MOISTURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE MEGA PACKET

Transcription

1 NAME: MEGA PACKET 1. A psychrometer is used to determine which weather variables? A) wind speed and wind direction B) percentage of cloud cover and cloud height C) air pressure and air temperature D) relative humidity and dewpoint 2. What is the relative humidity when the dry-bulb temperature is 16 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 14 C? A) 90% B) 80% C) 14% D) 13% 3. Which weather variable can be determined by using a psychrometer? A) barometric pressure B) cloud cover C) relative humidity D) wind speed 4. An observer measured the air temperature and the dewpoint and found the difference between them to be 12 C. One hour later, the difference between the air temperature and the dewpoint was found to be 4 C. Which statement best describes the changes that were occurring? A) The relative humidity was decreasing and the chance of precipitation was decreasing. B) The relative humidity was decreasing and the chance of precipitation was increasing. C) The relative humidity was increasing and the chance of precipitation was decreasing. D) The relative humidity was increasing and the chance of precipitation was increasing.

2 5. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below. The graph shows air temperature and relative humidity at a single location during a 24-hour period. What was the approximate change in relative humidity from 12 noon to 4 p.m.? A) 10% B) 15% C) 20% D) 30% 6. The chart below shows the air temperature and the dewpoint temperature near the ground at a given location for four consecutive days. All temperatures were recorded at noon. 7. The graph below shows the maximum possible amounts of water vapor that air can hold at different temperatures. Which statement is best supported by the data? A) Relative humidity was highest on day 1. B) The greatest amount of water vapor was in the atmosphere on day 2. C) The base level for cloud formation was highest on day 3. D) The chance of precipitation was greatest on day 4. What is the approximate maximum amount of water vapor that a cubic meter of air can hold at 20 C? A) 15 g B) 20 g C) 25 g D) 30 g

3 8. The graph below shows the air temperature and dewpoint temperature at one location at four different times during one morning. At what time was the chance of precipitation the greatest? A) 1 a.m. B) 5 a.m. C) 3 a.m. D) 7 a.m. Base your answers to questions 9 and 10 on the graph below, which shows the average daily precipitation for Paris, France, during an 8-year period. 10. Which days showed the greatest difference in average precipitation during this 8-year period? A) Mondays and Tuesdays B) Wednesdays and Thursdays C) Thursdays and Fridays D) Fridays and Saturdays 11. The dewpoint changes most directly as a result of changes in the atmosphere's A) pressure B) wind direction C) convection currents D) water vapor content 12. The diagram below represents the path of visible light as it travels from air to water to air through a glass container of water. 9. The average weekly precipitation total for Paris, France, during the 8-year period was approximately A) 13 mm/week B) 2 mm/week C) 30 mm/week D) 91 mm/week The light did not travel in a straight line because of A) convection B) scattering C) absorption D) refraction 13. At which of these latitudes would average annual precipitation be greatest? A) 0º B) 30º N C) 90º N D) 90º S 14. Which gas in the atmosphere has the most influence on day-to-day weather changes? A) ozone B) oxygen C) water vapor D) carbon dioxide 15. As the dewpoint temperature of a sample of air decreases, the amount of moisture in that sample of air A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same

4 16. In the diagram below, points A and B identify two points in the atmosphere above the surface of a body of water. Which graph best represents the vapor pressure (amount of moisture) from point A to point B? A) B) C) D) 17. What is the relative humidity if the dry-bulb temperature is 16 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 10 C? A) 45% B) 33% C) 14% D) 4% 18. If the air temperature is 20 C and the relative humidity is 58%, what is the dewpoint? A) 5 C B) 12 C C) 15 C D) 38 C 19. Which weather instrument is most useful in measuring relative humidity? A) barometer B) anemometer C) psychrometer D) wind vane 20. A student using a sling psychrometer measured a wet-bulb temperature of 10 C and a dry-bulb temperature of 16 C. What was the dewpoint? A) 10 C B) 45 C C) 6 C D) 4 C 21. What is the dewpoint when the dry-bulb temperature is 12 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 7 C? A) 1 C B) 5 C C) 28 C D) 48 C 22. If air has a dry-bulb temperature of 2 C and a wet-bulb temperature of 2 C, what is the relative humidity? A) 11% B) 20% C) 36% D) 67% 23. A dry-bulb temperature of 30 C and a wet-bulb temperature of 29 C were recorded at a weather station. What are the relative humidity and the most likely weather conditions? A) Relative humidity is 29% with clear skies. B) Relative humidity is 29% with a good chance of snow. C) Relative humidity is 93% with clear skies. D) Relative humidity is 93% with a good chance of rain.

