the month. These last showers were caused by a tropical wave along with daytime heating. 25

29 Winds During the month of September, the winds were gentle, on average and came from the east for most of the time. The normal for the month is east-southeast. The mean wind speed of 7.6 knots was well below normal for the month. The maximum, 10 minute mean, wind speed of 27 knots occurred on the morning of September 18. The month s maximum wind gust of 45 knots also occurred on the morning of September 18. September 6 was the windiest day of the month, while September 2 was the least windy day. Overall, for the month, the winds were calm 9.72% of the time; less than or equal to 10 knots 74.44% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 4.58% of the time. Temperature The mean daily temperature for the month, 27.3 C or 81.1 F, was above normal. The maximum and average maximum temperatures were below normal. Meanwhile, the minimum and average minimum temperatures were near normal. During the day, the mean temperature was 28.1 C or 82.6 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 26.3 C or 79.3 F. This continues to be the coolest year at Coolidge in over 14 years. The mean temperature, thus far, for the year is 27.0 C or 80.6 F. This is 0.5 C or 0.9 F below the mean for the same period. 26

30 SUMMARY FOR V.C. BIRD INT L AIRPORT, COOLIDGE SEPTEMBER 2008 ELEMENT OBSERVATION PERIOD/DATE MEAN DAILY CLOUD COVER CLOUDY (5.75 oktas) SEPTEMBER MODAL WIND DIRECTION E SEPTEMBER MEAN DAILY WIND SPEED 7.6 KT SEPTEMBER MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED 1 22 KT SEPTEMBER 18, 06:50 07:00 MAXIMUM GUST 45 KT SEPTEMBER 18, 07:10 MEAN DAILY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB SEPTEMBER BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS NORMAL SEPTEMBER TOTAL RAINFALL MM OR 8.48 SEPTEMBER RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY MM OR 1.97 SEPTEMBER 2 MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL 50.1 MM OR 1.97 MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL MM OR SEPTEMBER 2, 00:00 SEPTEMBER 3, 00:00 SEPTEMBER 2, 12:00-18:00 RAINFALL STATUS ABOVE NORMAL SEPTEMBER, MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 30.2 C OR 86.4 F SEPTEMBER ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 31.4 C OR 88.5 F SEPTEMBER 4, 12:00-18:00 MEAN DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 24.6 C OR 76.3 F SEPTEMBER ABSOLUTE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 22.1 C OR 71.8 F SEPTEMBER 18, 06:00 12:00 MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE 27.3 C OR 81.1 F SEPTEMBER WARMEST DAY(S) 28.8 C OR 83.8 F SEPTEMBER 6 COOLEST DAY(S) 25.2 C OR 77.4 F SEPTEMBER 20 MEAN DAILY RELATIVE HUMIDITY 81.0% SEPTEMBER MOST HUMID DAY(S) 91.8% SEPTEMBER 2 LEAST HUMID DAY(S) 73.3% SEPTEMBER 5 NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 16 SEPTEMBER Table 9: Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge September (All Times in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). 2 All Days are Climatological Days, 12:00 to 12:00 UTC. 1 This only considers the wind during 10 minutes to the hour, stronger winds may have occurred otherwise. 3 Measured at 8 A.M., 8 P.M., 2 A.M. and 2 P.M.

