Unit 8: Meteorology. How is Earth s weather influenced by different atmospheric variables? How can we predict weather?
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1 Unit 8: Meteorology How is Earth s weather influenced by different atmospheric variables? How can we predict weather? Regent s Earth Science Name:
2 Topics Weather Structure of Earth s atmosphere Air Temperature Air pressure High vs. low-pressure systems Wind Land breeze and sea breezes Global Winds Moisture in atmosphere Relative Humidity and Dew Point Condensation and Precipitation Synoptic weather maps Station Models Air masses Weather fronts Hazardous Weather and Emergency Preparedness 2
3 Meteorology Need to Know Facts 1. A barometer measures air pressure 2. Air pressure or barometric pressure is caused by weight of the air 3. An anemometer measures wind speed 4. Wind is named for the direction it comes from 5. Wind is caused by differences in air pressure, H L 6. Isobars close together indicate a fast wind speed --- far apart, calm winds 7. The weather in a high is / happy, nice, high and dry (sunny no precipitation) 8. The weather in a low is / lousy, bad, wet (cloudy and precipitation) 9. Cold air is high pressure because the molecules are close together, and weighs more 10. Hot air is low pressure because the molecules are far apart, and there is mad room for water 11. The circulation around a low pressure system is / CLICC, (Cyclone, Low-pressure, Inward, Counter Clockwise) 12. The circulation around a high pressure system is / AHOC (Anticyclone. High-pressure, Outward, Clockwise) 13. Sea Breeze / daytime, land is hot (Low Pressure), ocean is cold (High Pressure) winds go H L 14. Land breeze occurs at / night and is the exact opposite of the conditions above 15. Coriolis effect / winds and ocean currents deflected due to Earth s rotation 16. Sling psychrometer has a wet and dry bulb to measure dew point and relative humidity 17. The closer air temperature is to the dew point the greater the chance of precipitation 18. Dewpoint temperature is the temperature at which the air is saturated (filled) with water 19. Relative humidity is the percent of water in the air % relative humidity = precipitation, clouds, and/or fog 21. Warm air is capable of holding more water vapor than cold air 22. Clouds form when warm, moist air rises, expands, cools, & condenses (at the dew point!) 23. Cloud droplets form on tiny dust particles in the air called condensation nuclei 24. Weather systems in the US usually move from west to east (with a hook to the NE) 25. The 500 rule says pressure over 500 add a 9, below 500 add a 10, and always add a decimal 26. Fronts occur where air masses meet, precipitation likely. 27. Behind a cold front air is cold and dry (cp) 28. Behind a warm front air is warm and moist (mt) 29. At the cold front air is very unstable, thunderstorm occur (short, heavy rain) 30. In front of a warm front air is stable long, drizzle occurs (long, light rain) 31. Hurricanes form over warm oceans in summer and autumn 32. Hurricanes lose strength as they move over land or cool water 33. To prepare for a hurricane: prepare an escape (evacuation) route, learn first aid, tape or board up windows, store up food, water and candles 34. Tornadoes are short lived (a minute or less) and small in size prepare by going to the basement 3
4 The Structure of Earth s Atmosphere Weather affects our lives each day; what we wear, where we go, do we have school or not? Every decision can be affected by the weather. We ask the meteorologist to forecast (predict) the weather; sometimes they are right and sometimes they are wrong. Forecasting the weather is not an easy task. Weather Meteorology Changes in weather are due to of land masses, oceans, and the atmosphere o o latitudes on earth receive sunlight. ( intense) latitudes receive sunlight. ( intense) Where does all weather on Earth? The Origin of the Atmosphere 1. The gases that made up our early atmosphere likely came from volcanoes through the process of. 2. Large amounts of from these volcanoes eventually condensed to form the oceans. 3. The first life forms converted carbon dioxide into oxygen to form our modern atmosphere. Today s Atmosphere 1. Today s atmosphere (troposphere) is made mostly of what two gases? 4
