Night-Sky Objects for Southern Observers By Rob Horvat (V3: Revised and Updated Dec 2013)

Transcription

1 Night-Sky Objects for Southern Observers By Rob Horvat (V: Revised and Updated Dec ) In its original version (V), these maps and their object descriptions were the culmination of some hours of data collection, program development/debugging, diagram construction and celestial object research. This total time did not include visual observing time at the eyepiece. The project began from my own interest in astronomy and as a personal challenge. My initial intention was to create a set of maps and data for my own personal use. Later on, I was convinced they were good enough for general use. V was made freely available on the web in Jan 9. Rationale/objectives for the maps: I wanted to design a set of maps with minimal object clutter, each map accompanied by a list of interesting, brighter, target objects. Most of the well-known visual objects for southern observers have been included. Each constellation map and its object descriptions were to fit on one A page. The maps could be read as a pdf document on computer or tablet. If printed out, the pages could be put into a plastic sleeve folder to protect them from dew outdoors. All maps were created with a white background to reduce ink usage. Maps were to be oriented for southern observers. Looking north, the maps would be oriented with Celestial North down, so the constellations were the right way up. Looking south, the maps would be oriented as usual. The limit of observation to the north was set to declination + degrees. For simplicity, maps were to show mostly brighter stars to magnitude. Some fainter stars were included where they might help to locate objects such as galaxies or if they were interesting carbon stars or multiple stars. Each page, where possible, was to provide a variety of target objects listing some of the best multiple stars, carbon stars, planetary nebulae, open clusters, globular clusters and galaxies. Most of the objects listed were selected for their wow factor and/or brightness. Different sources often showed marked variations in the visual magnitude of an object, particularly larger objects such as open clusters, globular clusters and galaxies. At times, the quoted visual magnitude for an object could vary by more than one unit from one source to another. Where discrepancies occurred, I went for the value that seemed to be the most likely. Construction of the maps: J. coordinates (Right Ascension, Declination) for all objects were originally obtained from the SIMBAD database. A set of constellation templates (see sample next page) were produced by running a program that I wrote in BASIC on an imac. The program utilised a database (entered manually) of some objects. Using the drawing program in Appleworks, all lines/symbols/text were then added manually onto each template. In July, these Appleworks drawing files were converted into EazyDraw files for improved graphics and portability.

2 Sample template for Capricornus-Aquarius-Piscis Austrinus: Acknowledgements: For coordinates and other star data - SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. SIMBAD s criteria query (region function) was useful in estimating the sizes of open clusters, the number of brighter stars in a magnitude range and also in finding the brightest stars in the cluster. For multiple star data - Washington Double Star Catalog maintained at the U.S. Naval Observatory. Some References: NGC Catalogue. NGC/IC Project - Public Database. STARS by Jim Kaler, Prof. Emeritus of Astronomy, University of Illinois. SkySafari. Wikipedia s articles on Messier and NGC objects. Wikipedia has many useful lists for browsing and selection of interesting objects: List of stars by constellation (given in visual magnitude order), List of globular clusters, List of galaxy clusters, List of Messier objects, List of NGC objects. Dedication: This work is dedicated to the memory of my wife, Leah.

3 When to Observe the Constellations The listed constellations culminate (are highest in the sky) around pm ( pm daylight saving time) roughly in the middle of each month. Culmination occurs when the constellation is centred on the meridian, a great circle that passes through the celestial poles and the zenith. Adjacent and like-coloured cells indicate constellations that are on the same map. Perseus laps around to Auriga so they are on the same map. Constellations in adjacent white cells are not on the same map. Constellations under each month heading are listed from north to south. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Aur Gem Cnc Cvn Cen Boo Her Lyr Aqr Peg And Per Ori CMi Leo Com CrB Oph Cyg Cap Psc Tri Tau Lep Mon Sex Vir Ser Ser Vul PsA Scl Ari Eri CMa Hya Crv Sct Sge Cet For Col Pup Vel Cru Lib Sco Del Gru Tuc Phe Ret Vol Car Mus Lup Aql Hyi Dor Nor Sgr CrA TrA Ara Pav Each constellation will, of course, culminate hours later (i.e. midnight) in the middle of the previous month and two hours earlier (i.e. 8pm) in the middle of the following month. The table below gives the map page numbers for the constellations shown above. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

