Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity Laboratory Activities Foldables Reading and Study Skills activity sheet

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1 Glencoe Science Chapter Resources Atmosphere Includes: Reproducible Student Pages ASSESSMENT Chapter Tests Chapter Review HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity Laboratory Activities Foldables Reading and Study Skills activity sheet MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS Directed Reading for Content Mastery Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish Reinforcement Enrichment Note-taking Worksheets TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES Section Focus Transparency Activities Teaching Transparency Activity Assessment Transparency Activity Teacher Support and Planning Content Outline for Teaching Spanish Resources Teacher Guide and Answers

2 Determining If Air Has Mass Procedure 1. On a pan balance, find the mass of an inflatable ball that is completely deflated. 2. Hypothesize about the change in the mass of the ball when it is inflated. 3. Inflate the ball to its maximum recommended inflation pressure. 4. Determine the mass of the fully inflated ball. Hands-On Activities Mass of Ball When Completely Deflated Predicted Mass of Ball When Fully Inflated Analysis 1. What change occurs in the mass of the ball when it is inflated? 2. Infer from your data whether air has mass. Actual Mass of Ball When Fully Inflated Atmosphere 3

3 Hands-On Activities Modeling Heat Transfer Procedure 1. Cover the outside of an empty soup can with black construction paper. 2. Fill the can with cold water and feel it with your fingers. 3. Place the can in sunlight for 1 h, then pour the water over your fingers. Analysis 1. Does the water in the can feel warmer or cooler after placing the can in sunlight? 2. What types of heat transfer did you model? 4 Atmosphere

4 Evaluating Sunscreens Lab Preview Directions: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab. 1. Why are terms like sunblock and waterproof misleading? Hands-On Activities 2. Why is it important to calculate the cost per milliliter of each brand of sunscreen? Without protection, sun exposure can damage your health. Sunscreens protect your skin from UV radiation. In this lab, you will draw inferences using different sunscreen labels. Real-World Question How effective are various brands of sunscreens? Materials variety of sunscreens of different brand names Goals Draw inferences based on labels on sunscreen brands. Compare the effectiveness of different sunscreen brands for protection against the Sun. Compare the cost of several sunscreen brands. Safety Precautions Data and Observations Brand Name SPF Cost per Milliliter Procedure 1. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) tells you how long the sunscreen will protect you. For example, an SPF of 4 allows you to stay in the Sun four times longer than if you did not use sunscreen. Record the SPF of each sunscreen on the data table below. 2. Calculate the cost per milliliter of each sunscreen brand. 3. Government guidelines say that terms like sunblock and waterproof are misleading because sunscreens can t block the Sun s rays, and they do wash off in water. List misleading terms in the data table for each brand. Misleading Terms Atmosphere 5

5 (continued) Hands-On Activities Conclude and Apply 1. Explain why you need to use sunscreen. 2. Evaluate A minimum of SPF 15 is considered adequate protection for a sunscreen. An SPF greater than 30 is considered by government guidelines to be misleading because sunscreens wash or wear off. Evaluate the SPF of each sunscreen brand. 3. Discuss Considering the cost and effectiveness of all the sunscreen brands, discuss which brand you consider to be the best buy. Communicating Your Data Create a poster on the proper use of sunscreens, and provide guidelines for selecting the safest product. 6 Atmosphere