5 24. The diagram below represents the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures on a sling psychrometer What was the relative humidity of the air when these temperatures were recorded? A) 5% B) 17% C) 20% D) 63% 25. The diagram below shows dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature readings for a parcel of air. What is the dewpoint of the air? A) 27 C B) 10 C C) 3 C D) 5 C 26. What is the dewpoint when the air temperature is 26 C and the relative humidity is 77%? A) 3 C B) 20 C C) 22 C D) 23 C

6 27. The diagram below shows the temperature readings on a weather instrument. Based on these readings, the relative humidity of the air is closest to A) 8% B) 11% C) 32% D) 60% 28. What is the dewpoint if the relative humidity is 100% and the air temperature is 20ºC? A) 0ºC B) 10ºC C) 20ºC D) 100ºC 29. What is the dewpoint when the dry-bulb temperature is 24 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 21 C? A) 16 C B) 18 C C) 20 C D) 21 C 30. The diagram below shows a sling psychrometer. Based on the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature, what is the dew point? A) 5 C B) 12 C C) 14 C D) 16 C 31. On a cold winter day, the air temperature is 2 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 1 C. What is the relative humidity at this location? A) 6% B) 37% C) 51% D) 83% 32. What is the dewpoint temperature when the relative humidity is 30% and the air temperature is 20 C? A) 28 C B) 2 C C) 6 C D) 9 C

7 33. The weather instrument below is used to determine dewpoint and relative humidity. Based on the temperature shown, the approximate dewpoint and relative humidity are A) 19 C and 4% B) 5 C and 25% C) 8 C and 4O% D) 12 C and 53%

8 34. The weather instrument shown below can be used to determine dewpoint. Based on the values shown, the dewpoint is A) 5 C B) 2 C C) 8 C D) 33 C 35. What is the relative humidity if the dry-bulb temperature is 22 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 17 C? A) 5% B) 14% C) 60% D) 68% 36. The weather instrument below can be used to determine relative humidity. Based on the temperatures shown, the relative humidity is A) 19% B) 2% C) 33% D) 40%

9 37. Which statement best explains why an increase in the relative humidity of a parcel of air generally increases the chance of precipitation? A) The dewpoint is farther from the condensation point, causing rain. B) The air temperature is closer to the dewpoint, making cloud formation more likely. C) The amount of moisture in the air is greater, making the air heavier. D) The specific heat of the moist air is greater than the drier air, releasing energy. 38. What is the relative humidity when the air temperature is 29 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 23 C? A) 6% B) 20% C) 54% D) 60% 39. The diagram below shows a sling psychrometer. Based on the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature, what is the relative humidity? A) 66% B) 58% C) 51% D) 12% 40. What is the difference between the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature when the relative humidity is 28% and the dry-bulb temperature is 0 C? A) 11 C B) 2 C C) 28 C D) 4 C 41. A parcel of air has a dry-bulb temperature of 24 C and a relative humidity of 55%. What is the dewpoint of this parcel of air? A) 6 C B) 14 C C) 24 C D) 29 C 42. The data below represent some of the weather conditions at a Vermont location on a winter morning. What was the dewpoint at this time? A) 1 C B) 2 C C) 3 C D) 5 C

10 43. What is the dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb temperature is 12 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 4 C? A) 9ºC B) 19ºC C) 8ºC D) 4ºC Base your answers to questions 44 and 45 on the graph below, which shows the changes in relative humidity and air temperature during a spring day in Washington, D.C. 44. What were the relative humidity and air temperature at noon on this day? A) 47% and 32 F B) 65% and 32 F C) 47% and 48 F D) 65% and 48 F 45. Which statement best describes the relationship between relative humidity and air temperature as shown by the graph? A) Relative humidity decreases as air temperature decreases. B) Relative humidity decreases as air temperature increases. C) Relative humidity increases as air temperature increases. D) Relative humidity remains the same as air temperature decreases. 46. A student used a sling psychrometer to measure the humidity of the air. If the relative humidity was 65% and the dry-bulb temperature was 10 C, what was the wet-bulb temperature? A) 5 C B) 7 C C) 3 C D) 10 C 47. What is the dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb temperature is 16 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 11 C? A) 5 C B) 7 C C) 9 C D) 17 C