4 How To Read These Maps Facing north, with the North Celestial Pole down, the maps are inverted so that constellations are the right way up. Facing south, the maps have the usual orientation above the South Celestial Pole. As far as is possible, constellations are grouped in order of right ascension, north to south beginning with Orion, which culminates at around pm mid-january (pm daylight savings time). It is a pity there is no universal format for constellation stick figures. It is a case of trying to draw stick figures by some consensus and being influenced by sources that I have used in the past. Stars are shown as circles, the size of the circle reflecting the brightness or visual magnitude. Each star s colour corresponds to it s spectral class- dark blue O, blue B, white A, light yellow F, yellow G, orange K and red M. Colours are not graded (B and B9 will both just appear blue). Symbols for other objects: carbon star, planetary nebula, open cluster or nebula, globular cluster, galaxy. Map pages for constellations (alphabetic order): Andromeda Lepus 7 Aquarius Libra Aquila 8 Lupus Ara Lyra Aries Monoceros Auriga Musca 8 Bootes Norma Cancer 9 Ophiuchus Canes Venatici Orion Canis Major 7 Pavo Canis Minor Pegasus Capricornus Perseus Carina Phoenix Centaurus 9 Pisces Cetus Piscis Austrinus Columba 8 Puppis 8 Coma Berenices Reticulum Corona Australis 9 Sagitta 8 Corona Borealis Sagittarius 9 Corvus Sculptor Crux 8 Scorpius Cygnus 7 Scutum Delphinus 8 Serpens (Caput + Cauda) Dorado Sextans Eridanus 8 Taurus 7 Fornax 9 Triangulum Gemini 9 Triangulum Australe Grus Tucana Hercules Vela Hydra Virgo 7 Hydrus Volans Leo Vulpecula 8 Greek Alphabet. Page.

5 Notes on Data degree = minutes of arc ( ) arcminute = seconds of arc ( ) For multiple stars the primary (brightest) component is labeled A, the secondary component B. A binary star, where A and B orbit each other about a common centre, would be designated as AB. If a third star C orbits around the other two, we have the designation AB-C. If A has a close or spectroscopic component, the two components might be labeled Aa and Ab. Multiple star separations are mostly given in seconds of arc. e.g. Albireo in Cygnus. The components are separated by arcseconds or. Generally speaking, you can easily split two stars apart or wider with to magnification, whilst two stars. to apart will require to magnification. Carbon stars are classified by spectral type Cm,n where m is from to 9 (decreasing temperature) and n is from to (indicating the strength of the carbon bands). Colour Index = B V magnitudes. The higher the number, the redder is the star. E.g. the white Sirius has colour index, the orange giant Aldebaran has colour index., the red supergiant Betelgeuse has colour index.8, while the carbon star R Leporis has colour index.. The stars in an open cluster are bound together gravitationally and are moving together in space. Open clusters often have irregular shapes. A rough apparent size is given in arcminutes or degrees. Globular clusters are tight, gravitationally bound, spheres of stars (as much as hundreds of thousands or even millions of stars). Because they are spherical in shape, globular clusters are given an apparent diameter in minutes of arc. e.g. omega Centauri. Diameter is arcminutes or. Globular clusters are classed from to. Class globular clusters become increasingly more star dense to centre. Stars near the core are virtually impossible to resolve. Class globular clusters are very loose and more homogeneous. The stars are spread out and easy to resolve all the way into the centre of the cluster. Galaxies are mostly seen as ellipses with long axis a, short axis b. The apparent dimensions of a galaxy are given as a x b in arcminutes. If a b then the galaxy is seen nearly face on. ( approximately equal to) Example, M8 in Hydra which has dimensions x.. If a >>b then the galaxy is seen nearly edge on. (>> means much greater than) Example, NGC in Sculptor which has dimensions 8 x 7. a b b a Visual (apparent) magnitude is a measure of the overall brightness of an object as if it were a small point of light like a star. Surface brightness (SB), measured here in magnitudes per square arcminute, is often a better measure of brightness for larger objects. For objects of similar visual magnitude, the larger the apparent surface area of the object, the lower the surface brightness (SB). Surface brightness for galaxies depends a lot on their visual aspect to the observer. Two galaxies with the same apparent magnitude can have very different surface brightness. E.g. if galaxies A and B at right have similar visual magnitude, then the edge on galaxy A will appear much brighter than the face on galaxy B. A B Many planetary nebulae are smallish. For example, NGC (the Ghost of Jupiter) in Hydra has magnitude 7. and diameter (seconds of arc). But some are very large. For example NGC 79 (the Helix Nebula) in Aquarius has magnitude 7. and size (minutes of arc). From the magnitudes, you would expect the two to be of similar brightness. However, the Helix Nebula is much larger and therefore has a much lower surface brightness.