6 1 Laboratory Activity Air Volume and Pressure You can t always see the air in Earth s atmosphere, but air is real. Like any other form of matter, air has definite physical properties. As you work through this activity, you will observe two of the properties of air volume and pressure. Strategy You will demonstrate that air has volume (occupies space). You will demonstrate that air exerts pressure. Materials water bicycle pump meterstick beaker (500-ml) air mattress Procedure 1. Put 250 ml of water in the beaker. 2. Insert the hose of the bicycle pump so it is below the surface of the water. 3. To demonstrate that air occupies space, pump air into the water. Record your observations. Remove the pump hose. 4. To demonstrate that air exerts pressure, place the air mattress on the floor. Press the mattress flat to be sure it contains very little air. Feel the floor through the mattress. Data and Observations Observations: 1. Air pumped into beaker: 2. Pushing down on mattress: Table 1 Air mattress 1. Length (cm) Before pumping 5. Measure in centimeters the length, width, and thickness of the air mattress. Record your measurements in Table Inflate the mattress using the bicycle pump. Measure and record the dimensions of the mattress again. 7. Push down with your hand on one area of the inflated air mattress. Note how the dimensions of the area you are pushing on change. How does the part of the mattress surrounding your hands change? After pumping Hands-On Activities 2. Width (cm) 3. Thickness (cm) Atmosphere 9

7 Laboratory Activity 1 (continued) Hands-On Activities Questions and Conclusions 1. What happened in the beaker of water when you pumped air into it? 2. What property of air does this demonstrate? 3. Calculate the volume of air in the air mattress. Show your work below. If you need more room, use the back of this page. 4. What happened to the thickness of the air mattress in the area where you pushed on it? 5. What happened to the area of the air mattress surrounding the area you pushed? What property of air does this show? 6. Does air exert pressure? Defend your answer. Strategy Check Can you demonstrate that air has volume? Can you demonstrate that air exerts pressure? 10 Atmosphere

8 2 Laboratory Activity Temperature of the Air Air temperature is an important factor in the scientific study of weather. Air temperature affects air pressure and, thus, the type of weather that may occur. Differences in air temperature also cause winds. By studying the air temperature and weather at different times during the day, you may be able to predict how the air temperature will affect local weather. Strategy You will measure air temperature at different times during the day. You will measure air temperature at the same location each time. You will graph your results and compare your graph with those of your classmates. Materials Celsius thermometer (metal backed) graph paper Procedure 1. Select an outdoor site for taking air temperature readings. Make sure the site is an open shaded area. 2. Record the air temperature at this site three times each day for a week. Be careful to read the thermometer at the same times each day. Record data in Table Record additional weather factors, such as cloud cover, precipitation, and winds. Data and Observations Table 1 Date Time Temp ( C) Other Hands-On Activities Atmosphere 11

9 Laboratory Activity 2 (continued) Hands-On Activities Graph your data showing temperature and time. Graph temperature on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. Temperature Time Questions and Conclusions 1. Why did you take your air temperature readings in the shade instead of the Sun? 2. Describe any patterns in your air temperature graph. 3. Do these patterns agree with patterns observed by your classmates? Explain. 4. How can you explain the patterns in terms of solar energy absorbed by the land? Strategy Check Can you measure air temperature? Can you collect data for a week? Can you graph your data? 12 Atmosphere

10 Directed Reading for Content Mastery Overview Atmosphere Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. weather exosphere coldest air temperature ionosphere stratosphere 1. which is the region of space travel thermosphere which also contains the 2. Meeting Individual Needs The layers of the atmosphere are the mesosphere which has the troposphere which contains the in which ozone layer 5. occurs Atmosphere 15

11 Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 1 Earth s Atmosphere Section 2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided. 1. The layer of atmosphere that we live in is the oreeshroppt. Meeting Individual Needs 2. The most common gas in our atmosphere is gnoetrin. 3. The layer of atmosphere that contains the ozone layer is the rattsoreephs. 4. Harmful energy that comes from the sun is travelutoil triadiona. 5. Chemical compounds that pollute the atmosphere are frochrabonlorolucos. 6. Energy is transferred when molecules bump into one another in notonducci. 7. A cycle in which air is warmed, warm air rises, air is cooled, and cooled air sinks is a nocitecnov centurr. 8. All the water on Earth s surface is called the dropshyere. 9. The process of water vapor changing to a liquid is called cannedsitnoo. 10. When water changes from a liquid to a gas, it asprotavee. 16 Atmosphere

