NEMO Status Report. Antonio Capone - INFN - Roma on behalf of the NEMO Collaboration

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Antonio Capone - INFN - Roma on behalf of the NEMO Collaboration http://nemoweb.lns.infn.

1 Antonio Capone - INFN - Roma on behalf of the NEMO Collaboration NEMO Status Report -A Km 3 scale high-energy Neutrino Telescope -Site selection and characterization in Mediterranean Sea -R&D program for the KM3 neutrino detector construction -Present detector design: sensitivity and resolutions -The test site close to Catania (Sicily, Italy) -Construction plans Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - NeSS02 Washington, DC - USA September /09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 1

2 NEMO Collaboration INFN: CNR: Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Catania, Genova, LNF, LNS, Messina, Roma - ITALY Istituto di Oceanografia Fisica (La Spezia) Istituto di Biologia del Mare (Venezia) Istituto Talassografico (Messina) Istituto GEOMARE-SUD (Napoli) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Istituto Nazionale di Oceanorafia e Geofisica Sperimentale (Trieste) Centro Interdisciplinare di Bioacustica e Ricerche Ambientali (Pavia) Marina Militare Italiana Saclant NATO Undersea Research Centre Universities of: Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Catania, Genova, Messina, Roma - ITALY 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 2

3 Site selection for a Km 3 Undersea Cherenkov High-Energy Neutrino Telescope in Mediterranean at depth >3000m ( ) Selected as Test Site 20km from shore 2000m depth Best site for the km 3 Telescope 80 km from shore 3300m depth N, E (3350m) in the Ionian Sea (Capo Passero) N, E (3400m) in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Ustica) N, E (3400m) in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Alicudi) N, E (3500m) in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Ponza) 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 3

4 Depth and atmospheric Muon Flux reduction Φ µ (cm µ -2-2 sr sr -1-1 sec sec -1 ) -1 ) AMANDA ANTARES NEMO NESTOR (B&W plot from Moscoso) 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 4

5 Capo Passero deep sea currents Collected ~ 3 years of deep-sea current data in Capo Passero KM4 site. ---> average current intensity: 3.1 cm/sec (rms 2.1) ---> maximum current intensity: < 16 cm/sec RCM8: Mechanical current meter RCM11: Doppler current meter 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 5

6 Capo Passero: sedimentation rate Sediment flux (mg m -2 d -1 ) time 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 6

In situ Measurements of Inherent Optical Properties AC9: absorption(a), scattering (b) and attenuation (c=a+b) for 9 wavelengths: 412, 440, 488, 510, 532, 555, 650, 676, 715 nm absorbing Flow tube c

7 In situ Measurements of Inherent Optical Properties AC9: absorption(a), scattering (b) and attenuation (c=a+b) for 9 wavelengths: 412, 440, 488, 510, 532, 555, 650, 676, 715 nm absorbing Flow tube c measurement angular acceptance cm long flow tube Ic(x)=I0e-c x Ia(x)=I0e-a x reflecting Flow tube a measurement 20/09/02 Deep sea set-up: AC9, CTD, battery pack, PC on ship deck Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 7

8 Site Selection: Light transmission in Capo Passero Seasonal characterisation of optical and oceanographic parameters in Capo Passero KM4. The column water shows at large depths homogeneity and negligible variations winter summer AC9 data L a L c spring T s a c 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 8

9 Absorption lengths in NEMO sites and in Baikal lake A. Capone et al., NEMO Collaboration, Nucl. Inst. & Methods A, 487 (2002) V. Balkanov et al. Baikal & Nemo Coll. astro-ph/ Baikal March /09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 9

10 Attenuation lengths in NEMO sites and in Baikal lake 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 10

Measurements of light scattering function

11 Measurements of light scattering function in deep-sea water 50 cm angular resolution ~0.1 incident light beam not detected β(λ,ϑ) and <cos(λ,ϑ) > soon available 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 11

12 Capo Passero: Biofouling on optical surfaces at 3200m depth (short term measurement) Negligible effect of fouling after 40 days 1.10 transparency /12/99 days theta 75 theta 60 theta 45 theta 30 theta 15 theta 5 Transparency =(PD/reference) t / (PD/reference) day#1 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 12

Capo Passero biological analyses: luminescent bacteria Luminescent bacteria Optical background measurement consistent with 40 K rate and no

13 Capo Passero biological analyses: luminescent bacteria Luminescent bacteria Optical background measurement consistent with 40 K rate and no bioluminescence: measured 360±40 photons/cm 2 s at 0.3 p.e. level 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 13

