Astronomy 104: Stellar Astronomy

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1 Astronomy 104: Stellar Astronomy Lecture 8: Becoming Astrophysicists 2 Spring Semester 2013 Dr. Matt Craig 1 1

2 Galileo s Observations and Newton s Laws a.k.a. Becoming Astrophysicists 2 2

3 Objectives Explain that Kepler s Laws were based solely on observation with no understanding of why they were correct. (3-4) Correctly predict the motion of two falling objects dropped near the Earth s surface. (3-6) Discuss the importance of Newton s work in understanding the solar system and the universe! (3-5 and 3-6) Identify whether acceleration is occurring given a description of a physical situation (3-5 and Speaking Physics ) 3 3

4 Clicker Question Consider a planet orbiting the Sun. If the mass of the planet doubled but the planet stayed at the same orbital distance, then the planet would take A)more than twice as long to orbit the Sun. B)exactly twice as long to orbit the Sun C)the same amount of time to orbit the Sun. D)exactly half as long to orbit the Sun. E)less than half as long to orbit the Sun. 4 4

5 Kepler s Laws Elsewhere Kepler s Laws apply to any object orbiting any other object. Including... binary stars (two stars orbiting each other). stars orbiting the center of the Galaxy. Galaxies orbiting other galaxies. 5 5

6 What is k? P 2 = ka 3 k = P2 P = 1 year (for Earth) a = 1 AU (for Earth) so with these units k = 1 a 3 Meaning: we can use k = 1 for anything orbiting the Sun! WARNING: k 1 in other situations! 6 6

7 Clicker Question Why do Astronauts float in the Space Shuttle? a)gravity is weaker farther from the Earth b)there is no gravity in space. c)they fall at the same rate as the Shuttle. d)none of the above. Astronaut Marsha Ivins works in on the Space Shuttle while her hair floats all around her. Credit: NASA. Might seem unrelated to current material...it is related! 7 7

8 Questions Kepler Couldn t Answer Why are Kepler s Laws correct? How would they need to change to apply to the moons of Jupiter? What determines the constant k in Kepler s 3 rd Law? Why doesn t planet mass affect period? How do you measure planet mass, anyway? 8 8

9 The Beginning of Astrophysics Galileo started applying the results of his physics experiments done on Earth to the behavior of the heavens. Subtle Change in Mindset: This is the beginning of the idea that the rules for the behavior of natural systems on Earth could be applied to the heavens. 9 9

10 Galileo's Physics Experiments Galileo had experimentally shown two facts about the nature of motion on Earth An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion at constant speed unless acted upon. All objects, regardless of their weight, fall at the same rate as long as air resistance is not important. Animation from the Nova Television Show Web Site 10 10

11 The Why of Kepler s Laws How are orbits like falling? Are circles and ellipses to only possible orbit shapes? 11 11

12 Newton s Thought Experiment As horizontal launch speed increases, ball takes longer to fall. Eventually, as the object moves fast enough and falls, it simply misses the Earth. Credit: RobotGuy Object continues missing the Earth... this is an orbit

13 What are Orbits? OLD DEFINITION: To orbit an object is to move around an object. From Issac Newton s Principia (1687) MODERN DEFINITION: To orbit an object is to fall around an object

14 Non-Elliptiical Orbital Shapes What if you fire the cannonball even faster than necessary for an orbit??? If you move too slow, you hit the ground before orbit completes. Physics for the Inquiring Mind, Ch. 22, Fig. 29 If you move faster than necessary for circular orbit, other orbital shapes possible! 14 14

15 The Why of Kepler s Laws: Kepler s 1st law Kepler s 1st law: Orbits are ellipses with the Sun at one focus... a natural result of objects moving at different speeds "falling" under the influence of gravity. Newton extends Kepler's 1st law by allowing for two other sorts of open orbits (parabolic, hyperbolic) 15 15

16 Science unites the Heavens and Earth Issac Newton united the physics on Earth (e.g. falling apples) to the physics of the heavens (e.g. orbiting planets). In the process, explained why Kepler's Laws of planetary motion worked: Example: Planets fall at the same rate, regardless of mass, just like objects on Earth

17 Clicker Question Why do Astronauts float in the Space Shuttle? A)Gravity is weaker farther from the Earth B)There is no gravity in space. C)They fall at the same rate as the Shuttle. D)None of the above. Astronaut Marsha Ivins works in on the Space Shuttle while her hair floats all around her. Credit: NASA

18 Isaac Newton By age of 25 he had worked out: an explanation of tides (why 2 high tides/day) the precession of the equinoxes the motion of the planets developed Universal Law of Gravitation invented calculus worked out the theory of optics and invented the modern form of the telescope. Sir Isaac Newton ( ) 18 18

19 If I have been able to see further, it was only because I stood on the shoulders of giants. Newton built his discoveries on previous observations: Galileo s Uniform Gravitational Acceleration Galileo s Inertia Kepler s Three Laws of Planetary Motion Newton s Physics went beyond explaining just these observations... made accurate predictions for the motions of all objects in the Universe 19 19

20 Lecture Tutorial Please start the Speaking Physics Lecture Tutorial. Pages 17 and 18 (in the next 5-7 minutes) 20 20

21 Clicker Question In which of the following situations is the car NOT accelerating (be sure you can state your reasoning) a) b) c) d) None of the Above e) All of the Above 21

22 Clicker Question If a planet is moving at a constant speed in a circular orbit a) it is accelerating! b) it is not accelerating! 22 22

23 For next time: Bring Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy. In Investigating Astronomy, read: Chapter 4: Section 4 Section 1 has some useful background material, but don t worry about the section How is mass different from weight? Will touch on a couple topics from Sections 2,

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