Free Electron Laser. Project report: Synchrotron radiation. Sadaf Jamil Rana
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1 Free Electron Laser Project report: Synchrotron radiation By Sadaf Jamil Rana
2 History of Free-Electron Laser (FEL) The FEL is the result of many years of theoretical and experimental work on the generation of radiation from relativistic electron beams. FELs were developed from the work on free electron beams. Motz 1-3 showed in 1951 that an electron beam propagating through an undulator magnet could be used to amplify radiation. Theoretical work on FELs was done in the 1960s and 1970s by Palmer 4, Robinson 5 and Csonka 6. During the 1960s, the research on the generation of short wavelength coherent radiation turned mainly in the direction of atomic and molecular lasers, and optical resonators. While extremely successful in the infrared (IR), visible and UV, these lasers have limited tunability, and this line of development has limitations at shorter wavelengths. While soft x-ray lasers have been built at several laboratories, such as the University of Colorado, Princeton, and Livermore, their extension to the Ångstrom region is problematic. The use of electron beams and FELs is an alternative when atomic and molecular lasers and microwave tubes cannot be used. Madey 7, in 1971, analyzed again the possibility of exchanging energy between free electrons and electromagnetic radiation in the small gain regime, using a quantum theoretical approach. He and his coworkers followed this work with successful experimental demonstration of a FEL amplifier 8, and an FEL oscillator 9 at 10 μm. This very important step led over the following years to a large interest in free-electron lasers, and to the successful construction and operation of many FEL oscillators, at wavelengths from the far IR to the near UV. Operating Principle: FELs use a relativistic electron beam as the lasing medium which moves freely through a magnetic structure. The trick in an FEL is to make the electrons moving through the magnetic field interact with radiation that has precisely the same wavelength as the radiation that the electrons emit. This results in an FEL with intensity many times greater than that of conventional sources. The schematic of FEL is shown in figure 1.The basic components of a FEL are: 1- Accelerator, 2-Undulator, 3-Optical resonator. The first part of a free-electron laser (FEL) consists of a particle accelerator in which electrons are accelerated to almost the speed of light. The beam then passes through the periodic magnetic array (undulator), which forces the electrons in the
3 beam to assume a sinusoidal path. The interaction of the electrons with the radiation leads to the formation of very small groups or bunches of electrons- a phenomenon known as microbunching. Over the length of the Figure 1: Schematic of FEL undulator (or during multiple passes back and forth through the optical cavity), the electrons in the micro-bunches begin to oscillate in step (coherently),thereby giving rise to much more intense light because the radiation of the electrons in the micro-bunches reinforces itself perfectly. Properties: The most interesting features of FELs are summarized below: Tunability. Because the FEL uses a single gain medium, the relativistic electron beam, and because the resonant condition can be easily tuned by changing either the electron beam energy or the magnetic field strength, FELs are broadly and easily tuned. High peak power. Because waste energy is carried away at nearly the speed of light and because the lasing medium cannot be damaged by high optical fields, FELs can produce very high peak powers. Gigawatt peak powers have been demonstrated. Good laser characteristics. FELs easily achieve desirable properties associated with conventional lasers, such as a single transverse mode, high spatial and temporal coherence, and flexible polarization properties. Broad wavelength coverage. Because the gain medium is transparent at all wavelengths, FELs in principle can produce radiation at any wavelength. In practice, electron-beam energy, current, emittance, and energy spread requirements become more stringent as the wavelength decreases, and the cost, size, and complexity of the FEL are therefore higher at shorter wavelengths. FELs can have significant emission at harmonics of the fundamental frequency given by the resonance condition, and harmonics can be used to extend operation to shorter wavelengths than would be practical using only the fundamental frequency.
4 Size and cost. Because it requires an electron accelerator with its associated shielding, the FEL has not been a device that can be placed in an individual investigator's laboratory and be operated and maintained by graduate students whose primary expertise is in other areas of science. FELs have been used principally in central facilities, where their utilization in scientific research involves associated costs of maintaining and operating the facility in addition to the cost of the device itself. The basic science of electron accelerators is well known, but virtually all the effort spent on accelerator physics has been to reach higher energies with bigger and more costly machines. Relatively little effort has been devoted to producing the smaller and less expensive machines that would be most useful for an FEL. Currently, there are two possible paths to high-power, single-pass short wavelength FELs: SASE (Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission) and HGHG (High-Gain Harmonic Generation. Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) Free-electron lasing at wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet and including hard x-rays can be achieved with a single-pass, high-gain FEL based on the SASE process. This process involves passing a high-energy, high-charge, short-pulse, low-energy-spread, and low emittance electron beam through the periodic magnetic field of a long series of high-quality undulator magnets. The radiation produced grows exponentially in intensity until it reaches a saturation point 10. The most intuitive explanation of SASE is that the electrons produce spontaneous undulator radiation in the first section of a long undulator magnet which then serves as seed radiation in the main part of the undulator. Figure 2: Basic configuration of a SASE FEL
5 This source is fully transversely coherent at saturation, but, as the radiation starts from random noise at many radiation wavelengths, the longitudinal coherence of the radiation is less than that of the amplifier case but better than that of spontaneous radiation. High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG) It is an alternative single-pass FEL approach, capable of providing the intensity and transversal coherence of SASE but with excellent longitudinal coherence. In the HGHG FEL, a small energy modulation is imposed on the electron beam by interaction with a seed laser in a short undulator (modulator). The energy modulation is converted to a coherent spatial density modulation as the electron beam traverses a dispersion magnet. A second undulator (radiator), tuned to a higher harmonic of the seed frequency, causes the micro-bunched electron beam to emit coherent radiation at the harmonic frequency, followed by exponential amplification until saturation is achieved 11. The schematic of HGHG is shown in figure 3. Figure 3: Schematic of HGHG comprising modulator, dispersion section and radiator References: 1- H. Motz, J. Appl. Phys., 22, 527 (1951) 2 - H. Motz, W. Thon and R. N. Whitehurst, J. Appl. Phys. 24, 826 (1953) 3- H. Motz and M. Nakamura, Ann. Phys. 7, 84 (1959). 4- R.V. Palmer, J. Appl. Phys., 43, 3014 (1972). 5- K.W. Robinson, Nucl. Instr. and Meth, A239, 111 (1985). 6- P. Csonka, Part. Acc. 8, 225 (1978). 7- J.M.J. Madey, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 1906(1971). 8- L.R. Elias et al.. Phys. Rev. Lett., 36, 717 (1976). 9- D.A.G. Deacon et al.. Phys. Rev. Lett., 38, 892 (1977). 10- S. Milton et al.. Science, 292, 2037 (2001). 11- L.-H. Yu et al.. Science (2000).
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