31 October Summary in Brief Rainfall at Coolidge was well above normal during October. The total for the month of inches was the second highest since record keeping started in This was largely due to the effects of Hurricane Omar which caused extreme rainfall and severe floods to Coolidge and much of the island. The mean daily temperature of 26.9 degrees Celsius ( C) or 80.4 degrees Fahrenheit ( F) was below normal. This was the coldest October in over 14 years. This month s winds were gentle for most of the time. The modal wind direction was east-northeast (ENE) and the mean wind speed was 7.8 knots. DETAILS Weather Coolidge was very wet during October which was largely due to Hurricane Omar. The system contributed 67.5% of the rainfall for the month; 53% of which fell in three (3) hours (see report). The rainfall total for the month was 255% of the normal figure for the month. Only one (1) other October has been wetter since This high rainfall was also reflected in the high number of rainy days which exceeded the average by 35%. On the first day of the month, a perturbation ahead of a tropical wave caused a few showers which were occasionally heavy. After two (2) days of dry weather, a tropical wave caused a few showers on October 4. These showers were followed by some showers on the night of October 5 generated by a low level trough with upper level support. A few of these showers were occasionally heavy and there were thunderstorms in the distance. On October 6, the Tropical Upper-level Troposheric Trough (TUTT) became active across the area and remained that way for the next two (2) weeks. The system along with mainly daytime heating generated periodic showers mostly during the day between October 6 and 13. Showers were often heavy and accompanied by thunderstorms during this time. On October 10, the tropical wave that led to formation of Hurricane Omar, crossed the islands and added to the instability across the area. On October 13, the tropical wave merged with the TUTT and Omar was formed. Omar added to the instability across the area with its rain-bands affecting Antigua and Barbuda with frequent heavy showers and thunderstorms through to October 17. Showers were extremely heavy on the morning of October 16 when nearly 5 inches fell in hours in three (3) hours. These showers led to a serious flooding of the area. After Omar exited the area, the TUTT remained and periodic showers continued mainly during the daytime with aid of daytime heating. Showers were less frequent and lighter in nature than prior to Omar; however, a few of the post Omar showers were briefly heavy. After October 20, there was a seven (7) day dry spell before a tropical wave brought a few showers to the area on the night of October 28. At least one of these showers was briefly heavy. The last day of notable 28

32 showers was October 31 when a low level trough moved across the area. A few of these showers were briefly heavy. Winds During the month of October, the winds were gentle, on average and came from the east-northeast for most of the time. The normal for the month is eastsoutheast. The mean wind speed of 7.8 knots was below normal for the month. The maximum, 10 minute mean, wind speed of 30 knots along with the maximum wind gust of 42 knots occurred on the morning of October 16. October 17 was the least windy day of the month, while October 30 was the windiest day of the month. Overall, for the month, the winds were calm 7.39% of the time; less than or equal to 10 knots 70.29% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 2.42% of the time. Temperature The mean daily temperature for the month, 26.9 C or 80.4 F, was below normal. The maximum and average maximum temperatures were well below normal and below normal respectively. Meanwhile, the minimum and average minimum temperatures were below normal and near normal respectively. During the day, the mean temperature was 27.7 C or 81.9 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 26.0 C or 78.8 F. This continues to be the coolest year at Coolidge in over 14 years. The mean temperature, thus far, for the year is 26.5 C or 79.7 F. This is 0.6 C or 1.1 F below the mean for the same period. 29

33 SUMMARY FOR V.C. BIRD INT L AIRPORT, COOLIDGE OCTOBER 2008 ELEMENT OBSERVATION PERIOD/DATE MEAN DAILY CLOUD COVER CLOUDY (5.15 oktas) OCTOBER MODAL WIND DIRECTION ENE OCTOBER MEAN DAILY WIND SPEED 7.8 KT OCTOBER MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED 1 30 KT OCTOBER 16, 09:50 10:00 MAXIMUM GUST 42 KT OCTOBER 16, 10:00 MEAN DAILY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB OCTOBER BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS NORMAL OCTOBER TOTAL RAINFALL MM OR OCTOBER RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY MM OR 5.80 OCTOBER 15 MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL MM OR 6.61 MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL MM OR OCTOBER 15, 19:00 OCTOBER 16, 19:00 OCTOBER 16, 06:00-12:00 RAINFALL STATUS WELL ABOVE NORMAL OCTOBER, MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 29.8 C OR 85.6 F OCTOBER ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 30.6 C OR 87.1 F OCTOBER 7, 12:00-18:00 MEAN DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 24.3 C OR 75.7 F OCTOBER ABSOLUTE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 21.5 C OR 70.7 F OCTOBER 13, 18:00 24:00 MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE 26.9 C OR 80.4 F OCTOBER WARMEST DAY(S) 28.3 C OR 82.9 F OCTOBER 3 COOLEST DAY(S) 24.1 C OR 75.4 F OCTOBER 16 MEAN DAILY RELATIVE HUMIDITY 80.5% OCTOBER MOST HUMID DAY(S) 93.9% OCTOBER 16 LEAST HUMID DAY(S) 70.9% OCTOBER 21 NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 18 OCTOBER Table 10: Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge October (All Times in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). 2 A Climatological Day runs from 12:00 to 12:00 UTC, All Days are Climatological Days. 1 This only considers the wind during 10 minutes to the hour, stronger winds may have occurred otherwise. 3 Measured at 8 A.M., 8 P.M., 2 A.M. and 2 P.M.