14 Capo Passero NEMO site characteristics distance from the coast ~ 80 km distance from shelf break >40 km close to ports, international airport, INFN LNS depth > 3300 m bathymetric profile is flat over 10 km 2 average current Intensity ~ 3 cm/sec (max < 15 cm/s) low biological activity at λ=440nm: light attenuation length ~ m (42 m in March) at λ=440nm: light absorption length ~ m (100 m in March) measured sedimentation rate and fouling rate are low 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 14

15 Montecarlo studies for the possible configuration of the Km 3 detector Opnemo fast MC code: Estimate the telescope response as a function of: -detector geometry -PMT Area, Q.E. and TTS -water optical properties 4096 optical modules (upward and downward looking) 64 semi-rigid vertical structures: 600m high and displaced at 150 m distance >1km 2 effective area for TeV muons <0.3 median reconstruction angle 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 15

16 Coordinated Feasibility Study for a Km 3 detector coordinated by INFN in collaboration with NATO SACLANTcen, CNR, INOGS ROV/AUV operations ENI Consortium Cable construction and deployment NEXANS, Pirelli Detector: design and construction ENI Consortium Data/power transmission system ALCATEL, Pirelli Underwater connections Ocean Design Detector: deployment and recovery ENI Consortium ENI Consortium: SAIPEM, SASP ENG., SONSUB Artist s view 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 16

(distance from seabed) distance between arms arm length OM per arm OM per tower Materials for construction 750 m 16

17 The proposed Km 3 project: towers à la NEMO Electronics module Optical Module Electro optical cable Non mechanical!!! Dynema fiber tensioning cable 750 m total height number of arms lowest arm (distance rom seabed) highest arm (distance from seabed) distance between arms arm length OM per arm OM per tower Materials for construction 750 m m 750 m 40 m 20 m 4 64 Ti or fiberglass 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 17

18 Deployment details 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 18

19 The proposed Km 3 project: detector layout plan view of the detector Backbone Solution 64 VERTICAL STRUCTURES (4096OM) 8 ROWS 8 COLUMNS 200m Distance between VERTICAL STRUCTURES 8 JUNCTION BOXES 8 BRANCHING UNITS Bases of vert. structures 100 km E.O. Cable from the shore 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 19

The proposed Km 3 project: main electro optical cable Studied with: Nexans and Pirelli Electrical wire AC voltage Different solutions evaluated taking into account: mechanical and electrical aspects,

20 The proposed Km 3 project: main electro optical cable Studied with: Nexans and Pirelli Electrical wire AC voltage Different solutions evaluated taking into account: mechanical and electrical aspects, complete cable designs, cable cost,manufacture time,.. Main characteristics of the EOC: Length 100 km Power load 80 kw Optical fibers 48 Electrical conductors 3 or 4 Optical fibers DC voltage bipolar system Optical fibers Proposed solutions for power transmission : AC voltage DC voltage monopolar system (sea return) DC voltage bipolar system (cable return) Electrical wire 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 20

21 The proposed Km 3 project: A eff and < θ> vs light abs. length Effective Area (km 2 ) Median angle (deg) θ= θµ rec - θµ true Towers height = 600 m La(450 nm) = 30 m N = towers 64 N = 4096 La(450 nm) = 40 m OM La(450 nm) = 55 m La(450 nm) = 75 m N string/tower = 64 - H string/tower = 600m - N PMT = D PMT = 10 - σ PMT = 2.5 ns - d xy = 180 m Effective Area (km 2 ) Median angle (deg) 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 21

22 Tower a la NEMO: different values of the arm length Effective Area (km 2 ) Median angle (deg) θ= θµ rec - θµ true N string/tower = 64 - H string/tower = 600m - N PMT = D PMT = 10 - σ PMT = 2.5 ns - d xy = 180 m Effective Area (km 2 ) Median angle (deg) Tower a la NEMO String a la ANTARES L = 40 m L = 20 m L = 1 m 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 22

The proposed Km 3 project: underwater connectors and jumpers Studied with Ocean Design OD is a leading company in the manufacture

Wet-mateable hybrid [optical / electrical] Mate up to 8 optical fibers and/or electrical circuits underwater.

In a single connector, multiple channels allow for higher fiber count, maintenance flexibility and expansion.