11 A) B) 48. Which graph best shows the relationship between the probability of precipitation and the difference between air temperature and dewpoint? C) D) 49. Which weather change usually occurs when the difference between the air temperature and the dewpoint temperature is decreasing? A) The amount of cloud cover decreases. B) The probability of precipitation decreases. C) The relative humidity increases. D) The barometric pressure increases. 50. When the dry-bulb temperature is 22 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 13 C, the relative humidity is A) 10% B) 33% C) 41% D) 59% 51. What is the dewpoint when the dry-bulb temperature is 24 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 15 C? A) 8 C B) 18 C C) 36 C D) 4 C 52. A parcel of air has a dry-bulb temperature reading of 16 C and a wet-bulb temperature reading of 13 C. What is the relative humidity? A) 11% B) 13% C) 71% D) 80% 53. The air outside a classroom has a dry-bulb temperature of 10ºC and a wet-bulb temperature of 4ºC. What is the relative humidity of this air? A) 1% B) 14% C) 33% D) 54% 54. What is the dewpoint when the dry-bulb temperature is 14ºC and the wet-bulb temperature is 8ºC? A) 1ºC B) 9ºC C) 6ºC D) 22ºC 55. When the dry-bulb temperature is 14 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 8 C, the relative humidity is A) 6% B) 22% C) 25% D) 41% 56. What is the relative humidity of a sample of air that has a dry-bulb temperature of 20ºC and a wet-bulb temperature of 11ºC? A) 9% B) 2% C) 17% D) 30% 57. What is the dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb temperature is 12 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 7 C? A) 1 C B) -2 C C) -5 C D) 4 C 58. What is the dewpoint when the dry-bulb temperature is 16 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 12 C? A) -19 C B) -16 C C) 7ºC D) 9ºC

12 59. A parcel of air has a dry-bulb temperature of 16ºC and a wet-bulb temperature of 10ºC. What are the dewpoint and relative humidity of the air? A) -5ºC dewpoint and 33% relative humidity B) -5ºC dewpoint and 45% relative humidity C) 4ºC dewpoint and 33% relative humidity D) 4ºC dewpoint and 45% relative humidity 60. What is the approximate dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb temperature is 18ºC and the wet-bulb temperature is 14.5ºC? A) 8.0ºC B) 10.ºC C) 11ºC D) 12ºC 61. A sling psychrometer shows a dry-bulb reading of 14 C and a wet-bulb reading of 9 C. What are the dewpoint and the relative humidity? A) -10 C and 16% B) -10 C and 50% C) 4 C and 16% D) 4 C and 50% 62. What is the wet-bulb temperature when the air temperature is 16ºC and the relative humidity is 71%? A) 11ºC B) 13ºC C) 3ºC D) 19ºC 63. What is the dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb temperature is 12ºC and the wet-bulb temperature is 7ºC? A) 1ºC B) -5ºC C) 6ºC D) 4ºC 64. What is the approximate dewpoint temperature if the dry-bulb temperature is 18ºC and the wet-bulb temperature is 11ºC? A) 1º C B) -10º C C) 7º C D) 4º C 65. When the dry-bulb reading of a thermometer is 20ºC and the wet-bulb reading is 11ºC, the relative humidity is approximately A) 17% B) 30% C) 33% D) 55% 66. What is the approximate dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb temperature is 24ºC and the wet-bulb temperature is 18ºC? A) 6ºC B) 12ºC C) 14ºC D) 17ºC 67. What is the dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb temperature is 12ºC and the wet-bulb temperature is 7ºC? A) 1ºC B) -2ºC C) -5ºC D) 4ºC 68. The table below shows dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature readings taken at four different locations, A, B, C, and D. Which location has the lowest relative humidity? A) A B) B C) C D) D 69. What is the dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb temperature is 14 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 10 C? A) -17 C B) 6 C C) 3 C D) 4 C 70. Which event usually occurs when air is cooled to its dewpoint temperature? A) freezing B) evaporation C) condensation D) transpiration 71. What is the dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb temperature is 22ºC and the wet-bulb temperature is 15ºC? A) 7ºC B) 10ºC C) 12ºC D) 14ºC 72. In the closed aquarium shown in the diagram below, the amount of water evaporating is equal to the amount of water vapor condensing. Which statement best explains why these amounts are equal? A) The glass sides of the aquarium are warmer than the water. B) The air in the aquarium is 50% saturated. C) The relative humidity outside the aquarium is 100%. D) The air in the aquarium is saturated.