34 November Summary in Brief Rainfall at Coolidge was near normal during November. The total for the month of 4.63 inches is the median figure. The mean daily temperature of 26.3 degrees Celsius ( C) or 79.3 degrees Fahrenheit ( F) was near normal. This was the second coolest November in over 14 years. The winds for the month were gentle for most of the time. The modal wind direction was east-northeast (ENE) and the mean wind speed was 8.9 knots. DETAILS Weather Coolidge had near normal rainfall during November. The rainfall total for the month was 86% of the normal figure for the month. This figure is the median rainfall total for November dated back to Over 70% of the rain for the month fell November 4 through 6. These rains were caused by a low level trough and upper level divergence. Some of these showers were heavy especially on November 5 when there were thunderstorms. On the same day, close to 2 inches of rain fell between 2 and 7 A.M., and over half of an inch fell during the afternoon. These showers led to significant flooding in and near the area. Following these showers, there was a four (4) day dry spell before the next period of showers, November 11 through 15. These showers were caused by the Tropical Upper-level Troposheric Trough (TUTT) which was evident at most levels of the atmosphere. A few of these showers were briefly heavy and there were thunderstorms over the period. The last two (2) rainy days for the month took place on November 18 and 20. The weather on these days was affected by a low level trough and upper level divergence. Winds During the month of November, the winds were gentle, on average, and came from the east-northeast for most of the time. The modal wind dating back to 1981 is east. The mean wind speed of 8.9 knots was below normal for the month. The maximum, 10 minute mean, wind speed of 19 knots occurred a few times in the month. The maximum wind gust of 29 knots took place at approximately 12:20 A.M. on November 15. November 12 was the least windy day of the month, while November 30 was the windiest day. Overall, for the month, the winds were calm 3.20% of the time; less than or equal to 10 knots 65.97% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 6.11% of the time. 31

35 Temperature The mean daily temperature for the month, 26.3 C or 79.3 F, was near normal. The maximum and average maximum temperatures were well below normal and below normal respectively. Meanwhile, the minimum and average minimum temperatures were near normal. During the day, the mean temperature was 27.3 C or 81.1 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 25.5 C or 77.9 F. This continues to be the coolest year at Coolidge in over 14 years. The mean temperature, thus far, for the year is 26.5 C or 79.7 F. This is 0.6 C or 1.1 F below the mean for the same period. 32

36 SUMMARY FOR V.C. BIRD INT L AIRPORT, COOLIDGE NOVEMBER 2008 ELEMENT OBSERVATION PERIOD/DATE MEAN DAILY CLOUD COVER CLOUDY (5.15 oktas) NOVEMBER MODAL WIND DIRECTION ENE NOVEMBER MEAN DAILY WIND SPEED 8.9 KT NOVEMBER MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED 1 19 KT NOVEMBER (few times) MAXIMUM GUST 29 KT NOVEMBER 15, 04:20 MEAN DAILY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB NOVEMBER BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS NORMAL NOVEMBER TOTAL RAINFALL MM OR 4.63 NOVEMBER RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY MM OR 1.98 NOVEMBER 4 MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL 71.0 MM OR 2.80 MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL MM OR NOVEMBER 5, 02:00 NOVEMBER 6, 02:00 NOVEMBER 5, 06:00-12:00 RAINFALL STATUS ABOVE NORMAL NOVEMBER, MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 29.0 C OR 84.2 F NOVEMBER ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 29.9 C OR 85.8 F NOVEMBER 6, 12:00-18:00 MEAN DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 24.0 C OR 75.2 F NOVEMBER ABSOLUTE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 21.5 C OR 70.7 F NOVEMBER 13, 18:00 24:00 MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE 26.3 C OR 79.3 F NOVEMBER WARMEST DAY(S) 27.6 C OR 81.7 F NOVEMBER 2 COOLEST DAY(S) 24.5 C OR 77.7 F NOVEMBER 12 MEAN DAILY RELATIVE HUMIDITY 74.8% NOVEMBER MOST HUMID DAY(S) 90.7% NOVEMBER 5 LEAST HUMID DAY(S) 60.3% NOVEMBER 26 NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 10 NOVEMBER Table 11: Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge November (All Times in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). 2 A Climatological Day runs from 12:00 to 12:00 UTC, All Days are Climatological Days. 1 This only considers the wind during 10 minutes to the hour, stronger winds may have occurred otherwise. 3 Measured at 8 A.M., 8 P.M., 2 A.M. and 2 P.M.