5 Directions: Fill in the layers of the atmosphere, interfaces and answer the questions below. Pause the (boundary) between layers is called a pause and determined by where the trend changes Questions: 1. What is the temperature of the atmosphere at an altitude of 80 kilometers? 2. What layer(s) of the atmosphere can the temperature be -75ºC? 3. What is the altitude of the tropopause? 4. What is the temperature range of the mesosphere? 5. What layer of the atmosphere is the O-Zone found in? 6. What is the function of the O-Zone layer? 7. Which statement most accurately describes the Earth's atmosphere? a. The atmosphere is layered, with each layer possessing distinct characteristics. b. The atmosphere is a shell of gases surrounding most of the Earth. c. The atmosphere's altitude is less than the depth of the ocean. d. The atmosphere is more dense than the hydrosphere but less dense than the lithosphere. 8. What do the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause all have in common? a. Each is a point of maximum temperature in its layer of the atmosphere. b. Each is an interface between two layers of the atmosphere. c. Each is a region of increasing pressure within the atmosphere. d. Each is a zone of decreasing water vapor content within the atmosphere. 5
6 January June December January June December NOON Sunrise Sunset Temperature Temperature Temperature Air Temperature Temperature Instrument used to measure temperature: Temperature is shown on a weather map with: Temperatures on earth following a pattern (easily predicted). Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Time of Year Time of Year Time of Day Temperature is measured in: Fahrenheit ( F) Celsius ( C) Kelvin (K) ESRT page - Temperature 60 Convert the following temperatures Fahrenheit ( F) Celsius ( C) Kelvin (K) Water boils Water Freezes Body Temperature Room temperature 6
7 Temperature Altitude Humidity Air Pressure Air Pressure Sometimes called:, or Instrument used to measure pressure: Pressure is shown on a weather map with: Factors affecting pressure: Changes in air pressure, depend on, and. Pressure Pressure Pressure As the air pressure pushes on the surface of the mercury in the dish, the mercury travels up the tube. As pressure increases, the mercury rises higher in the tube o air sinks causes pressure When pressure decreases, the mercury sinks out of the tube o air rises causes pressure Pressure is measured in: ESRT page Pressure - Convert the following pressures Inches of Hg Millibars Inches of Hg Millibars Normal pressure at sea level is atmosphere and is equal to: millibars and inches of Hg 7
8 High vs. Low Air Pressure Air Pressure - Air is a mixture of gases with molecules that are fast moving and far apart Air pressure as you decrease your elevation Air pressure as you increase your elevation Characteristics of Low Pressure zones: Also called: Air temperature: Air. form. Surface wind directions: o o Remember: CLICC L Characteristics of High Pressure zones: Also called: Air Temperature: Air. No. Surface wind direction: o o Remember: AHOC H 8
9 Wind Wind Winds are caused by the of Earth o Land vs. Water: o Latitude: o Color/texture: Winds always blow from regions of to pressure o Instrument used to measure wind direction: **Remember** Changes in air pressure cause wind movement, so the lines on this map are called: Label the region of high and low pressure on the map. Wind speed is determined by pressure gradient The bigger the pressure gradient, the the wind. The smaller the pressure gradient, the the wind. o Instrument used to measure wind speed: o Wind speed in measured in: and Isobars close together = wind Isobars far apart = wind 9
10 Practice Regents Questions: 1. The diagram below represents a section of a weather map showing high- and low-pressure systems. The lines represent isobars. At which point is the windspeed greatest? How do you know? 2. Winds are blowing from high-pressure to low-pressure systems over identical ocean surfaces. Which diagram represents the area of greatest windspeed? [Arrows indicate wind direction.] A B C D 3. Which map best represents the surface wind pattern associated with high-pressure and low-pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere? A B C D 4. Within a low-pressure system, the probability of precipitation is high because the air is generally a. dry and rising b. dry and sinking c. moist and rising d. moist and sinking 5. On the map to the right, draw two additional isobars around the outside of the 1000-mb isobar in a way that indicates that the strongest winds are west of the lowpressure center. 10
11 Land Breezes vs Sea Breezes Sea Breeze cool breeze from water to land during the daytime Land heats than water ( specific heat) The air over land to become less and Cool air over moves in to replace the rising warm air Wind blows from to Land Breeze cool breeze from the land to water at night Land cools more than water (lower specific heat) The air over the land to becomes dense and Warm air over the water (less dense) Cooler, dense air replaces the risen warm air over the water Wind blows from to Heat is circulating through currents. 11
