What is Earth Science? Chapter 1. Agriculture Earth Science Ms. Clement

Transcription

1 What is Earth Science? Chapter 1 Agriculture Earth Science Ms. Clement

2 Branches of Earth Science GEOLOGY The study of the origin, history and shape of solid earth and the processes that shape it. Things that they may study: Deposits of coal, oil, gas Forecast earthquakes and volcanic eruption Explore the earths crusts Fossils to learn about the earths past

3 Branches of Earth Science OCEANOGRAPHY The study of the earth s ocean. Things that they may study: Waves, tide and ocean currents Ocean floor Marine plants and aniamal life

4 Branches of Earth Science METEOROLOGY The study of the earth s atmosphere Things that they might study: Atmospheric conditions Weather observation Wind speed Temperature rainfall

5 Branches of Earth Science ASTRONOMY The study of the universe beyond earth. Things that they might study: Position of plants The stars

6 Importance of Earth Science Observations made by earth scientist have contributed greatly the world around us. Enriching the quality of peoples lives. Take a second and write down a couple of specific examples of how it might enrich the quality of peoples lives?

7 Importance of Earth Science ECOLOGY Earth scientists primarily study the geosphere, (solid earth) the hydrosphere, (water) and the atmosphere (gases surrounding earth). Is the study of the relationship between living things and their environment. Connection between biology and earth science is ecology.

8 Importance of Earth Science ECOLOGY Ecology encompasses the ecosystem with is a self-supporting system or habitat. The largest ecosystem is the biosphere, which extends from the ocean floor to the atmosphere above the earth s surface.

9 Importance of Earth Science ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Each ecosystem is delicately balanced. One serious threat the to ecosystem is pollution. Biodegradable waste can be broken down and used by other organisms. Non-biodegradable waste is threatening to the environment in large quantities.

10 Importance of Earth Science PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT Earth Scientists and Ecologist work together to protect the environment. Meteorologist in the 70 s found that the level of ozone was decreasing. The cause was chlorofluorocarbons, compound found in aerosol sprays. The ozone helps protect the earths plants and animal life from harmful ultraviolet rays.

11 1.2 Paths to Discovery Scientific Method is a set of guided set of sequential steps that scientists invariably follow. State the Problem Gather Information Form a Hypothesis Test the Hypothesis State Conclusion

12 Scientific Method STATE THE PROBLEM Observation: uses the senses of sight, touch, taste, hearing, and smell to gather information. GATHER INFORMATION Qualitative vs. Quantitative (quality vs. quantity)

13 Scientific Method FORM HYPOTHESIS A possible explanation (solution) to the problem Educated guess TEST HYPOTHESIS Experimentation Scientific procedure following guidelines Proves or disproves the hypothesis Variable Controlled: never changes Manipulated: you change it Responding: changes due to the manipulated variable

14 Scientific Method STATE THE CONCLUSION Answers the problem Tell whether the hypothesis is correct or not Tells what was learned in the experiment

15 density= mass/volume

16 Principle 1: If you pack more mass into the same volume, it s more dense.

17 Principle 2: If you pack the same mass into a smaller volume, it s more dense.

18 Principle 3: Just because something has more mass doesn t mean it s more dense.

19 1.3 Birth of a Theory Once a hypothesis has been tested and generally accepted, it may lead to the development of a theory. Once a theory is well established through research and experimentation, it becomes a scientific law. To become a law, a theory must be proven correct every time it is tested.

20 Light and Doppler Effect Isaac Newton observed that sunlight passing through a glass prism produced a rainbow of colors. Newton named the display of colors a spectrum. Light travels in waves.

21 Light and Doppler Effect Colors of the spectrum include: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. Each color in the spectrum has its own wavelength. The distance from one crest of one wave to the other is considered the wavelength.

22 Light and Doppler Effect Red has the longest wavelength Violet has the shortest wavelength The bright-line spectra is a series of colored lines that indicate certain wavelengths of light.

23 Light and Doppler Effect The Doppler Effect: The apparent shift in the wavelength of energy given off by an energy source is moving away from or toward an observer. Wavelengths moving toward the observer appear shorter. Wavelengths moving away the observer appear longer.

24 Light and Doppler Effect When chemical elements are heated they too produce a spectra.

25 Evidence: Red Shift Using an instrument called a spectroscope, scientists study starlight to determine what elements they are made of. The sun, for example, was found to be about 92% hydrogen and 8% helium with traces of 100 other elements.

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27 Evidence: Red Shift Study of starlight spectra's, revealed that a large amount of systems or stars were shifting to the red end of the spectrum. The red shift indicates that galaxies in the universe are moving away from the earth. Scientist found that most distant galaxies were moving away faster.

28 A Theory Emerges The Big Bang theory that all matter and energy in the universe was compressed into an extremely small volume that suddenly, billions of years ago, began expanding in all directions.