Weather and Climate. An Introduction

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1 Weather and Climate An Introduction

2 Basic Plant Anatomy Leaves Absorbs sunlight to produce glucose for food Roots Supports the plant, absorbs water & minerals Flower Attracting pollinators to help with pollination Stem Holds the leaves up and transports materials

3 Introduction In this unit we will cover the following: 1) Weather vs. Climate 2) Ingredients For Weather 3) Heat Energy 4) Air Pressure 5) Winds 6) Moisture Levels

4 Weather vs. Climate Weather is the daily condition of the Earth s atmosphere in one place at one time Weather deals with exact measurements For example, it s snowing in New York today Climate is the condition of the atmosphere for one place over a long period of time, like years Climate deals with patterns and averages For example, it snows an average of 28 cm of snow in New York in February

5 4 Factors For Weather Weather is caused by the interaction of 4 things in the Earth s atmosphere: Heat Energy Air Pressure Winds Moisture Levels

6 1. Heat Energy Heating The Earth Most of heat on Earth comes from waves of radiant energy from the Sun But, not all of the heat energy from the Sun reaches us at the surface

7 1. Heat Energy Some of the radiant energy is reflected by the atmosphere back into space Some of the radiant energy is absorbed by particles in the atmosphere called ozone Some of the radiant energy is scattered in the atmosphere by hitting water droplets or dust The radiant energy that does reach the surface is absorbed and turned into heat

8 1. Heat Energy

9 Temperature Differences Temperature Differences The Earth does not receive the same amount of heat energy everywhere Different parts of the world receive different amounts of radiant energy from the Sun This is due to the angle at which the Sun s rays hit It is not the same everywhere on Earth

10 Temperature Differences At the Equator, the Sun is nearly overhead The rays strike at 90 o The further away a place is from the Equator, the smaller the angle The rays are less direct and the amount of radiant energy is less This results in less heat and lower temperatures

11 Temperature Differences At the Equator: More direct rays More heat Higher temperatures At the Poles: Less direct rays Less heat Lower temperatures

12 Temperature Differences Temperature Differences These differences in temperatures around the Earth cause the heat energy to move Heat energy always moves from a hotter area to a colder area The heat energy will move by the processes of convection, creating convection currents These currents are what give us winds But first, we must learn about air pressure

13 2. Air Pressure Under Pressure Atmospheric pressure, or air pressure is the force of air pressing down on the surface Air pressure is equal to the weight of the air directly above it Air pressure depends on how dense the air is

14 2. Air Pressure Air Density = Air Pressure The more dense the air, the higher the pressure The less dense the air, the lower the pressure Higher Density Higher Pressure Lower Density Lower Pressure

15 2. Air Pressure Air Pressure = Weather! Higher air pressure gives fair,dry weather Lower pressure gives cloudy, rainy weather Higher Density Higher Pressure Lower Density Lower Pressure

16 2. Air Pressure Measuring Air Pressure Air pressure is measured using a barometer There are two major types of barometers: mercury barometers and aneroid barometers

17 Barometers Mercury Barometers Work by the pressure of air pushing down on a dish of mercury, which forces it up a thin tube

18 Barometers Aneroid Barometers Use an airtight metal box that expands or contracts according to the air pressure outside This causes a dial to move, indicating air pressure

19 3. Winds What Is Wind? Winds can be considered simply, air in motion Wind is caused by differences in air pressure And differences in air pressure are caused by the unequal heating of the Earth s surface!

20 3. Winds How Winds Form During the day, different parts of the Earth receive more radiant energy than others These areas heat up to a higher temperature The warmer air expands and spreads out The warm air rises, creating a vacuum below

21 3. Winds How Winds Form Other areas of the Earth receive less These areas heat up, but not as much as the others they have a lower temperature The cooler air contracts The colder air sinks, and moves to fill in the space made when the warm air left

22 3. Winds Winds form when the sinking, colder air moves in to fill in the gaps left by the rising warmer air

23 3. Winds Feeling Breezy! Breezes are winds that happen in one area only They result from uneven heating of land and sea There are two major types: Land Breeze Sea Breeze

24 3. Winds Sea Breeze During the day, air over land heats up faster than the air over water Warm air over the land rises and the cooler sea air moves towards the land to takes its place This creates a breeze that comes in from sea

25 3. Winds Land Breeze At night, the land cools faster than water The warmer air over the sea rises and the cooler land air moves towards the sea This creates a breeze that goes out to sea

26 3. Winds Sea Breeze Land Breeze

27 3. Winds Global Winds The same thing happens on a much larger scale, creating global winds Remember that different parts of the world receive different amounts of energy from the Sun This creates huge differences in heating

28 3. Winds Global Winds Areas along the Equator heat up more than areas near the Poles The warm air above the Equator rises and moves towards the poles The cold air above the poles sinks and moves towards the Equator This creates giant convection currents à winds!