12 Global Winds Coriolis Effect Winds are deflected to the in the hemisphere Winds are deflected to the in the hemisphere High Pressure Low Pressure Temperature Air Rising or Sinking Clouds or no clouds Clockwise or Counterclockwise Converging (inward) or diverging (outward) winds Precipitation or no Precipitation Draw the arrows to show the wind direction around the areas of high and low pressure. H L Planetary winds: ESRT page Due the Coriolis effect, winds moving away from a high-pressure zone are deflected. This results in planetary wind belts where winds generally blow in one direction Fill in the diagram to the right. 1. Draw the wind arrows illustrating the direction and deflection. 2. Label the areas that would be wet or dry. 3. Label the areas that would be high pressure or low pressure. 12
13 Practice Regents Questions: 1. The cross section to the right shows a sea breeze blowing from the ocean toward the land. The air pressure at the land surface is 1013 millibars. The air pressure at the ocean surface a few miles from the shore is most likely a. 994 mb b mb c mb d mb 2. Why are most beaches often considerably cooler than nearby inland locations on hot summer afternoons? a. A land breeze develops due to the lower specific heat of water and the higher specific heat of land. b. A sea breeze develops due to the higher specific heat of water and the lower specific heat of land. c. The beaches are closer to the Equator than the inland locations are. d. The beaches are farther from the Equator than the inland locations are. 3. In the Northern Hemisphere, planetary winds deflect to the a. right, due to the Coriolis effect b. right, due to the Doppler effect c. left, due to the Coriolis effect d. left, due to the Doppler effect 4. Wind moves from regions of a. high temperature toward regions of low temperature b. high pressure toward regions of low pressure c. high precipitation toward regions of low precipitation d. high humidity toward regions of low humidity 5. A high-pressure center is generally characterized by a. cool, wet weather b. cool, dry weather c. warm, wet weather d. warm, dry weather 13
14 Water Vapor holding capacity Moisture in the Atmosphere Water Vapor Water enters the atmosphere through and As temperature increases, the amount of water vapor the air can hold. Saturation when the air o Saturation occurs when the rate of is equal to the rate of Factors affecting rate of Evaporation: Temperature 1. Temperature as temperature increases, the rate of evaporation (T = Evap ) 2. Humidity as humidity increases, the rate of evaporation (H = Evap ) 3. Wind as wind increases, the rate of evaporation (W = Evap ) 4. Surface Area as surface area increases, rate of evaporation (SA = Evap ) Humidity Absolute Humidity the actual amount of water vapor in the air Relative Humidity (%) o Always given as a (%) o For example: 50% relative humidity means the air is holding of the water vapor that it is of holding. o 100% relative humidity means the air is holding of the water vapor that it can hold. In other words, the air is. Instruments used to measure relative humidity: 14
15 Relative Humidity Relative Humidity Changes in Relative Humidity Relative humidity will change with a change in air temperature: Water vapor Air temp. = 70 o F Air temp. = 50 o F Warm air moisture capacity Cold air moisture capacity The warm air has the capacity to hold more water vapor: R.H. = % The cold air is holding as much water vapor as it can: R.H. = % If the amount of water stays the same, but the temperature decreases, the relative humidity will because the water fills up the smaller space of air. If the amount of water stays the same, but the temperature increases, the relative humidity will because the water does not fill up the larger space of air. Temperature At what time of the day is the relative humidity highest? Is the air temperature high or low? At what time of the day is the relative humidity lowest? Is the air temperature high or low? Relative Humidity will change with a change in moisture content: If the moisture content of the air increases and Air temp. = 70 o F Air temp. = 70 o F the temperature remains the same, the relative humidity will increase R.H. = % R.H. = % Moisture 15
16 Determining Relative Humidity and Dew Point Temperatures Dew Point Temperature Depends on: When the air temperature and dew point temperature are the same, the air is and will take place. Instrument used to measure dew point temperature: or Parts of a psychrometer: Dry Bulb Wet Bulb o When the cloth is moistened, and the psychrometer is spun, the temperature of the wet bulb because of the effect of o The amount of cooling depends upon how evaporation occurs (which depends on how dry the air is) ***The web-bulb temperature is always than the dry-bulb.*** Wet-Bulb Depression 16
