Interior Structure of Rocky and Vapor Worlds
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1 Interior Structure of Rocky and Vapor Worlds Diana Valencia, 4 April 2011 NASA Sagan Fellow, MIT Exploring Strange New Worlds: From Giant Planets to Super-Earths
2 Super-Earths in the context of exoplanets 18 Super-Earths complete 16 the inventory of planets 14 for formation models Intermediate objects that allow for comparative planetology Radius (R Earth ) H-He H-He & H2O U N S J May be habitable 2 Me Ma V E H2O & Rocks Mass (M Earth )
3 Super-Earths Measured masses and radii of Super-Earths About 15% of stars have SE planets (perhaps up to 40%) Spectroscopy of Borucki, 10 super-earths
4 Data & Challenges Period & estimates of T eff, Age Minimum Mass -- RV surveys Radius Only -- Kepler Candidates M & R Coarse Spectroscopy Complexity in Composition Complex Dynamic Interiors Complex Atmospheres Few data points in the Solar System
5 Characterizing super-earths
6 Characterizing super-earths Are they habitable?
7 Characterizing super-earths What are they made of? Are they habitable?
8 Characterizing super-earths What are they made of? How did they form? Are they habitable?
9 Characterizing super-earths What are they made of? How did they form? How did they evolve? Are they habitable?
10 Characterizing super-earths What are they made of? How did they form? How did they evolve? What is their atmosphere like? Are they habitable?
11 Characterizing super-earths What are they made of? How did they form? How did they evolve? What is their atmosphere like? Are they habitable?
12 Characterizing super-earths What are they made of? How did they form? How did they evolve? What is their atmosphere like? Are they habitable? Single Planets Population
13 Characterizing super-earths What are they made of? How did they form? How did they evolve? What is their atmosphere like? Are they habitable? Single Planets Population
14 Now we have M & R + P, T eff,age
15 The First Transiting super-earths CoRoT- 7b Kepler-10b 55Cnc-e GJ 1214b Radius (RE) 1.58 ± ± ± ± 0.08 Mass(ME) 4.8 ± 0.8, 6.9 ± ±1.2, 5.7 ± 2.5, 2.3 ± ± ± ± ± 0.98 Period (j) Age (Gy) (± 4.5) ~ Temp (K) Ref. Leger et al 09, Queloz et al 09, Pont et al 10, Hatzes et al 10 & 11, Boise et al 10, Ferraz-Mello et al 10 Batalha et al 2010 Winn et al 2011 Demory et al 2011 Charbonneau et al 2009, Carter et al 2011
16 Recipe: Internal Structure Model H-He Assume a composition H 2 O, CH 4,.. Si, O, Mg, Fe Solve structure equations (M,, P, g, T, S) Need an EQUATION OF STATE
17 Recipe: Internal Structure Model H-He Assume a composition H 2 O, CH 4,.. Si, O, Mg, Fe Solve structure equations (M,, P, g, T, S) Need an EQUATION OF STATE Obtain: R(M; )
18 Recipe: Internal Structure Model H-He Assume a composition H 2 O, CH 4,.. Si, O, Mg, Fe Solve structure equations (M,, P, g, T, S) Need an EQUATION OF STATE Obtain: R(M; ) Valencia et al 06, Fortney et al 07, Grasset et al 07, Seager et al 07, Valencia et al 10, Rogers and Seager 10, Nettlemann & Fortney 10
19 M=5M Maximum Radius H2O Mantle Minimum Radius Core Super-Earth Composition M=5M 40 Maximum Radius H2O Silicate (ices) Mantle Fixed Si/Fe ratio Late delivery of H2O 0 10 Terrestrial Side Radius (km) Minimum Radius Terrestrial Side Fixed Si/Fe ratio Fe Late delivery of H2O 0 Core There is degeneracy in composition. Some compositions are improbable. Valencia et al. 2007b, see also Rogers and Seager 2010
20 M=5M Maximum Radius H2O Mantle Minimum Radius Core ¹ z Super-Earth Composition x ¹ ¹ M=5M 40 Maximum Radius H2O 90 y Silicate (ices) Mantle Fixed Si/Fe ratio Late delivery of H2O 0 10 Terrestrial Side Radius (km) Minimum Radius Terrestrial Side Fixed Si/Fe ratio Fe Late delivery of H2O 0 Core There is degeneracy in composition. Some compositions are improbable. Valencia et al. 2007b, see also Rogers and Seager 2010
21 Earth s Structure: MANTLE Olivine + Pyroxene (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 + (Mg,Fe)2Si2O6 Perovskite + Magnesiowustite (Mg,Fe)SiO3 + (Mg,Fe)O Post - Perovskite + Magnesiowustite (Mg,Fe)SiO3 + (Mg,Fe)O Iron + alloy Fe + (S, Si, O, H, C) CORE Iron-Nickel