13 73. What is the approximate dewpoint? 77. The two thermometers below show the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures of the air. A) 5.0 C B) 11 C C) 15 C D) 20. C 74. What is the approximate dewpoint temperature if the dry-bulb temperature is 13ºC and the wet-bulb temperature is 10ºC? A) 7ºC B) 10ºC C) 3ºC D) -25ºC 75. The relative humidity is 100% when A) the atmosphere is relatively dry B) the air is at its saturated vapor pressure C) the air pressure is high D) transpiration equals evaporation 76. What is the approximate dewpoint temperature when the dry-bulb reading is 14ºC and the wet-bulb reading is 8ºC? A) 1ºC B) 6ºC C) 6ºC D) 9ºC What is the approximate dewpoint temperature of the air? A) 25 C B) 7 C C) 3 C D) 4 C 78. The graph below shows the changes in air temperature and dewpoint temperature over a 24-hour period at a particular location. At what time was the relative humidity lowest? A) midnight B) 6 a.m. C) 10 a.m. D) 4 p.m. 79. What is the approximate dewpoint temperature if the dry-bulb temperature is 11 C and the wet-bulb temperature is 8 C? A) 1 C B) 5 C C) 3 C D) 13 C

14 80. Which transfer of energy occurs mainly through the process of convection? A) electromagnetic energy transferred from the Sun to the Moon B) solar energy transferred through space to Earth's surface C) heated air in the lower atmosphere transferred upward by density differences D) heat from radioactive decay transferred by molecular collisions to surrounding mantle rock 81. Which process releases 2260 joules of heat energy per gram of water into the environment? A) melting B) freezing C) condensation D) evaporation 82. The incomplete flowchart below shows some of the changes that occur in warm air as it rises to form a cloud. Which statement should be placed in the empty box to accurately complete the flowchart? A) The air warms as it expands. B) The air cools until it reaches the dewpoint. C) The air's relative humidity decreases to zero. D) The air enters the thermosphere. 83. Which atmospheric conditions are necessary for condensation? A) saturated air and dewpoint temperature much lower than air temperature B) unsaturated air and dewpoint temperature much higher than air temperature C) saturated air and equal dewpoint and air temperatures D) unsaturated air and equal dewpoint and air temperatures 84. When clouds form, heat energy is released into the atmosphere by A) expanding air B) falling precipitation C) condensation nuclei D) condensing water vapor 85. Which statement best explains how atmospheric dust particles influence the water cycle? A) Dust particles are the main source of dissolved salts in the sea. B) Dust particles increase the capacity of the atmosphere to hold water vapor. C) Dust particles increase the amount of evaporation that takes place. D) Dust particles provide surfaces on which water vapor can condense. 86. Condensation will most likely occur in a given volume of air when the air is A) saturated and contains no condensation nuclei B) saturated and contains condensation nuclei C) unsaturated and contains no condensation nuclei D) unsaturated and contains condensation nuclei

15 87. Which process releases 2260 joules of heat energy per gram of water into the environment? A) melting B) freezing C) condensation D) evaporation 88. In which air sample will condensation most likely occur? A) 89. The diagram below shows a sealed container holding liquid water and clean air saturated with water vapor. (Relative humidity is 100%.) The container has been placed on a block of ice to cool. B) C) D) Which statement best explains why a cloud has not formed in the sealed container? A) The air in the container is above the freezing point. B) The ice is cooling the water in the container. C) The air in the container lacks condensation nuclei. D) The water in the container is still evaporating. 90. Which condition will most likely result in the formation of a cloud? A) wind speed decreasing B) air pressure increasing C) cool, moist air sinking D) warm, moist air rising 91. Which two processes lead to cloud formation in rising air? A) compressing and cooling B) compressing and warming C) expanding and cooling D) expanding and warming 92. Which sequence of events affecting moist air within Earth's atmosphere causes cloud formation? A) rising expanding cooling condensation B) rising contracting warming evaporation C) sinking expanding warming condensation D) sinking contracting cooling evaporation