17 Calculating Relative Humidity and Dew Point Temperature Dew point Temperature and Relative Humidity charts in ESRT on page. When given the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures, you can determine the dew point temperature and relative humidity by following the directions below. Example 1: If the dry bulb temperature is 24 C and the wet bulb is 20 C, find the dew point temperature and the relative humidity. Dew point: Determine the difference between dry bulb and wet bulb. Dry bulb ** Wet bulb Difference ** Using the Dew point Temperature chart, find the dry bulb temperature on the dew point chart (left side) and the difference between the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures (top). o Match these places within the chart. What is the Dew Point Temperature? C Relative Humidity: Same as dew point, except use the Relative Humidity chart. Find the dry bulb temperature on the relative humidity chart (left side) and the difference between the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures (top). o Match these places within the chart. What is the Relative Humidity? % Example 2: Find the relative humidity and dew point temperature when the dry bulb temperature is 14 C and the wet bulb temperature is 9 C. Dry bulb ** What is the Dew Point Temperature? C Wet bulb Difference ** What is the Relative Humidity? % 17
18 Fill in the following table: Be careful! Make sure you are using the correct chart. Dry-Bulb Temperature ( C) Wet-Bulb Temperature ( C) Difference between Dry-Bulb and Wet Bulb Dew Point Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity (%) When the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures are very similar, what do you notice about the humidity? 2. In which example above, would you expect there to be precipitation? 3. What is the relative humidity if the dry bulb is 20 C and the wet bulb depression (difference between wet and dry bulb) is 6? 4. What is the relative humidity if the dew point temperature is 6 C and the wet bulb depression is 1? 5. What is the dew point temperature if the wet bulb depression is 6 and the relative humidity is 61%? 6. A student used a sling psychrometer to measure the humidity of the air. If the relative humidity was 65% and the dry-bulb temperature was 10 C, what was the wet-bulb temperature? 18
19 Condensation Clouds For clouds to form, there must be: o o o (ex. Dust, pollen, ash) R.E.C.C. =,,, Cloud formation leads to o Examples: What does precipitation do for the environment? Instrument that measures precipitation: 19
20 Daily Change of Temperature and Dew Point Temperature 1. The lowest temperature occurred at which time of day? 2. At what time(s) did the air temperature equal dew point? a. When this happens, the relative humidity is. 3. The highest relative humidity occurred at what time? 4. The highest air temperature occurred about what time? 5. The lowest relative humidity occurred at about what time? 6. According to the graph, what happens to relative humidity as the air temperature increases? 7. What is the relative humidity when the air temperature equals the dew point temperature? 8. Condensation is most likely to occur at approximately what time? 9. At approximately what time was the rate of evaporation the highest? a. Why? 10. The greatest change in air temperature occurred during the time period from: 20
21 Practice Regents Questions: 1. Which atmospheric condition will cause the greatest amount of evaporation from the surface of a lake? a. calm, dry, cold b. moist, cold, windy c. calm, moist, hot d. dry, hot, windy 2. The rate of evaporation from the surface of a lake would be increased by a. a decrease in wind velocity b. a decrease in the amount of insolation c. an increase in the surface area of the lake d. an increase in the moisture content of the air 3. Which event is a direct result of transpiration and evaporation? a. The atmosphere warms. b. Cloud cover decreases. c. Moisture enters the atmosphere. d. Moisture leaves the atmosphere. 4. Which statement best explains how atmospheric dust particles influence the water cycle? a. Dust particles are the main source of dissolved salts in the sea. b. Dust particles increase the capacity of the atmosphere to hold water vapor. c. Dust particles increase the amount of evaporation that takes place. d. Dust particles provide surfaces on which water vapor can condense. 5. By which process are clouds, dew, and fog formed? a. condensation b. evaporation c. precipitation d. melting 6. The change from the vapor phase to the liquid phase is called a. evaporation b. condensation c. precipitation d. transpiration Base your answer to the next 2 questions on the diagram to the right, which represents water molecules attached to salt and dust particles within a cloud in the atmosphere. 7. Explain why salt and dust particles are important in cloud formation. 8. State one natural process that causes large amounts of dust to enter Earth s atmosphere. 21