12 Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 3 Air Movement Directions: Identify the illustrations below as showing a sea breeze or land breeze. Warm air Warm air Cool air Cool air Directions: Match each cause with the correct effect. Write the letter of the effect in the blank before the cause. Cause Effect 3. The equator receives more of the Sun s energy. 4. Warm air is less dense than cold air. 5. The poles receive less of the Sun s energy. 6. Cold air is more dense than warm air. 7. Warm air molecules are farther apart. 8. Earth rotates. a. Cold air sinks. b. Air near the equator is warmer. c. The Coriolis effect exists. d. Warm air rises. e. Warm air is less dense. f. Air near the poles is colder. Meeting Individual Needs Atmosphere 17

13 Key Terms Atmosphere Directions: Use the terms to complete the puzzle below. The letters in the dark, vertical box will spell a familiar term. Coriolis effect troposphere sea breeze ionosphere ozone layer jet stream radiation land breeze condensation hydrosphere 1 Directed Reading for Content Mastery Meeting Individual Needs Part of atmosphere that protects Earth from harmful radiation 2. The transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into one another 3. Narrow belt of strong wind at high altitude 4. All the water on Earth s surface 5. The process of water vapor changing to a liquid 6. Layer of atmosphere closest to Earth s surface 7. A layer of charged particles above Earth 8. Constant movement of water between the atmosphere and Earth s surface. 9. Shifts the direction of free moving fluids such as air and water 10. A local wind system created during the day 18 Atmosphere

14 1 Reinforcement Earth s Atmosphere Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. 1. Which atmosphere layer contains electrically charged particles that reflect radio waves? 2. In which atmosphere layer(s) does the temperature increase as altitude increases? 3. In which atmosphere layer(s) does the temperature decrease as altitude increases? Directions: Use the chart to answer questions 4 7. Gas Percent by volume A B Argon 0.93 Gas Helium Methane Krypton Percent by volume trace trace trace Meeting Individual Needs Carbon dioxide 0.03 Xeron trace C 0.0 to 4.0 Hydrogen Neon trace Ozone 4. What information does the chart show? 5. A, B, and C represent three different gases. What is A? How do you know? 6. What is B? How do you know? 7. What is C? How do you know? trace trace Atmosphere 23

15 1 Enrichment Observing the Effects of Air Pressure Temperature affects the density of air. The following experiment demonstrates the power of air pressure. Materials glass bottle sheet of paper long match or paper drinking straw and match hard-boiled egg, peeled Meeting Individual Needs Procedure 1. Be sure that the opening at the top of the glass bottle is slightly smaller than the diameter of the egg. 2. Crumple the sheet of paper into a ball and drop it into the bottle. 3. Light the end of the paper drinking straw or the long match. Use to ignite the paper in the bottle. Be careful! 4. Immediately after the paper burns out, set the peeled hard-boiled egg over the opening at the top of the bottle with the pointed end of the egg down. Analyze 1. What happened to the egg? 2. What caused the egg to do this? Conclude and Apply 3. How can you get the egg out? 26 Atmosphere

16 3 Enrichment Thermals Meeting Individual Needs Convection is responsible not only for major wind systems that affect the entire Earth but also for small-scale air movements that affect only a small part of Earth s surface. Land and sea breezes are an example of small-scale air movements, or local winds. These small-scale movements are the result of differences in temperature over land and sea. Small Scale Movement Thermals are another type of small-scale movement. Thermals develop over only a few hundred square meters of land and last less than an hour. The formation of thermals is illustrated in the pictures below. Figure 1 shows the thermal beginning as a rising column of air at Earth s surface. In Figure 2, a cap develops at the top. Eventually, the cap breaks off and increases in size as it continues to be forced upward (Figures 3 and 4). At higher altitudes, the thermal develops a donut shape before it dissipates in the cooler air (Figure 5). Thermals may develop where Earth s surface is warm and the overlying air is cool. This may occur anywhere on Earth. The amount of heating at the surface varies, depending upon the amount of solar radiation absorbed by that part of Earth s surface. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Thermals occur as a result of hot and cold air movements: air rises and air sinks. 2. What eventually causes a thermal to dissipate? 3. Vultures and hawks sometimes glide the thermals. What do you think this means? Why do you think they do it? 28 Atmosphere