23 The proposed Km 3 project: underwater connectors and jumpers Studied with Ocean Design OD is a leading company in the manufacture of underwater wet mateable connectors, JB JB jumper and JB BU jumpers. Wet-mateable hybrid [optical / electrical] Mate up to 8 optical fibers and/or electrical circuits underwater. Available in ROV, manual and stab-plate versions with single and/or multi-mode optical fiber. In a single connector, multiple channels allow for higher fiber count, maintenance flexibility and expansion. Specifications 100 mate cycles without refurbishment < 0.5 db attenuation/optical contact 10 amps at 1,000 volts electrical circuit 10,000 psi operation, 80 lbs mating force for ROV format 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 23

24 The proposed Km 3 project: data transmission system ALCATEL Italia proposed a data transmission system according to NEMO specifications. System characteristics : one (STM1 + ST1.1) per each arm One module for each plane of the string.this Optical Module (S-1.1) will be used as Electrical/Optical converter within the customer equipment in both sides, under sea and in the landing station. standard telecom system; redundancy; high MTBF; auto-reconfiguration in case of fails; high transmission rate; low power consumption (< 500 W each string tower) one 1660 SM per tower One module for each tower of the detector. Each 1660SM will collect all the data coming from the 16 STM 1 of the string. The module will be closed inside a small Junction Box at the base of the string. 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 24

25 The proposed Km 3 project: data transmission rate 1 arm (4 OM) STM1 155 Mbps JB 1 tower (16 arms) 1660-SM 2.5 Gbps (1 wavelength) 100 km cable to shore 16 towers 1686-WM DWDM 40 Gbps per channel (16 wavelengths) 48 fibers available: 8x1686WM - 2 fiber each 16 needed for transmission 32 fibers free 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 25

The proposed Km 3 project: data transmission system ALC TEL DWDM technology 1686WM 1686WM 1660SM Redundancy 100 km 1660SM Main KM3 STM-1 & ST 1.

26 The proposed Km 3 project: data transmission system ALC TEL DWDM technology 1686WM 1686WM 1660SM Redundancy 100 km 1660SM Main KM3 STM-1 & ST WM 1686WM Shore LAB STM-1 & ST 1.1 plus the network manager system 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 26

The Test Site at the port of Catania From the shore lab to the Test site 28 km of optical fibres Deep sea (2000 m) test for: electronics connectors optical modules, acoustic modules deployment and

27 The Test Site at the port of Catania From the shore lab to the Test site 28 km of optical fibres Deep sea (2000 m) test for: electronics connectors optical modules, acoustic modules deployment and recovery procedures Geostar (INGV): Oceanographic and environmental survey. Permanent on-line seismic monitoring connected to POSEIDON network. 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 27

28 The Test Site at the port of Catania: an INFN-LNS facility Catania Port LNS Test site Laboratory 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 28

The Test Site at the port of Catania: the electro optical cable SHORE

595 m of single armed cable JB BU JB JB GEOSTAR 5.

G-652 ( 6 to NEMO, 4 to GEOSTAR) 6 Electrical Conductors Φ 4 mm 2 ( 4

29 The Test Site at the port of Catania: the electro optical cable SHORE m of doubly armed cable m of single armed cable JB BU JB JB GEOSTAR m drop cable for recovery NEMO test 10 Optical Fiber standard G-652 ( 6 to NEMO, 4 to GEOSTAR) 6 Electrical Conductors Φ 4 mm 2 ( 4 to NEMO, 2 to GEOSTAR) NEMO connections tested! 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 29

30 The Test Site at the port of Catania: advanced R&D for the Km 3 SECONDARY JB NEMO TOWER MAIN JUNCTION BOX CABLE from SHORE 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 30

31 The Test Site at the port of Catania underwater multidisciplinary laboratory CREEP (UCL) POSEIDON GEOSTAR CIBRA Rock creeping Submarine seismic survey Acoustic survey Test Site

32 Summary NEMO R&D successful: Optimal installation site for the km 3 in Capo Passero area Long term site characterization activity continues Technological feasibility study for the km 3 (INFN-Industries-Marine Research Institutes) Test Site at 2000m depth available for advanced R&D Large participation to ANTARES 0.1 km 2 detector construction (Mechanical structures, instrumentation, software) Definitive km 3 design in the framework of an international collaboration 20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 32

The NEMO Collaboration. The NEMO Project. An underwater Cherenkov telescope in the Mediterranean Sea Looking for high energy neutrinos

The NEMO Collaboration. The NEMO Project. An underwater Cherenkov telescope in the Mediterranean Sea Looking for high energy neutrinos The NEMO Project An underwater Cherenkov telescope in the Mediterranean Sea Looking for high energy neutrinos The brightest and most powerful sources in the Universe Buco nero? An Active Galactic Nucleus