22 Earth s Structure: Fe, Mg, Si, O, Ca,Al,Ti MANTLE Olivine + Pyroxene (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 + (Mg,Fe)2Si2O6 Perovskite + Magnesiowustite (Mg,Fe)SiO3 + (Mg,Fe)O Post - Perovskite + Magnesiowustite (Mg,Fe)SiO3 + (Mg,Fe)O Iron + alloy Fe + (S, Si, O, H, C) CORE Iron-Nickel
23 Variety in Rocky Compositions Fe, Mg, Si, O, Ca,Al, Ti 1. The planet has an Fe/Si, Fe/Mg... inventory which depends on its formation inventory and subsequent early evolution (giant impacts + atmospheric erosion)
24 Variety in Rocky Compositions Fe, Mg, Si, O, Ca,Al, Ti 1. The planet has an Fe/Si, Fe/Mg... inventory which depends on its formation inventory and subsequent early evolution (giant impacts + atmospheric erosion) Iron Iron-rich Earth-like no-iron (65% iron core 37 silicate mantle, no iron) (33% iron core 67 silicate mantle, 10% iron by mol) (pure Mgsilicate)
25 Variety in Rocky Compositions 2. Differentiated vs Undifferentiated planet silicate atmosphere R p =1.68R silicate mantle silicate Planet R cmb =0.86R M=5.6M iron solid core M=5.3M For CoRoT-7b first reported mass value Valencia et al, 2010; see also Tanton-Elkins and Seager 2009 for a mechanism for a coreless planet
26 Rocky Compositions U N Radius (km) no iron super-mercury pure-fe Earth-like 1 10 Mass (M Earth )
27 Rocky Compositions U N Radius (km) no iron super-mercury pure-fe Earth-like For a probable limit to the Fe/Si lower ratio see Marcus et al Mass (M Earth )
28 Rocky Compositions U N Radius (km) no iron super-mercury pure-fe K-10b C-7b Earth-like 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) Valencia et al 2010, Valencia 2011
29 Rocky Compositions U N Radius (km) no iron super-mercury pure-fe This study, 55Cnc-e K-10b C-7b Earth-like 55Cnc-e Winn et al R E 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) in Demory et al 2011
30 What about their envelopes? % H 2 O Radius (km) % H 2 O 20% H 2 O 5% H 2 O super-mercury pure-fe This study, 55Cnc-e K-10b C-7b 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) Earth-like 55Cnc-e Winn et al bars Vapor Atmosphere Valencia et al, 2010, Valencia 2011, Demory et al 2011
31 What about their envelopes? 10% H-He U N % H-He 100% H 2 O Radius (km) % H 2 O 20% H 2 O 5% H 2 O super-mercury pure-fe This study, 55Cnc-e K-10b C-7b Earth-like 55Cnc-e Winn et al 11 Radius (km) % H-He 0.01% H-He super-mercury pure-fe This study, 55Cnc-e K-10b C-7b Earth-like 55Cnc-e Winn et al bars 10 bars 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) Vapor Atmosphere H-He Atmosphere Valencia et al, 2010, Valencia 2011, Demory et al 2011
32 Atmospheric Erosion Energy limited calculation based on UV flux dm = 3 F EUV dt 4 G K tide = g/s For more details on see Lammer et al 09 within an order of magnitude of the escape rate of HD b Even if it has a silicate atmosphere, it is thick enough for UV absorption
33 What about their envelopes? 10% H-He U N % H-He 100% H 2 O Radius (km) % H 2 O 20% H 2 O 5% H 2 O super-mercury pure-fe This study, 55Cnc-e K-10b C-7b 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) Earth-like 55Cnc-e Winn et al 11 Radius (km) % H-He 0.01% H-He super-mercury pure-fe This study, 55Cnc-e Earth-like 10 bars 10 bars K-10b C-7b 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) 55Cnc-e Winn et al 11
34 What about their envelopes? 10% H-He U N % H-He 100% H 2 O Radius (km) % H 2 O 20% H 2 O 5% H 2 O super-mercury pure-fe This study, 55Cnc-e K-10b C-7b 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) Earth-like 55Cnc-e Winn et al 11 Radius (km) % H-He 0.01% H-He super-mercury pure-fe This study, 55Cnc-e Earth-like 10 bars 10 bars K-10b C-7b 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) 55Cnc-e Winn et al 11 Evaporation Timescale ~ 1 Gy
35 What about their envelopes? 10% H-He U N % H-He 100% H 2 O Radius (km) % H 2 O 20% H 2 O 5% H 2 O super-mercury pure-fe This study, 55Cnc-e K-10b C-7b 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) Earth-like 55Cnc-e Winn et al 11 Radius (km) % H-He 0.01% H-He super-mercury pure-fe This study, 55Cnc-e Earth-like 10 bars 10 bars K-10b C-7b 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) 55Cnc-e Winn et al 11 Evaporation Timescale ~ 1 Gy Evaporation Timescale ~ 1 My!