17 Note-taking Worksheet Atmosphere Section 1 Earth s Atmosphere A. thin layer of air that protects the Earth s surface from extreme temperatures and harmful Sun rays B. Atmospheric makeup mixture of gases,, and liquids 1. Early atmosphere was much different than today. a. Volcanoes produced nitrogen and carbon dioxide, but little. b. More than 2 billion years ago began producing oxygen. c. Eventually oxygen formed an layer that protected Earth from harmful rays. d. plants and diverse life forms developed. 2. Atmospheric include nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), carbon dioxide, water vapor, and argon. a. Atmosphere is changing with the introduction of pollutants: increasing human energy use is increasing the amount of. b. Pollutants mix with oxygen and other chemicals to form. 3. include dust, salt, and pollen. Meeting Individual Needs 4. include water droplets and droplets from volcanoes. C. main layers of the atmosphere 1. layers a. Lowest layer, where humans live, is the, which extends about 10 km up, and contains most of the water vapor and gases. b. Extending from 10 km to 50 km above Earth, the contains ozone. 2. layers a. extends from 50 km to 85 km and is the layer in which meteors are visible. b. Thickest part of atmosphere is from 85 km to 500 km and is called the for its high temperatures. c. Within the mesosphere and thermosphere is a layer of charged particles called the that can help carry radio waves. d. outer layer of atmosphere in which the space shuttle flies; has very few molecules D. molecules closer to the surface are more densely packed (at higher pressure) than those higher in the atmosphere because of the mass of gases pressing down from higher in the atmosphere. Atmosphere 29

18 Note-taking Worksheet (continued) E. in atmospheric layers 1. The troposphere is warmed primarily by the Earth s surface; temperature as altitude increases in this layer. 2. Temperatures as altitude increases in the stratosphere, particularly the upper portion because ozone absorbs energy from the Sun. 3. Temperatures with altitude in the mesosphere. 4. Thermosphere and exosphere are the first to receive the Sun s rays, so they are Meeting Individual Needs very F. about 19 km to 48 km above Earth in the stratosphere, this layer of 3-atom oxygen molecules (O 3 )protects the Earth from the Sun s harmful ultraviolet radiation 1. Life on Earth, as we know it, on it. 2. Pollutants called (CFCs) are destroying the ozone layer. a. CFCs are used in, air conditioners, aerosol sprays, and foam packaging. b. If these products develop a leak, CFCs can enter the. 3. The ozone layer has a large hole over. Section 2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere A. Some energy from the Sun is reflected back into, some is absorbed by the, and some is absorbed by and water on Earth s surface. B. energy that flows from an object with a higher temperature to one with a lower temperature 1. energy transferred in rays or waves 2. transfer of energy when molecules bump into each other through contact 3. transfer of heat by the flow of a material a. Molecules move closer together, making the air more dense, and air rises. b. Cold air, pushing up warm air, which then cools and sinks, pushing up more warm air. C. The cycle water moves back and forth between Earth s atmosphere and surface 1. Energy from the Sun causes water to from the hydrosphere, and rise as vapor. 30 Atmosphere

