Station #1 Galaxy Cards. Standard 4a: Students know galaxies are clusters of billions of stars and may have different shapes.

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1 Station #1 Galaxy Cards Standard 4a: Students know galaxies are clusters of billions of stars and may have different shapes. Materials: Galaxy cards, your textbook Using your text book answers the following questions. 1. Astronomers classify galaxies into what 3 major categories? (page 618) 2. Each galaxy typically has of stars. (page 617) 3. By comparing the galaxy shapes you see on page 618 in your textbook, what galaxy type would you classify card X4 found at this station? 4. X5? 5. X6 6. What is the name of the galaxy our Solar System is located in? 7. What is the shape of our galaxy? 8. A light year is the distance that light travels in 1 year, about kilometers. (page 602) 9. How many light years long is our galaxy? (Hint: Look at the diagram on page 619))

2 Station #2 H-R Diagram Standard 4b: Students know that the sun is one of many stars in the Milky Way Galaxy and that stars may differ in the size, temperature, and color. Materials: H-R Diagram in your textbook 10. Characteristics used to classify stars include COLOR, TEMPERATURE,, COMPOSITION, AND BRIGHTNESS.(page 599) COLOR AND TEMPERATURE (page 599) 11. If you look at the night sky you can see slight differences in the color of the stars. The coolest stars with a temperature of about 3,200 degrees Celsius - appear in color. 12. With a surface temperature of about 5,500 degrees Celsius, like the sun, the star appears in color. 13. The hottest stars in the sky appear in color. SIZE (page 599) 14. Many stars are actually about the size of the sun, which is a sized star. 15. Very large stars are called giant stars or. 16. If Betelgeuse (a supergiant star) were located where our sun is, it would be large enough to fill the solar system as far out as the planet. 17. A star s apparent brightness is its brightness as seen from planet. (page 601) 18. A star s absolute brightness is how bright a star would be if it were at a standard distance from planet. (page 601) The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram on page 604 shows the relationship between the surface temperature and absolute brightness of stars. 19. What color is a star that has a temperature of 50,000 degrees Celsius? 20. What color is a star that has a temperature of 3,000 degrees Celsius? 21. What color is our sun? 22. Is the star Betelgeuse a cool star or a hot star?

3 Station #3 Astrolab Standard 4b: Students know that the sun is one of many stars in the Milky Way Galaxy and that stars may differ in the size, temperature, and color. Materials: Astroslides of the sun Look at the introduction section of the white slide holder. 23. The sun is part of a large family of stars called the galaxy. 24. The sun is a middle sized star and is relatively young, about years old. Look at picture/slide 1. Focus if necessary. The answers can be found in the white slide holder. 25. The part of the sun that looks like a smooth round disk is called the. 26. The dark specks on the photosphere are called sunspots. Sunspots come and go in a cyle of about years. Look at slide The dark central region of a sunspot is called the. Look at slide The lower layer of the sun s atmosphere is called the. Look at slide This remarkable prominence rises of kilometers into the solar atmosphere. Look at slide To determine the composition of the Sun s atmosphere its lines are matched with lines produced in the laboratory by known elements. Look at slide The stream of solar particles called the, interacts with the electrically charged layer of the earth s upper atmosphere to produce the. Look at slide When the Earth, moon and sun line up in space the shadow of the moon falls on the Earth to produce a.

4 Station #4 Planets Standard 4e: Students know the appearance, general composition, relative position and size, and motion of objects in the solar system, including planets, planetary satellites, comets and asteroids Materials: Textbook Using your text book fill in the following blanks for each planet. Mercury 33. General composition (terrestrial or gaseous): (page 552) 34. Average distance from the sun in AU: (page 553) 35. Size (diameter in km): page 553 Venus 36. General composition (terrestrial or gaseous): (page 552) 37. Average distance from the sun in AU: (page 553) 38. Size (diameter in km): page 553 Earth 39. General composition (terrestrial or gaseous): (page 552) 40. Average distance from the sun in AU: (page 553) 41. Size (diameter in km): page 553 Mars 42. General composition (terrestrial or gaseous): (page 552) 43. Average distance from the sun in AU: (page 553) 44. Size (diameter in km): page 553 Jupiter 45. General composition (terrestrial or gaseous): (page 563) 46. Average distance from the sun in AU: (page 563) 47. Size (diameter in km): page 563 Saturn 48. General composition (terrestrial or gaseous): (page 563) 49. Average distance from the sun in AU: (page 563) 50. Size (diameter in km): page 563 Uranus 51. General composition (terrestrial or gaseous): (page 563) 52. Average distance from the sun in AU: (page 563) 53. Size (diameter in km): page 563 Neptune 54. General composition (terrestrial or gaseous): (page 563) 55. Average distance from the sun in AU: (page 563) 56. Size (diameter in km): page 563 Pluto 57. General composition (terrestrial or gaseous): (page 563) 58. Average distance from the sun in AU: (page 563) 59. Size (diameter in km): page 563

5 Station #5 Astrolab Standard 4d: Students know that stars are the source of light for all bright objects in outer space and that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight, not by their own light. Materials: Textbook, astroslides Insert the slide that you see at this station into the microscope through the slit in the side. Look at picture/slide 1. Focus if necessary. The answers can be found in the white slide holder. 60. You can see the moon because it reflects the light of the. (page 479) Look at slide 2 a picture of the moon s surface. 61. What do you see pictured here? Look at slide The seeming wobble of the moon is called. Look at slide How many miles in diameter is the dark circular plain you see here? Look at slide How high is the wall that surrounds crater Copernicus? Look at slide What year did the astronauts walk on the moon? Look at slide The pull of the moon on the Earth causes tides. This is the Bay of in Canada where there are the highest tides in the world. Look at slide What type of eclipse is pictured here?