6 - ORION π π W Rigel ρ τ Mintaka STF 77 M σ Alnitak Alnilam M78 + ORION hr hr hr 7 hr beta () Rigel. Binary, mags./.7, separation 9.. Rigel B shows no orbital motion. delta () Mintaka. System AaAb-C, mags./.8//.8. Separations.,. O9.//B. theta ( ) Cluster (the Trapezium) in M, ABCD. Magnitudes., 7.,.,.. Separations 8.9,.7,. O7/B/O/B.. Also two stars of th mag. theta ( ) Magnitudes /.. Separation. O9./B. iota () System. AaAb-B, magnitudes.9/ 7, separation.. O9/B7. lambda () Binary AB, magnitudes./., separation.. O8/B.. Primary A is one of the most luminous blue stars known. rho (ρ) Binary AB, magnitudes./ 8., separation.8. K./F7. sigma (σ) Five star system near zeta in the belt. Mags.,., AB, 8.8. Seps,,. AB magnitudes /. only. apart. O9/B.//A/B/B. Binary AB, magnitudes /.8, separation. B/B. STF 7 (HD 97), in the same field as sigma Orionis about. away. Narrow triangle of stars, mags 7.9/ 8./ 8., separations 8, 7. B/B9./B8. STF 77 (HR 887/), magnitudes.7/., separation. B./B. The system is just 8 from the magnitude.8 star iota Orionis. SHJ 9 (HR ) Magnitudes / 7./ 9., separation,. B7/B/A. W Carbon star, magnitude.-8. C,. Period days. Colour Index =.. M (NGC 97) Orion Nebula with the Trapezium in M (see theta above). Diffuse nebula (both emission and reflection), magnitude, size 8 x. M78 (NGC 8) Small reflection nebula, magnitude 8., size 8 x. NGC 977 π π π π ο ο SHJ 9 Bellatrix Betelgeuse Imbedded wide double star, magnitudes./., separation 8. A/B. Reflection nebula north of the Orion Nebula. Centred around the blue-white (B) Ori, magnitude., and from it, the yellow-white (F) Ori, mag.. NGC 9 7 open cluster, magnitude.9, size. About stars mags 7-. Brightest star (top right of the ), STF 88 (NGC 9 ) is a system AB-D, magnitudes.9/ 7./ 8., separations., 8. B/B/B. The two closest stars at top right of the 7, STF 8 (NGC 9 /7) form a double, magnitudes 8./ 9., separation. B/G. φ φ NGC 9 ξ