22 Station Models Synoptic Weather Map Station Model Weather Variables The station model depicts current weather conditions, cloud cover, wind speed, wind direction, visibility, temperature, dew point temperature, atmospheric pressure, and the change in pressure over the last three hours. All weather variables are located in specific places on the station model and are given in symbolic form without the units (to keep the station model easy to read) ESRT page - Key to Weather Map Symbols Next to each arrow, identify the weather variable being represented on the station model. Temperature and Dew Point are always given in Winds always blow along the stick toward the center of the station Cloud cover: 0% cloud cover Clear skies % cloud cover partly cloudy skies % cloud cover overcast skies % cloud cover partly cloudy skies % cloud cover mostly cloudy skies 22
23 Pressure on the Station Model Air Pressure and Barometric trend are always coded on the station model. Decoding Pressures from Station Models: 1. Insert a decimal point 2. Add a 9 in front if the pressure is greater than 500 OR 3. Add a 10 in front of the number if it is less than = mb = mb Encoding Pressures to write Station Models: 1. Remove the decimal point 2. Record the last 3 digits. Let s try some examples: mb = mb = The Barometric Trend: + 19 / 19 means the pressure has changed by 1.9 mb + means pressure was higher than 3 hrs ago / means the pressure is currently rising - means pressure was lower than 3 hrs ago \ means the pressure is currently falling Now? Now? 3 hours ago? 3 hours ago? 23
24 Reading Station Models Constructing Station Models 24
25 Air Masses Air Mass - Source Region - An air mass will take on the characteristics of the surface over which it forms (source region). Types of Air Masses - ESRT page Map Symbol Stand for Type of Weather cp ct mp mt ca 25
26 Weather Fronts Front When two unlike air masses, a weather front is created. Types of Air Fronts: 1. Cold Front Cold air is and stays near the Cold air forces the dense warm air the over the denser cold air occurs along the frontal boundary at the surface Narrow band of heavy rain and Map Symbol Cross Section View: 2. Warm Front Warm, dense air is forced to rise over the top of the, more dense air Precipitation occurs before the frontal boundary at the surface Wide band of, all day showers Map Symbol Cross Section View: 26
27 3. Stationary Front Precipitation occurs in a wide band along the front at the surface Steady/heavy rain Cross Section View: Map Symbol 4. Occluded Front Precipitation occurs in a wide band before and along the front Steady, all day rains followed by heavy rain/thunderstorms Map Symbol Cross Section View: Air fronts are always associated with low pressure systems: Label where the Low-Pressure center is located. Draw the surface wind directions to show the movement of air around the low-pressure center. Write the air-mass symbols to indicate the most likely location of the continental polar and maritime tropical air masses. Lightly shade the region where precipitation is occurring. 27
28 Practice Regents Questions Base your answer on the weather map of North America below. The map shows the location of a front and the air mass influencing its movement. 1. Which type of front and frontal movement is shown on the weather map? a. cold front moving northwestward b. cold front moving southeastward c. warm front moving northwestward d. warm front moving southeastward 2. Which region is the probable source of the air mass labeled cp on the map? a. central Canada b. southwestern United States c. North Atlantic Ocean d. Gulf of Mexico 3. The cp air mass is identified on the basis of its temperature and a. wind direction b. cloud cover c. moisture content d. windspeed Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the cross section below, which shows a typical cold front moving over Florida in early summer. 4. Explain why the warm, moist air is rising at the frontal boundary. 5. State one process that causes clouds to form in this rising air. 6. Identify the most likely geographic source region for the mt and cp air masses shown in the cross section. mt: cp: 28
29 7. On the frontal boundary line on the weather map provided to the right, draw the weather front symbol to represent the front moving toward the southeast. 8. On the weather map, place an X centered on the geographic region that was most likely the source of the warm, moist (mt) air mass. 9. On the weather map provided below place the proper front symbols on lines AB, BC, and BD. Place the front symbols on the correct side of each line to show the direction of front movement. Line AB is an occluded front. Line BC is a cold front. Line BD is a warm front. 10. Other than low pressure, state two weather conditions associated with a low-pressure center. 11. Describe the general surface wind pattern associated with the low-pressure system. 12. Compared to a maritime tropical air mass, a continental polar air mass is a. cooler and contains less moisture b. cooler and contains more moisture c. warmer and contains less moisture d. warmer and contains more moisture 29