37 December Summary in Brief Rainfall at Coolidge was near normal during December. The total for the month was 2.42 inches. The mean daily temperature of 25.3 degrees Celsius ( C) or 77.5 degrees Fahrenheit ( F) was below normal. This was the second coolest December in over 14 years. The winds for the month were moderate for most of the time. The modal wind direction was northeast (NE) and the mean wind speed was 10.8 knots. DETAILS Weather Coolidge had near normal rainfall during December. The rainfall total for the month was 71% of the normal figure for the month. The first set of notable showers occurred December 5 and 6 as a result of a trough system and middle level diffluence. An increase of winds resulted in low level disturbances and moisture advection across the area December 9 through 12. During this time, nearly 50% of the rainfall for the month fell. On most of the days, showers were frequent and heavy at times. These showers were followed by a seven (7) day dry spell which came to an end on December 20 when moisture advection brought showers to the area. Moisture advection was responsible for the showers for the rest of the month with notable showers on December 22, 25 through 27 and 29. The showers were frequent and occasionally heavy on most of the days. Winds During the month of December, the winds were moderate, on average, and came from the NE for most of the time. The modal wind dating back to 1981 is east. The mean wind speed of 10.8 knots was near normal. The maximum, 10 minute mean, wind speed of 22 knots occurred at approximately 23:25 UTC on December 11. The maximum wind gust of 32 knots took place at the same time as the maximum wind above. December 17 was the least windy day of the month, while December 23 was the windiest day. Overall, for the month, the winds were calm 1.21% of the time; less than or equal to 10 knots 43.01% of the time and greater than or equal 15 knots 21.77% of the time. Temperature The mean daily temperature for the month, 25.3 C or 77.5 F, was below normal. The maximum and average maximum temperatures were well below normal. Meanwhile, the minimum and average minimum temperatures were near normal. During the day, the mean temperature was 26.1 C or 79.0 F, while the mean night-time temperature was 24.6 C or 76.3 F. The year 2008 was the coolest year 34

38 at Coolidge in over 14 years. The mean daily temperature for the year was 26.4 C or 79.5 F. This is 0.6 C or 1.1 F below the mean for the same period. 35

39 SUMMARY FOR V.C. BIRD INT L AIRPORT, COOLIDGE DECEMBER 2008 ELEMENT OBSERVATION PERIOD/DATE MEAN DAILY CLOUD COVER P-CLOUDY (4.1 oktas) DECEMBER MODAL WIND DIRECTION NE DECEMBER MEAN DAILY WIND SPEED 10.8 KT NOVEMBER MAXIMUM 10-MINUTE WIND SPEED 1 19 KT DECEMBER (few times) MAXIMUM GUST 32 KT DECEMBER 11, 23:25 MEAN DAILY BAROMETRIC PRESSURE MB DECEMBER BAROMETRIC PRESSURE STATUS ABOVE DECEMBER TOTAL RAINFALL 61.3 MM OR 2.41 DECEMBER RAINIEST (CLIMATOLOGICAL) DAY MM OR 0.46 DECEMBER 11 MAXIMUM 24-HOUR RAINFALL 15.4 MM OR 0.61 MAXIMUM 6-HR RAINFALL MM OR DECEMBER 11, 02:00 DECEMBER 12, 02:00 DECEMBER 11, 18:00-24:00 RAINFALL STATUS NEAR NORMAL DECEMBER, MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 27.7 C OR 81.9 F DECEMBER ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 28.7 C OR 83.7 F DECEMBER 1, 12:00-18:00 MEAN DAILY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 22.7 C OR 72.9 F DECEMBER ABSOLUTE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 20.7 C OR 69.3 F MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE 25.3 C OR 77.5 F DECEMBER DECEMBER 31, 06:00 12:00 WARMEST DAY(S) 26.4 C OR 79.5 F DECEMBER 1 COOLEST DAY(S) 24.0 C OR 75.2 F DECEMBER 30 MEAN DAILY RELATIVE HUMIDITY 71.2% DECEMBER MOST HUMID DAY(S) 80.6% DECEMBER 12 LEAST HUMID DAY(S) 60.8% DECEMBER 19 NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS 12 DECEMBER Table 12: Summary for V. C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge December (All Times in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)). 2 All Days are Climatological Days, 12:00 to 12:00 UTC. 1 This only considers the wind during 10 minutes to the hour, stronger winds may have occurred otherwise. 3 Measured at 8 A.M., 8 P.M., 2 A.M. and 2 P.M.