7 - - LEPUS R - hr HJ 7 LEPUS S 7 M79 SZ NGC 7 Adhara M 7 Sirius hr 7 hr 8 hr gamma () Binary AB, magnitudes./., sep 9. F/K. Period > 8, years. S 7 (YZ, TX) At similar distance, magnitudes./., separation 9. B/B8. HJ 7 (HR 77) At similar distance, magnitudes./., separation.. G9/A7. NGC 7 Sparse open cluster or multiple star ABCDEF Magnitudes.7/ 7.8/ 8.9/ 9./ 7.9/ 8. Seps AB =., AC = 89, CD =., AE = 7, AF =. R Hind's Crimson Star. Carbon star, mag.-. C7,. Period 7 days. Colour Index =.. SZ Carbon star, magnitude C7,. Irregular cycle. Colour Index =. M79 (NGC 9) Globular cluster, magnitude 7.7, diameter 9. Class. Just from HR 77. ο σ ο Wezen CANIS MAJOR W Aludra NGC CANIS MAJOR alpha () Sirius. Binary AB, mags -./ 8., separation 9.. A/DA. Period years. Challenging due to the magnitude difference. epsilon () Adhara. Binary AB, mags./ 7., separation 7.9. B/A-. Period > 7 years. eta () Optical double, magnitudes./.8, separation 79. B/A. nu ( ) Optical double, magnitudes.8/ 7., separation 8. G9/F. 7 Magnitudes.8/ 8.7/ 9., separations, 9. A/K/? (HR 7) HJ 9. Optical double, magnitudes /.8, separation. K/A. W Carbon star magnitude C,. Irregular cycle. Colour Index =.7. M(NGC 87) Open cluster of magnitude., size. About stars, magnitudes.9-.. Brightest stars are orange (K-) giants. Brightest is the K magnitude.9 star HD 99 near centre. Also the double star HD 9/9, magnitudes 7.9/ 8., separation. A/B8. NGC Tau Canis Majoris Cluster. Open cluster, magnitude.8, size. Rich, compact. Around stars magnitudes 8-.. Brightest star is the blue (O9) supergiant tau CMa, magnitude.. 7

8 - - ρ ξ ο M M9 m k M7 n ο Sirius σ CANIS MAJOR - NGC h h Naos 77 b DUN 9 a f c σ π L Phact COLUMBA NGC 8 Velorum - τ Carinae Canopus 9 hr 8 hr 7 hr hr hr COLUMBA NGC 8 Globular cluster, magnitude 7., diameter. Class. L PUPPIS DUN PUPPIS sigma (σ) At similar distance, magnitudes./ 8.8, separation. K/G. Binary AB, magnitudes /.7, separation 7. A/F. k (HR 98/9) H. Optical double, magnitudes./., separation.. B/B. n (HR 99/) H N 9. At similar distance, magnitudes.8/.9, separation 9.7. df/df. DUN (HR ) Binary AB, magnitudes./ 7., separation. G8/A. DUN 9 (HR 87) Optical double, magnitudes./ 7, separation 9. B/B. M (NGC 7) Open cluster, magnitude., size. About stars, magnitudes 9-. Planetary nebula (chance alignment foreground object) - NGC 8, mag.8, diameter 7. M7 (NGC ) Scattered open cluster, mag., size. SIMBAD: stars, mags -.. At centre, is the double star ADS (AB-G), mags.9/ 7.8, separation 8. Brightest star is V78 Pup, B, magnitude.7. M9 (NGC 7) Small open cluster, mag., size. About stars mags 8-. NGC Large, bright cluster, mag.8, size 7. About stars mag -.. Centred on orange (K.) star c Puppis, magnitude.. NGC 77 Rich open cluster, mag.8, size. stars, mags 9.-. from b Pup. NGC Scattered open cluster, mag., size. One mag star, stars mag