30 Hazardous Weather Prevailing Westerlies The winds over the United States, blow weather systems from the to the. Jet Stream very fast that flow in the. Thunderstorms form from uplifting warm air associated with fronts Located in inland regions Produce heavy,,, thunder and lightning As the thunderstorm cloud reaches higher altitudes, the temperatures continue to and the probability to produce hail. To have 100% probably of hail, the thunderstorm cloud must extend into the. On the weather map station model, use the correct symbols and proper format to indicate the six weather conditions shown in the table. Emergency preparedness: How could humans protect themselves from harm if a severe hail warning is issued for their location? How could people protect themselves from lightning? 30
31 Blizzards winter that produce heavy snow and restricted along with high windspeeds greater than mph. Coastal regions are hit with big blizzards because large quantities of are transported from the ocean. Locations such as Buffalo and Syracuse are downwind from the which creates lake-effect snow storms. Lake Effect Snow winds move across the relatively great lakes and pick up., air is over the Tug Hill Plateau where it snows due to the effect. As air rises, it leading to more. The water in the Great Lakes freezes much later in winter than the surrounding land, because water has a compared to land. If the water freezes how why would snowfall amounts be less? Emergency preparedness: Describe actions that people could take to prepare for a forecasted lake-effect snowstorm. How would New York State prepare for an approaching ice storm? 31
32 Tornadoes a rapidly rotating -pressure funnel associated with strong and fronts in the spring Very narrow: 100 ft 1 mile in diameter Produce winds up to mph Last for a few minutes to an hour Very little time. Emergency preparedness: A tornado warning is issued for a location in the area labeled Tornado Alley. What safety precautions should be taken to avoid possible injury from this tornado? 1. Explain why all the tornadoes moved toward the northeast. 2. Describe the air movement most likely found within these tornadoes. 3. Most of these tornadoes occurred with thunderstorms along cold fronts. Identify the water cycle process that forms clouds along cold fronts. 32
33 Hurricanes -pressure storm that starts in the western Atlantic Ocean in the late into early. The sun heats up the ocean water, especially near the. By the end of the, ocean temperatures reach high 80 s. A thunderstorm that forms westward off the coast of Africa will move into the and continue to grow, by gaining energy from warm ocean waters. Storm Surge o Hurricanes will cause along coastal areas, which is the cause for the greatest amount of damage. As hurricanes move over, they lose the energy from the and begin to decrease in size and strength. Hurricanes are classified using the. The arrows on the map show the tracks of various hurricanes. State one reason why most hurricane paths curve northeastward as hurricanes move north of 30 N latitude. Describe emergency preparations humans could take to prepare for a hurricane warning in their region. 33
34 Monsoons Monsoon of the overall patterns for an area. Caused by: Summer Land heats up than water because it has a specific heat. Air temperature over land: o Air pressure over land: Air temperature over water: o Air pressure over water: Wind will blow from to bring large quantities of water from the Indian Ocean. Summer monsoon winds = Winter Land cools down than water because it has a specific heat. Air temperature over land: o Air pressure over land: Air temperature over water: o Air pressure over water: Wind will blow from to bringing very dry air over the Indian Ocean. Winter Monsson winds = 34
35 El Niño Southern Oscillation El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variations in the patterns and ocean over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Occurs at intervals of to years. Lasts from months to years. Normal Conditions: Eastern trades winds. Results in the ocean currents to from to. o Indonesia: and weather conditions o South American: and weather conditions El Niño Conditions: Eastern trade winds Results in the ocean current to switch direction: flows to. o Indonesia: and weather conditions o South America: and (winter) weather conditions How does an El Niño year affect the Northeastern United States? 35
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