19 Note-taking Worksheet (continued) 2. Water vapor in the atmosphere can cool and return to liquid form through a. When water vapor condenses, clouds of tiny water may form. b. Water droplets collide to form larger. 3. As water drops grow, they fall back to Earth as. D. Earth s atmosphere is unique it holds just the right amount of the Sun s to support life. Section 3 Air Movement A. is the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure. 1. Different areas of Earth receive different amounts of the Sun s. a. The equator s warm air, being less dense, is pushed upward by denser, air. b. The pole s cold air, being more, sinks and moves along Earth s surface. 2. The rotation of the Earth causes moving air and water to shift to the right north of the equator and left south of the equator Meeting Individual Needs B. Global winds wind patterns, caused by convection currents combined with the Coriolis effect, affect the world s 1. Near the equator, very little wind and daily rain patterns called the 2. Surface winds a. Between the equator and 30 latitude (north and south) are steady, blowing to the west. b. Between 30 and 60 latitude (north and south) the blow to the east, in the opposite direction of the trade winds. c. blow from northeast to southwest near the north pole and from southeast to northwest near the south pole. 3. Upper troposphere narrow belts of strong winds called a. Jet stream moves in the winter. b. Moves systems across the country C. Local wind systems affect weather 1. a convection current blows wind from the cooler sea toward warmer land during the day 2. at night, air moves off the land toward the water as the land cools more rapidly than the water Atmosphere 31

20 Chapter Review Atmosphere Part A. Vocabulary Review Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms. 1. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the ; it contains clouds and smog. 2. An oxygen form present in the filters ultraviolet radiation from the sun. 3. Heat transfer that occurs when molecules come in contact with one another is. 4. Winds blowing from the northeast to the southwest near the North Pole are known as. 5. Air masses moving in the northern hemisphere are turned westward from their original paths in the. 6. A windless zone at Earth s equator where air rises almost straight up is called the. 7. The reflects radio waves at night. 8. Cool, dense air near the sea moves inland toward warm, dense areas during the day and sets up. 9. At 30 north or south of the equator, air descending to Earth s surface creates steady. 10. The transfer of energy in the form of rays or waves is known as. 11. The blow from southwest to northeast at 30 to 60 latitude in the northern hemisphere. 12. Cool, dense air moves during the night from the land toward water as. 13. Skin cancer can be caused by too much exposure to. 14. Each hemisphere has two narrow belts of fast-moving winds called. Assessment 15. Some chemicals that are being blamed for the destruction of the ozone layer are. Atmosphere 33

21 Chapter Review (continued) Part B. Concept Review Directions: Describe each of the following concepts on the lines provided. 1. three things that can happen to the energy Earth receives from the Sun 2. the danger of ultraviolet radiation 3. the relationship of radiation, conduction, and convection 4. the destruction of ozone by chlorofluorocarbons 5. the cause of the difference in temperature between the equator and the poles Assessment 6. the two most abundant gases in our atmosphere 7. the factors that affect air pressure 8. the Coriolis effect on wind patterns 9. sea breezes during the day and land breezes at night 34 Atmosphere

22 Chapter Test Atmosphere I. Testing Concepts Directions: In the blank to the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that correctly completes each statement. 1. The is the layer of the atmosphere nearest to Earth s surface. a. mesosphere b. troposphere c. stratosphere d. ionosphere 2. The are windless zones near the equator. a. doldrums c. polar easterlies b. prevailing westerlies d. trade winds 3. In the water cycle, evaporated water. a. precipitates as rain or snow c. becomes groundwater b. runs into lakes, streams, and oceans d. condenses into clouds 4. is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. a. Conduction b. Convection c. Radiation d. Condensation 5. Electrically-charged particles are found primarily in the. a. troposphere b. exosphere c. ionosphere d. stratosphere 6. The are responsible for the movement of much of the weather across the United States. a. prevailing westerlies c. trade winds b. polar easterlies d. doldrums 7. The merges into outer space. a. troposphere b. stratosphere c. mesosphere d. exosphere 8. Too much exposure to can cause skin cancer. a. water vapor c. ultraviolet radiation b. air pressure d. ozone 9. Air in the is warmed by heat from Earth s surface. a. troposphere b. exosphere c. stratosphere d. thermosphere 10. is the transfer of heat by the flow of a heated material. a. Radiation b. Conduction c. Convection d. Absorption 11. The is caused by Earth s rotation. a. jet stream b. Coriolis effect c. doldrums d. trade winds 12. Air above the is heated more than at any other place on Earth. a. north pole b. south pole c. equator d. United States 13. Chlorofluorocarbons destroy the ozone layer by. a. adding more ozone molecules c. destroying ozone molecules b. blocking ultraviolet radiation d. increasing nitrogen levels Assessment Atmosphere 35

