Hubble Science Briefing

Transcription

1 Hubble Science Briefing 23 Years of Exoplanets with the Hubble Space Telescope Dr. John H. Debes, Dr. Remi Soummer, & Dr. Nikole K. Lewis October 26 th, 2015

2 Hubble s Studies of Planet Formation and Evolution in Dusty Disks around Stars Dr. John Debes 2

3 HST Is Pivotal in Exoplanet Science Space Resolution Precision 3

4 A Stellar Nursery Laid Bare 4

5 First Peeks at Protoplanetary Disks STScI STScI

6 Complex Structures Hint at Planet Formation Ardila et al., 2007 STScI

7 The Late Stages of Planet Formation STScI STScI Macintosh, et al.,

8 The Late Stages of Planet Formation STScI

9 Chemistry in Disks Roberge et al.,

10 Chemistry in Disks HST Xu et al.,

11 Hubble s Direct Detections of Exoplanets Dr. Rémi Soummer 11

12 Direct Imaging of Exoplanets Mercury and Venus visible during solar eclipse The goal is to reproduce this effect for another star, using optical instrumentation 12

13 Case of a perfect telescope Diffraction pattern of a star with perfect telescope 13

14 Case of a perfect telescope Diffraction pattern of a star with perfect telescope, increasing the scaling 14

15 Case of a perfect telescope Diffraction pattern of a star with perfect telescope, increasing the scaling 15

16 Case of a perfect telescope Contrast: Young Jupiter: 10-6 how faint a detail can be Jupiter: 10-9 seen next to a star Earth:

17 Starlight suppression with coronagraph 17

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19 Reference star subtraction Courtesy M. Perrin 19

20 Fomalhaut b HST Observations Kalas et al. (2008+) 20

21 HD b Large separation 11 Jupiter mass companion discovered using ground-based observations Bailey et al Common Proper Motion was confirmed by HST archival data from several years ago i.e. it is not a chance alignment with background object 21

22 HR 8799 in 1998 HST archival data These results were made possible by post-processing speckle subtraction and achieve over an order of magnitude contrast improvement over the state of the art when the data was taken in Contrast of these images are in the range 10 4 to 10 5 to 1 22

23 Reference star subtraction The reference subtraction removes most of the star, but is not sufficient to detect the HR8799 planets Target Image Reference Image Target- ReferenceImage Science target HR8799 with its three planets (invisible in raw coronagraph data) Reference star Subtractions residuals This is why these planets were not found in

24 Temporal evolution of HST 2.5 HRC TGSMOV PSF Measurements & Breathing model FWHM HRC pixels MJD (29 August 2005) Breathing Model FWHM measured Focus changes on three timescales: - HST 96min orbit - Days/Weeks (temp driven) - Long-term shrinkage (0.15mm total) Temperature-driven variations are not actively corrected, only the long-term shrinkage is 24 Lallo et al. SPIE 2006

25 Improved subtraction target refren ce reference Combining information from a library of reference PSFs LOCI algorithm subtraction linear combination of reference, least-square optimization (Lafrenière et al. 2007) KLIP algorithm principal component analysis (Soummer, Pueyo & Larkin 2012) 25

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27 New images of debris disks 27

28 Probing Exoplanet Atmospheres with Hubble Dr. Nikole Lewis 28

29 Confirmed Exoplanet Population 29

30 Transiting Exoplanets Figure credit: Prof. Sara Seager 30

31 Transiting Exoplanets Figure credit: Winn (2011) 31

32 Transiting Exoplanets with HST 32

33 Detection of Sodium Figure credit: Paul A. Wilson 33

34 Detection of Sodium HD b STIS Observations Charbonneau et al. (2001) First Detection of an Exoplanet Atmosphere! 34

35 Detection of Molecules HD b NICMOS Observations Swain et al. (2008) First Detection of Molecules in Exoplanet Atmosphere! 35

36 Detection of Haze HD b STIS Observations Sing et al. (2011) 36

37 Water in Exoplanets WFC3 Observations Madhusudhan et al. (2011) 37 Image Credit: NASA, ESA, University of Cambridge, and STScI

38 Probing a Super-Earth 38

39 Probing a Super-Earth GJ 1214 b WFC3 Observations Kreidberg et al. (2014) 39

40 Mapping Exoplanets Credit: NASA, ESA, and Z. Levay (STScI) 40

41 Mapping Exoplanets WASP-43b WFC3 Observations Stevenson et al. (2014) 41

42 Mapping Exoplanets WASP-43b GCM Model Kataria et al. (2015) 42

43 Evaporating Exoplanet Atmospheres GJ 436b STIS UV Observations Enrenreich et al. (2015) Image Credit: NASA/ESA/STScI 43

44 The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) 44