36 CoRoT-7b s origin? Rocky Origin Volatile Origin 8 CMF f = b) inward migration Mass (M E ) cored planet CMF f =0.33 silicate planet Corot-7b s Mass Mass [M ] rocky cores H-He planets vapor planets Time (Gyr) Age[Ga] Valencia et al. 2010, see also Jackson et al 2010
37 CoRoT-7b s origin? Unconstrained Rocky Origin Volatile Origin 8 CMF f = b) inward migration Mass (M E ) cored planet CMF f =0.33 silicate planet Corot-7b s Mass Mass [M ] rocky cores H-He planets vapor planets Time (Gyr) Age[Ga] Valencia et al. 2010, see also Jackson et al 2010
38 Rocky or Vapor? pure-fe CoRoT-7b Kepler-10b 55Cnc-e Winn et al 11 super-mercury Earth-like Density (kg/m 3 ) 5000 v E Kepler-11b This study, 55Cnc-e no iron 2000 GJ 1214b N U Mass (M Earth ) in Demory et al 2011
39 Rocky or Vapor? pure-fe CoRoT-7b Kepler-10b 55Cnc-e Winn et al 11 super-mercury Earth-like Density (kg/m 3 ) 5000 v E Kepler-11b This study, 55Cnc-e no iron 2000 GJ 1214b N U Mass (M Earth ) in Demory et al 2011
40 GJ 1214b Charbonneau et al 2009 Radius = ± 0.13 R Earth Mass = 6.55 ± 0.98 M Earth Period = 1.58 days Age = 3-10 Gy T = K
41 GJ 1214b atmosphere from Miller-Ricci- Kempton et al 11 Miller-Ricci & Fortney 2010
42 GJ 1214b Composition Radius (km) % H 2 O 50% H 2 O 20% H 2 O 3% H 2 O GJ 1214b Charbonneau et al 09 super-mercury K11-b GJ 1214b Carter et al 10 K-10b C-7b 55Cnc-e (2) U 55Cnc-e (1) N Earth-like Because we expect some component of rocky material, GJ 1214b has some H-He. We calculate that H-He is present in amounts less than ~8% 1 10 Mass (M Earth ) 10 bars see also Rogers and Seager 2010 Nettlemann & Fortney 2010
43 GJ1214b: Unfolding picture Observations at the ~ millibar level Interior models start ~ bar level low or high molecular weight atmosphere? From discovery paper: Atmosphere What is the probably has composition of the H-He nucleus? With small R (from Carter et al 11), very little room for H-He
44 Structure of a H 2 O vapor GJ 1214b
45 Transit only planets: Kepler-9d 1% H-He GJ 436b HAT-P % H-He GJ 1214b Uranus Neptune Kepler-4b 100% H2O 50% H2O 20% H2O 5% H2O Can constrain maximum mass & maximum amount of volatiles Terrestrial line CoRoT-7b Fe-pure line Kepler-9d in Havel et al 2011
46 A theorist point of view on observational strategies
47 A theorist point of view on observational strategies If you need to increase precision on mass or radius, choose radius If you need to decide between measuring mass or radius, choose radius Transit only, hotter planets are better constrained than cooler ones
48 Summary We have now a handful of hot transiting super-earths. The composition of planets reflects their initial formation inventory and secondary formation processes (i.e. giant impacts, atmospheric escape). The composition of CoRoT-7b and Kepler-10b is very similar: ironenriched (by ~3x compared to Earth) 55Cnc-e has two radius measurements that stand at the 3 sigma level. While Winn et al 2011 value suggests it belongs to the same family of CoRoT-7b and Kepler-10b, Demory et al 2011 value suggests this is a vapor planet. GJ1214b undoubtedly has a volatile envelope. The observations of the atmosphere seem to be (somewhat) conflicting about its composition. Interior models predict at most ~10% of H-He by planetary mass.
49 Additional Slides
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