What does Dark Matter have to do with the Big Bang Theory?

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1 Gents of Texas A&M What does Dark Matter have to do with the Big Bang Theory? Prof. David Toback Texas A&M University Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy March 2018

2 Prologue We live in a time of remarkable scientific understanding Scientists are arrogant/crazy enough to think that it may be possible to solve major problems in Astronomy, Cosmology and Particle Physics with a single discovery that ties all three together Idea: Dark Matter is a particle that was created right after the Big Bang and has had a major impact on the evolution of the Universe and the stuff in it Goal of this talk: To show you how all this might just tie together March 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 2

3 Overview Two of the most exciting topics in all of science are Dark Matter and the Big Bang Start with questions: What IS Dark matter and what is the evidence for it? What IS the Big Bang Theory? What does Dark Matter have to do with the Big Bang? What are scientists doing today to discover Dark Matter? Final Thoughts January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 3

4 What is Dark Matter? January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 4

5 Dark Matter What is some of the evidence for Dark matter? January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 5

6 How stars move in galaxies Start by considering the case that there IS no Dark Matter in galaxies Can use laws of gravity to predict two things: 1) The orbits of planets as they move around the solar system and 2) Stars as they move around a galaxy Prediction: both have very massive centers so we expect the data to look consistent with that Data: For the solar system, the data agree perfectly For the stars in the outer part of galaxies, the prediction doesn t work at all January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 6

7 sics.tamu.edu/to back/talks/video /Lab4_SS1_video.swf January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 7

8 As the Galaxy Turns /Talks/Video/Lab4_GX1_video_slow.sw f January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 8

9 Data well explained by lots of Dark Matter we can t see This is where it gets its name In some sense, the name is a statement of almost all we know about it (it doesn t interact with light, and it has mass) January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 9

10 Our Place in the Universe You are here In some ways, Dark Matter surrounds the galaxy like the water in a fishbowl surrounds a fish in the middle of the bowl Not exactly the same denser in the middle because of the pull of gravity

11 What is the Big Bang Theory? January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 11

12 Not that Big Bang Theory January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 12

13 A Big Bang Occurred Then What? The Story of the Universe since the Beginning January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 13

14 Observe lots of galaxies with the world s best telescope We notice that All the far away ones are moving away from us VERY quickly January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 14

15 So What? All the stuff in the galaxies appears to have come from a What single happened point in space in the ~13.7 past? Run the billion clock years backward ago in time Name this time The Big Bang A moment of Creation January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 15

16 Slightly more complicated than that As best as we understand the Universe began with a Big Bang A REALLY Big Bang Then what? How did we get from the bang to the Universe we have today? January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 16

17 Zero March 2011 A Brief History of Time One millionth of one second after the Bang A few minutes A few hundred thousand years 100 million to 1 billion years 9 billion years ~13.7 billion years The Big Bang produces lots of particles Quarks combine to form protons and neutrons Protons and Neutrons combine to form the nucleus of an atom Nuclei and electrons combine to form atoms Atoms combine to form Stars and Galaxies The Earth and our solar system forms You listen to me talk David Toback, Texas A&M University Davidson Scholars 17

18 Artists Conception of the Big Bang May 2009 David Toback, Texas A&M University 18

19 Before a millionth of a Second Lots of free particles banging into each other 19

20 Later, Quarks Combine to Form Protons and Neutrons Quark qqq Proton Nuclear Reaction Proton Quark Quark May 2009 David Toback, Texas A&M University 20

21 A Millionth of a Second after the Big Bang The quarks have combined to form Protons and Neutrons 21

22 Creating Heavier Nuclei Proton Proton + Proton Deuterium Nuclear Reaction Deuterium January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 22

23 A couple hundred thousand years later: Atoms Proton ElectroMagnetic Reaction Hydrogen Atom Electron January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 23

24 Wait a Billion Years After about a Our galaxy, the Milky Way billion years, because of gravity atoms combine to form the first stars and galaxies May 2009 David Toback, Texas A&M University 24

25 After about 9 billion years our solar system and the Earth form May 2009 David Toback, Texas A&M University 25

26 Recent History: Life on Earth Earth is about 4 or 5 billion years old Evidence that microbial tracings existed on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago Humanoids, like Lucy existed a mere 3 million years ago Homo-sapiens at around 100,000 years ago May 2009 David Toback, Texas A&M University 26

27 What does Dark Matter have to do with the Big Bang Theory? January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 27

28 The Known Particles No known particles have the properties of Dark Matter Other reasons to believe there are new fundamental particles to be discovered For example, we just discovered the Higgs Boson Maybe Dark Matter is a New Particle! March 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 28

29 What IS the Dark Matter? We don t know Hypothesis: The Dark Matter in the Universe is made up of LOTS of particles that we haven t discovered yet! Best Guess: Huge numbers got created in the Early Universe like everything else and are still here today! Today: Observe 5 times more Dark Matter than Atoms in the Universe January 2009 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 29

30 What are scientists doing today to discover Dark Matter? Just mention two of the fun experiments being done here at Texas A&M! January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 30

31 Some Sources of Dark Matter are Cheap You are here Our Sun is Moving through our Galaxy Lots of Dark Matter is hitting the Earth every second January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 31

32 Experiment Dark Matter Particle Ping I saw it! Eureka! Atom in Detector Detector January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 32

33 Can we Make and Discover Dark Matter? High energy collisions between particles in the Early Universe Recreate the conditions like they were RIGHT AFTER the Big Bang If we can produce Dark Matter in a collision then we can STUDY it January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 33

34 More Expensive Dark Matter? High Energy Collisions Dark Matter Particles LHC 1 ps after the Big Bang Detector Proton Proton October 2011 Ok Its more complicated than this since Dark Matter Particles don t easily interact with detectors Nor do we usually produce David Toback, Texas A&M University Research Topics Seminarthem directly 34

35 Aerial View of the LHC Collides high energy protons Lake Leman Geneva Airport CMS Two huge detectors 27 km in Circumference! One of the largest and the most complex scientific instrument ever conceived & built by humankind p p ATLAS May 2009 David Toback, Texas A&M University 35

36 How does it do it? Accelerates protons to REALLY high energies, then bashes them together ks/video/particle_event_full_ns.avi January 2009 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 36

37 Final Thoughts January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 37

38 Interested in learning more? Physics & Astronomy department now offers a course entitled Big Bang & Black Holes (ASTR/PHYS 109) Covers Stephen Hawking s Brief History of Time Origin and Evolution of the Universe How do stars form? What is Dark Matter? Dark Energy? What are Black Holes? More on General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and Particle Physics Has a lab (if you want) and can be used as a Science Distribution credit There is an option to take is an Honors class March 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 38

39 Conclusions It s an incredibly exciting time to be a scientist! Astronomy, Cosmology and Particle Wanna join us? Physics are all coming together! We need your help! Starting to understand the role of Dark Matter in the Universe since the Big Bang! If our understanding is correct, a major discovery may be just around the corner! January 2018 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 39

40 January 2009 David Toback, Gents of Texas A&M 40

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