16 93. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of the water cycle below. Letter A represents a process in the water cycle. Points X and Y represent locations on Earth's surface. Which process in the water cycle is directly responsible for cloud formation? A) condensation B) infiltration C) precipitation D) evaporation 94. Cloud formation is likely to occur in rising air because rising air A) expands and cools B) expands and warms C) contracts and cools D) contracts and warms

17 95. Base your answer to the following question on the water cycle diagram shown below. Some arrows are numbered 1 through 4 and represent various processes. The clouds have formed primarily because moist air A) rises, expands, and cools B) rises, expands, and warms C) sinks, compresses, and cools D) sinks, compresses, and warms 96. Clouds usually form when A) air temperature reaches the dewpoint B) evaporation has warmed the surrounding air C) relative humidity is 0% D) condensation nuclei have been removed from the air 97. The diagram below shows a cross section of a cold front. The cloud formation and precipitation shown in the cross section are caused by the A) rising of cold, moist air B) sinking of cold, moist air C) rising of warm, moist air D) sinking of warm, moist air

18 98. In order for clouds to form, cooling air must be A) saturated and have no condensation nuclei B) saturated and have condensation nuclei C) unsaturated and have no condensation nuclei D) unsaturated and have condensation nuclei 99. Base your answer to the following question on the weather map below, which shows a weather system that is affecting part of the United States. Which sequence of events forms the clouds associated with this weather system? A) Moist air rises and becomes saturated in clean air. B) Moist air rises, becomes saturated, and condenses on microscopic particles. C) Moist air falls and reaches the dewpoint in clean air. D) Moist air falls, reaches the dewpoint, and condenses on microscopic particles Which process most directly results in cloud formation? A) condensation B) transpiration C) precipitation D) radiation 101. Clouds usually form when moist air rises because the air A) contracts and cools B) contracts and warms C) expands and cools D) expands and warms 102. In order for clouds to form, cooling air must be A) saturated and have no condensation nuclei B) saturated and have condensation nuclei C) unsaturated and have no condensation nuclei D) unsaturated and have condensation nuclei

19 103. The table below shows air temperatures and dew point temperatures at different elevations above sea level. Clouds that form at an elevation of 3 kilometers will most likely be composed of A) raindrops B) ozone C) ice crystals D) sleet 104. The diagram below shows air rising from the Earth's surface to form a thunderstorm cloud Under which conditions is a cloud most likely to form at the Earth's surface? A) The air temperature is above the dewpoint, and no condensation nuclei are present. B) The air temperature is at the dewpoint, and condensation nuclei are abundant. C) The relative humidity is zero, and condensation nuclei are abundant. D) The air temperature and air pressure are stable, and condensation nuclei are scarce The base of a cumulus cloud was determined to be 500 meters above the Earth's surface. This is the altitude at which A) cumulus clouds always form B) no dust is present in the air C) the air temperature drops below 0 C D) the air temperature equals the dewpoint temperature 108. Which event will most likely occur in rising air? A) clearing skies B) cloud formation C) decreasing relative humidity D) increasing temperature 109. The table below shows the air temperature and dewpoint at each of four locations, A, B, C, and D. According to the Lapse Rate chart, what is the height of the base of the thunderstorm cloud when the air at the Earth's surface has a temperature of 20 C and a dewpoint of 12 C? A) 1.0 km B) 1.5 km C) 3.0 km D) 0.7 km 105. By which process are clouds, dew, and fog formed? A) condensation B) evaporation C) precipitation D) melting Based on these measurements, which location has the greatest chance of precipitation? A) A B) B C) C D) D