23 Chapter Test (continued) 14. Steady winds between the equator and 30 latitude north or south are known as. a. doldrums b. jet streams c. easterlies d. trade winds 15. Air currents that blow near the north and south poles are the. a. polar easterlies b. trade winds c. polar westerlies d. jet streams 16. Reflection and absorption by the atmosphere prevent some from reaching Earth s surface. a. ozone b. radiation c. nitrogen d. oxygen 17. Sea and land breezes happen because. a. the land heats and cools more slowly than the water b. the land heats and cools more quickly than the water c. air moves more easily over water than over land d. air moves more easily over land than over water 18. The distinct wind patterns on Earth s surface are created by and by the Coriolis effect. a. differences in heating c. magnetic fields b. the ozone layer d. the jet streams 19. Temperatures in the thermosphere are. a. hot and cold c. very cold b. constantly changing d. very warm Assessment 20. is the only substance that exists as a solid, liquid, and gas in Earth s atmosphere. a. Nitrogen b. Ozone c. Water d. Radiation Directions: In the blank at the left, write the letter of the term that matches each description. 21. transfer of energy through space a. conduction 22. transfer of energy through contact b. convection 23. transfer of heat causing differences in air density c. radiation 24. transfer of energy from land and water to air by direct contact 25. transfer of energy from the Sun to Earth s surface Directions: Match the terms in the left column with the phrases in the right column. Write the letter of the correct phrase in the blank at the left. 26. nitrogen 27. smog 28. water vapor 29. oxygen 30. ozone a. 21 percent of the atmosphere b. zero to four percent of air c. most common gas in air d. normally found in the upper stratosphere e. caused when pollutants mix with oxygen and other chemicals in the presence of sunlight 36 Atmosphere

24 Chapter Test (continued) II. Understanding Concepts Skill: Comparing and Contrasting Directions: Use the chart to answer the questions. Thermometer Original temperature reading Temperature after heat applied for 15 minutes Temperature after heat turned off for 15 minutes Above sand 25 C 33 C 26 C Above water 25 C 28 C 27 C 1. Over which material did the air heat faster? 2. Over which material did the air cool faster? 3. How can the temperatures of sand and water affect the climate of the area? 4. How does this information explain the difference between land and sea breezes? Skill: Using a Graph Directions: Use the circle graph to answer the following questions. 5. Which gas makes up about one-fifth of Earth s atmosphere? 6. About what percent of Earth s atmosphere does water vapor make up? 7. How could you express the amount of nitrogen in Earth s atmosphere as a fraction? Oxygen 21% Water vapor 0.0 to 4.0% 78% Assessment Nitrogen Atmosphere 37

25 Chapter Test (continued) Skill: Concept Mapping Directions: The following sentences appear in an events-chain concept map that shows how CFCs destroy the ozone layer. Number the sentences in the order in which they would appear on the map. III. 8. A regular two-atom O 2 molecule is formed. 9. A chlorine atom from a chlorofluorocarbon molecule comes near a molecule of ozone. 10. The ozone molecule breaks apart. Applying Concepts Writing Skills Directions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences on the lines provided. 1. You can t see, touch, or smell the ozone layer. Why is it important to you? 2. Many cities are trying to reduce their smog levels. Why? Assessment 3. Where is the air pressure the greatest, at sea level or on a mountaintop? Explain. 4. If you were standing at the equator, which way would the cold air coming from the South Pole appear to be moving? 5. Three things can happen to the radiation that Earth receives from the Sun. What are they? 38 Atmosphere