Observing Climate - Upper Air
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1 Observing Climate - Upper Air 3-1 Water (Con t) Clouds Types - Classification Base height Coverage Science Concepts Definition The Earth System (Kump, Kastin & Crane) Chap. 3 (pp )
2 3-2 What do we want to know about clouds and cloud cover? Rain or no rain Liquid or ice Height Percentage of sky covered by cloud Formation process
3 3-3 Definition Clouds are water vapor that has changed to a solid (deposition) or liquid (condensation) in the atmosphere Classification Named by formation mechanism (causes shape), by level, by rain or no rain, etc. A stanza of The Cloud I am the daughter of Earth and Water, And the nursling of the sky; I pass through the pores of the ocean and shores; I change, but I cannot die. Percy Bysshe Shelley Several root words from Greek are key to a cloud classification scheme - cirro > Hair like, fibrous aspect and/or milky sheen - cumulo > Puffy, detached modules - strato > Layer like - nimbo > Rain
4 3-4 Classification (Con t) Root words that refer to cloud height - Cirriform > Cloud types with the highest altitude bases; composed of ice crystals, very cold, bases 6 km and higher - Altoform > Middle level clouds with intermediate altitude bases; composed of ice, super-cooled water drops or drops above freezing, bases between 2 and 6 km - Stratoform > Cloud types with lowest altitude bases; usually warm (above freezing) clouds composed of water drops above freezing (but may be ice crystals in winter), bases from the surface to 2 km Clouds with Vertical Development - Composed of all possibilities above depending on cloud temperature
5 Classification (Con t) Examples of Cloud Names - Who and when defined - High Clouds > Cirrus (Ci) - Howard (1803) > Cirrostratus (Cs) - Howard (1803) > Cirrocumulus (Cc) - Howard (1803)
6 Classification (Con t) Examples of Cloud Names Middle Clouds > Altostratus (As) - Renou (1870) Middle clouds composed of gray or blue layers of uniform appearance. Snow or rain may fall from these clouds > Altocumulus (Ac) - Renou (1870)
7 3-7 Classification (Con t) Examples of Cloud Names - Low Clouds > Stratus (St) - Howard (1803) > Stratocumulus (Sc) - Kaemtz (1841) > Nimbostratus (Ns) - International Commission for the Study of Clouds (1930) Dark, gray clouds characterized by more or less continuously falling precipitation, usually rain, not accompanied by lightning, thunder, or hail
8 Classification (Con t) Examples of Cloud Names Clouds with Vertical Development > Cumulus or Fair weather cumulus Individual, detached heaps or towers that are usually dense and well defined > Cumulus Congestus Individual, detached domes or towers; usually dense and well defined > Cumulonimbus (Cb) Weilbach (1880) Exceptionally dense and vertically developed clouds, often with anvil shaped top, frequently accompanied by heavy showers, lightning, thunder and sometimes hail
9 3-9 Cloud Observations Ceiling - Height of the lowest layer of clouds above the surface that are either Ceilometer broken or overcast - Automatic instrument used to record ceiling, i.e., the altitude of the lowest cloud layer - Consists essentially of a projector, detector, and recorder - Optical ceilometer uses triangulation to determine height of a spot of light projected onto the base of cloud - Laser ceilometer determines height by measuring the time required for a pulse of light to be scattered back from the cloud base Laser Ceilometer
10 3-10 Cloud Observations (Con t) Cover guides/maps/sfcobs/wx.rxml
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