20 110. A strong west wind steadily blew over Lake Ontario picking up moisture. As this moist air flowed over the Tug Hill Plateau, the plateau received a 36-inch snowfall. This snow fell from clouds that formed when rising air was A) cooled by expansion, causing water vapor to condense B) cooled by compression, causing water vapor to condense C) warmed by expansion, causing water vapor to evaporate D) warmed by compression, causing water vapor to evaporate Base your answers to questions 111 and 112 on the diagram below, which shows the frontal boundary between mt and cp air masses People sometimes release substances into the atmosphere to increase the probability of rain by A) raising the air temperature within the clouds B) providing condensation nuclei C) lowering the relative humidity within the clouds D) increasing the energy absorbed during condensation and sublimation 115. Which graph best represents the relationship between water droplet size and the chance of precipitation? A) B) C) D) 111. Why do clouds and precipitation usually occur along the frontal surface? A) The warm air rises, expands, and cools. B) The warm air sinks, expands, and warms. C) The cool air rises, compresses, and cools. D) The cool air sinks, compresses, and warms If the front at ground level is moving toward city B. which type of weather front is shown? A) cold front B) warm front C) occluded front D) stationary front 116. Which is a form of precipitation? A) frost B) snow C) dew D) fog 117. Why is it possible for no rain to be falling from a cloud? A) The water droplets are too small to fall. B) The cloud is water vapor. C) The dewpoint has not yet been reached in the cloud. D) There are no condensation nuclei in the cloud Which substance is a form of precipitation? A) frost B) hail C) fog D) dew

21 Base your answers to questions 118 through 121 on the map and the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows four different locations in India, labeled, A, B, C, and D, where vertical sticks were placed in the ground on the same clear day. The locations of two cities in India are also shown. Monsoons in India A monsoon season is caused by a seasonal shift in the wind direction, which produces excessive rainfall in many parts of the world, most notably India. Cherrapunji, in northeast India, received a record 30.5 feet of rain during July During the monsoon season from early June into September, Mumbai, India averages 6.8 feet of rain. Mumbai's total average rainfall for the other eight months of the year is only 3.9 inches. Monsoons are caused by unequal heating rates of land and water. As the land heats throughout the summer, a large low-pressure system forms over India. The heat from the Sun also warms the surrounding ocean waters, but the water warms much more slowly. The cooler air above the ocean is more dense, creating a higher air pressure relative to the lower air pressure over India Which processes lead to cloud formation when humid air rises over India? A) compression, warming to the dewpoint, and condensation B) compression, warming to the dewpoint, and evaporation C) expansion, cooling to the dewpoint, and condesation D) expansion, cooling to the dewpoint, and evaporation

22 A) land having a higher density than water B) water having a higher density than land C) land having a higher specific heat than water D) water having a higher specific heat than land 119. The unequal heating rates of India's land and water are caused by 120. Which map shows both the dominant air pressure system that forms over India in the summer and the direction of surface winds around this air pressure system? [High pressure = H, Low pressure = L] A) B) C) D) 121. At which map location would no shadow be cast by the vertical stick at solar noon on the first day of summer? A) A B) B C) C D) D

23 122. The striped areas on the map below show regions along the Great Lakes that often receive large amounts of snowfall due to lake-effect storms. These storms generally develop when A) cold air moves to the east over warmer lake water B) cold air moves to the west over warmer land regions C) warm air moves to the east over colder lake water D) warm air moves to the west over colder land regions 123. Which cross section best represents how surface winds form by midaftemoon near a shoreline on a hot summer day? [Diagrams are not drawn to scale.] A) B) C) D)

24 Base your answers to questions 124 through 127 on the reading passage about lake-effect snow and the radar image map below, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The radar map shows areas where snowfall was occurring. The whitest area indicates where snowfall was heaviest. Lake-Effect Snow In late fall, cold air originating in Canada and then moving over the Great Lakes often produces lake-effect snow in New York State. When the cold air mass moves across large areas of warmer lake water, water vapor enters the cold air. When this moist air moves over the cooler land, the moisture comes out of the atmosphere as snow. The effect is enhanced when the air that flows off the lake is forced over higher land elevations. The areas affected by lake-effect snow can receive many inches of snow per hour. As the lakes gradually freeze, the ability to produce lake-effect snow decreases Which statement best explains why lake-effect snow decreases when lakes freeze gradually? A) The ice prevents liquid water from evaporating into the atmosphere. B) The lower temperature of ice makes liquid water condense at a slower rate. C) More water is available to evaporate. D) Ice speeds up the air moving above it, so less water can evaporate Which list indicates the correct sequence in the formation of a lake-effect snow cloud? A) air contracts as it sinks air warms to the dewpoint water evaporates B) air expands as it rises air warms to the dewpoint water vapor condenses C) air contracts as it sinks air cools to the dewpoint water evaporates D) air expands as it rises air cools to the dewpoint water vapor condense