40 Precipitation The 2008 rainfall for Coolidge was above normal, ranking 23 out of an 81 year historical data. The normal annual total rainfall for Coolidge is mm or inches while, for 2008, the annual total of mm or inches fell at the V.C. Bird International Airport, Coolidge. This is the highest since 2004 and the second highest since In the past 81 years, the wettest year was 1951 with inches and the driest year was 1983 with inches. The wettest month on average was October with inches, and the driest month was March with 0.79 inches (See Graph 1). This October was the second wettest for the historical records, which dates back to 1928, and it was the 14 th wettest month of the same period. The biggest contributor to the rainfall total this year was Hurricane Omar which dumped 5.80 inches on the area in October. This was the wettest day for the year. Twenty-seven percent of the total rainfall for the year or inches fell during the dry season, while during the wet season the other 73% or inches fell. Normally, 35% of the annual rainfall takes place in the dry season and 65% in the wet season. Most of the rainfall (28%) was as a result of tropical cyclones. Low level troughs and daytime heating produced 22% of the rainfall total and TUTT s and daytime heating produced 16%. Cumulatively, 29% of the rainfall for the year occurred in three (3) days (72 hours), and 35% of the rainfall for the year occurred in 12 days (288 hours). This distribution was near normal. (Note, 25.4 mm = 1 inch) 37

41 Temperature The Year 2008 was the coolest of the past 14 years at V. C. Bird International Airport (See Graphs 4 and 5). The average temperature for 2008 of 26.4 C or 79.5 F was 0.7 C or 1.3 F below the average of 27.1 C (See Graph 5). The average annual maximum temperature of 29.5 C was the lowest since 2004 and tied with 2000 as the lowest since The average annual minimum temperature of 23.9 C was the lowest since The absolute minimum of 19.0 C was the lowest since 2005, while the absolute maximum of 32.8 C was the highest since 2006 (See Graph 6). Further, the absolute annual temperature range of 13.8 C was the second highest since 2000 (See Graph 7). The warmest day was August 22 with 29.4 C, while the coldest day was January 9 and 10 with 23.3 C. See graph 3 for the monthly temperatures for Globally, according to MeteoWorld of December 2008, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has estimated the global average temperature for 2008 to be 0.31 C or 0.56 F above the annual average of C or F ( ). WMO s global temperature analyses are based on two different sources. One is the combined dataset maintained by both the Hadley Centre of the UK Meteorological Office and the Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, UK, which, at this stage, ranked 2008 as the tenth warmest on record. The other dataset is maintained by the US Department of Commerce s National Oceanic and 38

42 Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which indicated that 2008 is likely to be the eighth warmest on record ( ). 39

43 40

44 41

45 Wind The winds for the years were moderate (Beaufort Scale) with the modal wind direction of E N and a modal speed range of 11 to 17knots (Graph 8 and See Figure 1). The 2008 average wind speed of 10.6 knots was below normal (See Table 15). It was the lowest since 2005, and it ranked 11 th out of the past 14 years (See Graph 10). The year 2000 was the windiest in the last 13 years, while 1998 was the calmest. For most of the time during the year, the winds blew from the east by north (E N). February was the windiest month, while September was the calmest (See Graph 9). The windiest day was February 13 with an average speed of 19.1 knots, while August 26 was the calmest day with an average speed of 1.5 knots. Graph 8: Wind Frequency Distribution at V. C. Bird Int l Airport

ovember 2008 Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service

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