6 Station #6 Slide Projector Standard 4e: Students know the appearance, general composition, relative position and size, and motion of objects in the solar system, including planets, planetary satellites, comets and asteroids. Standard 4c: Students know ho to use astronomical units and light years as measure of distances between the sun, stars, and earth. Materials: Slide projector, your textbook A. Turn on the slide projector. B. If the slide projector is not already on Slide #1, advance the slide tray using the square black button on the projector. (Look at the numbers on the slide tray to determine what slide number you are looking at.) C. Focus the slide using the focus button. Look at slides Slide 1 5 are of Venus. Slides 6 is of our moon. Slides 7-11 are of Mars and its satellite. Slides are of Jupiter and their satellites. Slide are of Saturn. Slides are Uranus, slides are Neptune. 68. Distances between the sun and the planets are very large compared to the distances that are typically used on Earth. As a result, astronomers commonly describe distances within the solar system using. (Page 543) 69. One astronomical unit or AU equals Earth s average distance from the. 70. Saturn s distance from the sun is 9.6 AU which means Saturn is times farther from the sun than Earth. Slide is a picture of Hale-Bopp Comet. Slide 38 is of Halley s Comet, slide 39 of a deep space comet, and slide 40 of Comet Ikeya-Seki in Comets are loose collections of ice,, and small rocky particles whose orbits are usually very long, narrow ellipses. 72. What is the shape of an ellipse? (an oval shape or a circle) page Small objects between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter are called asteroids. Most asteroids revolve around the in a fairly circular pattern between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars. (page 574) Slide is of Leonid Meteor. 74. A meteoroid is a chunk of rock and dust in space. Meteoroids come from or. (page 575) 75. Meteoroids that pass through the Earth s atmosphere and strike the earth s surface are called (page 575) Look at slides which are pictures of our moon. Slides are of solar eclipses. We will talk about them later.

7 Station #7 Spectroscopes Standard 4b: Students know that the sun is one of many stars in the Milky Way Galaxy and that stars may differ in the size, temperature, and color. Materials: Textbook (page 600), spectroscope, and colored pencils.(purple, turquoise, lime green, orange, red) Stars vary in their chemical composition. 76. The chemical composition of most stars is about 75% and 25%. 77. Astronomers use SPECTROGRAPHS to determine the found in stars. 78. A is a device that breaks light into colors and produces an image of the resulting spectrum. Most large telescopes have a spectrograph. Astronomers use line spectrums to identify the chemical elements in a star. Look at the line spectrums for hydrogen, helium, sodium and calcium, at the top of page 600. Now look at the spectrums from 3 different stars in the skills activity on page 600. By looking at the known spectrum lines at the top of the page determine what elements star A, B, and C are composed of. 79. Star A is composed of hydrogen and. 80. Star B is composed of helium and. 81. Star C is composed of hydrogen and. 82. Look through the spectroscope at this station. (Look through the end with the square opening) Point the slit at the other end at the fluorescent lights in the room. Draw what the spectrum of light looks like (in the one line you numbered 82.) using the colored pencils at this station.

8 Station #8 Flame Tests Standard 4b: Students know that the sun is one of many stars in the Milky Way Galaxy and that stars may differ in the size, temperature, and color. Materials: Textbook, alcohol burner, 4 inoculating loops, 4 liquid chemicals, beaker of water, goggles. Introduction: When compounds of certain metals are heated, the metals give off wavelengths of visible light. Each wavelength is unique to that element. Astronomers analyze the white light from stars, which when using a spectroscope, spread out the light into different colors of a spectrum. Dark bands appear in the spectrum caused by the absorption of the light by certain chemicals in the stars atmospheres. Each chemical has its own pattern of lines like a fingerprint. We will not use a spectroscope to analyze chemical flames, but we will use the flame test to detect certain metal ions. Procedure: 1. Put on your goggles. 2. Put your looped wire in the flame and burn off any residual chemical. Let cool. 3. Dip the loop in the liquid chemical and hold in flame. 4. Write down the color of the flame. (Your flame colors should be either green/blue, red, orange, or lilac) 5. Dip the loop in water. Completely burn off the previous chemical from your wire before you start the next chemical. 6. Repeat the step for all the chemicals 7. Then do the same step for the unknown. Determine which metal is present. 8. Put out your flame, then take off your goggles. 9. Wash your hands!! 83. What was the flame color for Copper Sulfate? 84. What was the flame color for Potassium Chloride? 85. What was the flame color for Strontium Chloride? 86. What was the flame color for Sodium Chloride? 87. Do a flame test for the unknown. Based on the color of the flame, what element is the unknown?

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