25 A) 126. Which map shows the most likely direction that winds were moving across Lake Ontario to produce this lake-effect snow? B) C) D) 127. What is the most likely two-letter air mass symbol for an air mass from Canada that produces lake-effect snow in New York State? A) mt B) mp C) ct D) cp

26 A) 128. Which cross section below best represents the conditions that cause early winter lake-effect snowstorms in New York State? B) C) D)

27 129. On sunny summer days, a breeze often develops that blows from large bodies of water toward nearby land masses because the A) temperature of the air above the land masses is greater B) specific heat of the land masses is greater C) temperatures of the bodies of water are greater D) air over the bodies of water becomes heavier with additional water vapor 130. Large oceans moderate the climatic temperatures of surrounding coastal land areas because the temperature of ocean water changes A) rapidly, due to water s low specific heat B) rapidly, due to water s high specific heat C) slowly, due to water s low specific heat D) slowly, due to water s high specific heat 131. Why are most beaches often considerably cooler than nearby inland locations on hot summer afternoons? A) A land breeze develops due to the lower specific heat of water and the higher specific heat of land. B) A sea breeze develops due to the higher specific heat of water and the lower specific heat of land. C) The beaches are closer to the Equator than the inland locations are. D) The beaches are farther from the Equator than the inland locations are The heavy lake-effect snowfalls in the Tug Hill Plateau region occur primarily because the plateau is located A) in the path of prevailing winds from Lake Ontario B) in the Northern Hemisphere C) near the Atlantic Ocean D) west of the Hudson-Mohawk Lowlands 133. Adjacent water and land surfaces have the same temperature at sunrise on a clear, calm day. A surface wind develops after the water and land are heated by the Sun for a few hours. On which map do the arrows best represent the direction of this wind? A) B) C) D) 134. Which graph best shows the relationship between windspeed and the average height of ocean waves formed by the wind? A) B) C) D)

28 135. In the diagram below, arrows represent air movement near an ocean coastline on a summer afternoon The cartoon below presents a humorous look at wave action. Compared to the air over the ocean, the air over the land has a A) lower temperature and lower barometric pressure B) lower temperature and higher barometric pressure C) higher temperature and lower barometric pressure D) higher temperature and higher barometric pressure The ocean waves that are providing enjoyment for Roy's companion are the result of the A) interaction of the hydrosphere with the moving atmosphere B) interaction of the lithosphere with the moving troposphere C) absorption of short-wave radiation in the stratosphere D) absorption of energy in the asthenosphere 137. During the warmest part of a June day, breezes blow from the ocean toward the shore at the beach. Which statement best explains why this happens? A) Winds usually blow from hot to cold areas. B) Winds never blow from the shore toward the ocean. C) Air pressure over the ocean is higher than air pressure over the land. D) Air pressure over the land is higher than air pressure over the ocean.

29 138. Which cross section best shows the normal movement of the air over Oswego, New York, on a very hot summer afternoon? A) B) C) D) 139. Which conditions are most likely to develop over a land area next to an ocean during a hot, sunny afternoon? A) The air temperature over the land is lower than the air temperature over the ocean, and a breeze blows from the land. B) The air temperature over the land is higher than the air temperature over the ocean, and a breeze blows from the land. C) The air pressure over the land is higher than the air pressure over the ocean, and a breeze blows from the ocean. D) The air pressure over the land is lower than the air pressure over the ocean, and a breeze blows from the ocean A cool breeze is blowing toward the land from the ocean on a warm, cloudless summer day. This condition is most likely caused by A) a high-pressure system over the land B) a hurricane approaching from the ocean C) a cold front that is slowly approaching the land from the ocean D) the air temperature being higher over the land than over the ocean

30 Earth Science Name Class Date