9 + ξ 8 M7 + + TU M GEMINI Wasat Castor Pollux σ + hr 7 hr 8 hr τ ρ υ NGC 9 χ M φ φ CANCER X T 9 hr GEMINI alpha () Castor. Binary AB, mags.9/, separation.. A/A. Period years. C = YY Gem, red dwarf (DM) mag 9.8, sep 7, which is an eclipsing binary. Components A, B and C all spectroscopic binaries = total stars. delta () Wasat. Binary AB, mags./ 8., separation.. F/K. Period years. Binary AB, magnitudes./.9, separation. F/G8. 8 Binary AB, magnitudes.8/ 7.8, separation.9. A8/G. Period years. TU Carbon star, magnitude C,. Period days. Colour Index =.. M (NGC 8) NGC 9 Open cluster, magnitude., size. Maybe stars, mag 8 and fainter. Eskimo or Clown Face Planetary nebula. Magnitude 9., diameter. Magnitude. central star. CANCER zeta, (, ) System, AB-C. Magnitudes././/.9. Separations.,.. F7/F9//G. Period AB about 9. years, AB-C years. iota () Binary AB, magnitudes./, separation. G8/A. Period >, years. phi (φ ) Binary AB, matched pair of magnitudes./., separation.. A/A. T Carbon star, magnitude 7.-. C,8-C,. Period 8 days. Colour Index =. X Carbon star, magnitude.-7.. C,. Period 9 days. Colour Index =.. M (NGC ) M7 (NGC 8) Beehive Cluster. Very large open cluster, magnitude., size degrees. Perhaps stars. About stars mags -. and stars mag to 7.. Brightest (near centre) is the double star epsilon Cnc, magnitudes./ 7., separation. A/F. About. degrees away, is the double star 9/ Cnc, mags./., separation. G8/A. This is one of the nearest open clusters to the Earth. Open cluster, magnitude.9, size. Over stars, magnitude 8 and fainter. 9

10 - - Rigel ORION NGC CANIS MAJOR Sirius Procyon 7 Betelgeuse S R CMi + CANIS NGC hr hr 7 hr MINOR 8 hr MONOCEROS NGC 8 NGC 9 M 7 8 MONOCEROS beta () System A-BC, magnitudes./ /.. Separations AB.9, BC.8. All blue-white B/B/B. Period BC > years. Period A-BC >, years. Multiple star ABC, magnitudes / 9./ 9., separations 77 and 78. B/A/A. See NGC below. M (NGC ) Open cluster, magnitude.9, size -. About 9 stars magnitudes 8-.. Brightest member is the orange (K.) star HD 98, magnitude 7.8, near southern extremity. NGC Open cluster, magnitude., size. Large, scattered. About stars mag 8-. Central and brightest star is Mon (see above). NGC Open cluster, mag, size. About stars mags 8-.. Brightest is the double star NGC /, mags 8/ 9., sep. G8/B8. NGC Open cluster in the centre of the Rosette Nebula. Magnitude.8, size. About stars, mags -.. The brightest stars form three roughly parallel pairs, each star in the pair - apart. The brightest star, the orange (K) Mon, magnitude.8, is not a cluster member. NGC Christmas Tree Cluster and nebula. Magnitude., size. Large, around stars, magnitudes 7.-. Brightest member is the blue (O7) S Monocerotis, mag.7. Brighter stars form the tree outline, with S Mon at the base of the tree. CANIS MINOR R Carbon star, magnitude 7-.. C7,. Period 8 days. Colour Index =.

11 hr 9 7 p IC hr q ω hr Vel υ a 88 Miaplacidus b 9 hr Vel False Cross C Car Vol 8 hr χ NGC VOLANS 7 hr Canopus CARINA hr CARINA upsilon (υ) b (V7) C (HR ) Binary AB, magnitudes /, separation.9. A8/B7. DUN 7. Binary AB, magnitudes.9/., separation. B/B9.. RMK 8. Binary AB, magnitudes./ 7., separation.. A/F. NGC Running Man Cluster. Mag.8, size. Large, bright. about stars, mostly blue-white to white, magnitudes -.. Brightest star is the red (M.) giant star V Car, magnitude.. NGC 88 Globular cluster, magnitude., diameter. Class. More than one million stars. Roughly midway between beta and iota Carinae. NGC Open cluster, mag., size. Large, about stars mags -.. Brightest star is the white (A9) star HD 878, magnitude.9 near edge. NGC 9 Gem Cluster. Open cluster, magnitude.7, size 7. Compact, rich. About 8 mostly blue-white stars mags.-.. stars mags.-9.. NGC 7 Spectacular eta Carinae Nebula. Magnitude, size x degrees. Large, bright, naked eye emission nebula. The star eta Carinae is a luminous blue variable hypergiant. Likely binary. Five million times as luminous as the Sun and is one of the most massive stars known (up to solar masses). Variable: th mag in the year 77, mag -.8 in 8, mag 8 during 9-9. It is currently about th magnitude. Eta Carinae is expected to explode in a supernova in the near future. NGC Wishing Well Cluster. Magnitude, size. Bright, spectacular. About stars mags -. Many white, spectral class A- stars. Brightest star is the orange (K) star HR, magnitude. The yellow (G9) star x Carinae (V8 Car), mag.9, is not a cluster member. IC Southern Pleiades. Open cluster, magnitude.9, size. Large, bright. About stars, magnitudes.-9., and ten blue-white stars magnitudes.-.. Brightest member is the blue-white (B) theta Carinae, magnitude.7. VOLANS gamma, (, ) Binary AB, magnitudes.9/., separation. K/F. Period > 7 years. epsilon () Magnitudes./ 7., separation. B/? zeta () Optical double, magnitudes / 9.7, separation. K/? kappa () Triple star system ABC, magnitudes././ 7.7. Separations are AB and BC 7. B9/A/?