29 3. Winds Global Winds 1. Warm air rises from Equator 2. Moves to poles 3. Cold air sinks from poles 4. Moves to Equator

30 3. Winds Global Winds This means that there should be giant winds moving North to South but this doesn t happen! In reality, the winds move East to West Why? The Earth is always turning, which spins the North-South winds sideways! Scientists call this the Coriolis Effect

31 3. Winds Effect of the Coriolis Effect Due to the Coriolis effect, winds move in certain ways depending on where they are In the N. Hemisphere, winds curve to the right In the S. Hemisphere, winds curve to the left

32 The Coriolis Effect Winds in the North spin to the right Winds in the South spin to the left

33 The Coriolis Effect Global Winds

34 4. Moisture Levels How Can Air Hold Water? The air in the atmosphere acts like a gigantic sponge Water molecules can fit in the spaces between air molecules The amount of water molecules in the air is called the humidity

35 4. Moisture Levels How Humidity Changes The humidity changes according the to temperature of the air: Warmer air holds more water molecules Colder air holds less water molecules Why? It all comes down to how fast molecules move

36 4. Moisture Levels In warm air, the air molecules all move faster Molecules of water also move fast They have no time to condense into bigger droplets So, they stay small and stay UP! In cool air, the air molecules move slower Molecules of water also move slow They have more time to condense into bigger droplets So, they get bigger and heavier and fall DOWN!

37 4. Moisture Levels

38 4. Moisture Levels Measuring Humidity Humidity is measured using a term called Relative Humidity Relative humidity is the amount of water air is holding at a certain temperature compared to what it could possibly hold at that temperature It is measured by a percentage (%)

39 4. Moisture Levels Measuring Humidity For example, the air temperature at 20 o C is supposed to hold 16g of water per cubic meter If the current air is also holding 16g/m 3 of water, then we say that the humidity is 100% But, if the air is holding only 10g/m 3 of water, we say that the humidity is 63% (10/16 x 100%)

40 4. Moisture Levels Measuring Humidity Meteorologists measure humidity using a tool called a psychrometer It consists of 2 thermometers: one that is dry and another covered in a moist cloth

41 4. Moisture Levels Measuring Humidity If the air has low humidity, more water will leave the wet cloth, lowering the temperature of the wet thermometer If the air has high humidity, the temperature of the wet thermometer won t change much The difference between the two helps you to find the humidity

42 Why Does It Rain? Why Does It Rain? Remember, clouds are simply water vapor that has cooled and condensed into tiny droplets When droplets inside clouds combine, they become bigger and heavier! If they get heavy enough, they will fall to Earth, which is called precipitation Depending on the temperature of the atmosphere around it, the water can fall as rain, sleet, snow or hail

43 Measuring Precipitation Rainfall is measured using a rain gauge It is simply a container that collects rain when it falls Snow is harder to measure, because it blows around Meter sticks in special areas away from the wind measure how much snow has fallen

44 Any Questions?

45 Weather and Climate Clouds

46 Clouds What Are Clouds, Exactly? We said before that air can hold water vapor and that this is the humidity When the water vapor cools, it condenses around tiny particles of dust and smoke to form small water droplets When millions of these droplets combine together, they create puffy clouds!

47 Clouds Different Clouds But, if the temperature is cold enough, the water droplets form tiny ice crystals Clouds that form from ice crystals are more feathery-looking and are whiter There are 3 basic cloud types

48 Types of Clouds Cumulus Made from droplets Look like cotton balls! Puffy with flat bottoms Stratus Cirrus Look like layers of tissue paper Fog forms from them Made from ice crystals Look like feathers White with wispy edges

49 Cumulus Fair weather clouds seen on nice days Occur during dry periods with high pressure They look like fluffy white cotton balls!

50 Cumulonimbus Exploding version of the cumulus cloud Your typical "storm towers" Tops of some of them reach 75,000 feet high Form when warm moist air rises rapidly and condenses as it meets much colder air Nearly guarantee that a storm is brewing!

51 Stratus Found at altitudes of 6,500 feet and lower Often form a solid sheet over the entire sky Usually seen during or right after a weather front that brought lots of precipitation. Your "dreary day" clouds

52 Nimbostratus Dark ragged, angry looking clouds Usually have precipitation in the form of rain or snow falling from them. Sometimes display a "rain shaft" showing precipitation

53 Cirrus Thin feathery clouds seen high in the sky Seen at any time of the day Formed totally from ice crystals at altitudes of 20,000 feet or higher

54 Any Questions?

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