12 + ο π Regulus ρ M9 LEO 8 9 M9 M NGC 79 7 σ χ M M 7 8 τ Denebola + NGC 9 Algieba 7 9 LEO + 9 hr hr hr hr alpha () Regulus. Binary AB, mags./ 8., sep 7. B7//K. Period >, years. gamma () Algieba. Binary AB, mags./., sep.. K/G7. Orbital period about years. tau (τ) Magnitudes / 7., separation 89. G8/G. Binary AB, magnitudes./., separation.7. A/A. 8 Binary AB, mags./ 7., sep 8. K/K. Same low power field as tau. Leo Triplet The yellowish 7th magnitude star HD 9888 (not shown above) lies 8 from 7 Leo towards Denebola. The three galaxies of the Leo Triplet lie around HD 9888, with M 8 from it, M 9 from it and NGC 8 from it. M and M are apart and easily fit in the same low power field. A low power eyepiece with a degree true FOV should give a view of all three. M (NGC ) Intermediate spiral galaxy (AGN), magnitude 9., dimensions x. SB.7. M (NGC 7) Intermediate spiral galaxy (AGN), magnitude 8.9, dimensions 9 x. SB.. NGC 8 Spiral galaxy (AGN), magnitude 9., dimensions x.. SB.. M9 (NGC ) Barred spiral galaxy, magnitudes 9.7, dimensions 7. x. SB.. Member of the Leo I or M9 Group of galaxies. M9 (NGC 8) Intermediate spiral galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions 7.8 x.. SB.. M (NGC 79) Elliptical galaxy (AGN), mag 9., dimensions. x.8. SB.. M9 Group. NGC 8 Elliptical galaxy, mag 9.9,. x.7. SB.. M9 Group. Just 7 from M. NGC 9 Barred spiral galaxy, magnitude 9, dimensions. x. SB.. The galaxy lies. degrees south (up) of lambda. NGC Intermediate spiral galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions x.. SB.. Lies from the orange star Leo, mag.

13 M8 F HYDRA 7 Alphard Y υ V NGC U NGC ξ N Minkar Crt NGC 8/9 Algorab CORVUS M8 VV Cen CENTAURUS Vir M8 Spica Cen π C τ τ σ SEXTANS ρ + 8hr 9 hr Leo Regulus hr hr hr hr hr HYDRA tau (τ ) Binary AB, magnitudes./ 7., separation 8. F/K. 7 Wide binary, magnitudes.9/ 7, separation 9. G8/F. Binary AB, magnitudes./ 7., separation 8.. F/G. F S 79. Optical double. Magnitudes.7/ 8., separation 79. G/B9.. N (7 Crt) H. Binary AB, twin pair, magnitudes./.7, separation 9.. F8/F8. U Carbon star, magnitude.-.. C.,. Period days. Colour Index =.7. V One of the reddest carbon stars. Magnitude.-9.. C,-C7,. Period days. Colour Index =.. Y Carbon star, magnitude C,. Period days. Colour Index =.8. M8 (NGC 8) Open cluster, magnitude.8, size. About stars. About stars magnitudes 8-.. M8 (NGC 9) Globular cluster, magnitude 7.8, diameter. Class. M8 (NGC ) Southern Pinwheel. Barred spiral galaxy. Seen nearly face-on. Magnitude 7., dimensions x.. SB.7. NGC Ghost of Jupiter. Blue-green planetary nebula, magnitude 7., diameter. Mag. central star with a bright inner shell and fainter outer halo. NGC Spiral galaxy, magnitude 9.7, dimensions x 7. SB.7. CORVUS delta () VV NGC 8/9 Algorab. Binary AB, mags / 8., separation. A/K. Period > 9 years. STF 9. Binary AB, twin pair, magnitudes.9/.9, separation.. F/F. Antennae Galaxies. Interacting galaxies. Galaxies in collision- both barred spiral galaxies around magnitude. Overall magnitude.. Similar dimensions. x.7 and. x.7. SEXTANS NGC Bright lenticular galaxy known as the Spindle Galaxy. Magnitude 8.9, dimensions 7. x.. SB.7.

14 - - NGC q t NGC p ψ VELA DUN 7 IC 9 NGC 7 - hr x J φ hr N Car 9 hr IC 9 False Cross Car 8 hr VELA gamma () t (HR ) J Multiple star system ABCD. Magnitudes.8/./ 7./ 9., separations,, 9. WC8/B/F/F. Brightest known Wolf-Rayet star. HJ. AaAb-B, magnitudes./ 7.7// 8., separations.,. K//A. AB optical. RMK. Magnitudes./ 7./ 9., separations 7.,. B/B9/? C is optical. DUN 7 (HR 9) Magnitudes./ 7, separation.. B/B.. x (HR 8) NGC 7 DUN 9. Magnitudes./, separation. G./B8. Open cluster magnitude.7, size. SIMBAD shows around 9 stars magnitudes -.. Central is a relatively bright arc of stars. Brightest cluster star and also in this arc, is HD 878, B, magnitude.. NGC Eight Burst Nebula. Planetary nebula, magnitude 9.7. Size about. The th mag star at centre is not the progenitor of the nebula. A th mag star. from it created the planetary nebula. NGC Globular cluster, magnitude.8, diameter 8. Class. IC 9 Omicron Velorum Cluster. Large, bright. Scattered open cluster magnitude., size degree. Around stars, magnitudes.-.. Central and brightest star is the blue-white (B) omicron Velorum, mag.. The 7 brightest stars, magnitudes.-., are all blue-white. IC 9 Open cluster, magnitude., size. Scattered, roughly stars magnitudes 7-.. Brightest member is the blue-white (B.) star HX Vel, magnitude..

15 + + COMA BERENICES M CANES VENATICI + M9 Cor Caroli BH HR 997 M Y M M UMa CVn + hr hr hr CANES VENATICI alpha () Cor Caroli. Binary AB, mags.9/., sep 9. A/F. Period > 79 years. Binary AB, magnitudes / 7. Close separation.7. A/F. Period 8 years. Y La Superba. Carbon star, magnitude -.. C,. Period 7 days. Colour Index =.. M (NGC 7) Globular cluster, magnitude., diameter 8. Class. Made up of about, stars. MA (NGC 9) Whirlpool Galaxy. Magnitude 8., dimensions x.9. SB.8. First galaxy to be recognised as having a spiral structure. Seyfert galaxy. Interacting with close companion galaxy MB. M (NGC ) Sunflower Galaxy. Part of the M Group of galaxies. Spiral galaxy (AGN), magnitude 8., dimensions. x 7.. SB.. M9 (NGC 7) Spiral galaxy, magnitude 8., dimensions x. SB.. Bright core and inner disk, diffuse outer disk. Seyfert galaxy. M (NGC 8) Intermediate spiral galaxy, magnitude 8., dimensions 9 x 7.. SB.. Seyfert galaxy with AGN (Active Galactic Nucleus).

16 + + + Denebola LEO 9 9 M98 GG M99 M88 9 Com M9 M 7 M8 COMA BERENICES M 7 7 Melotte NGP 9 ρ VIRGO hr hr hr 9 Virginis M Arcturus BOOTES COMA BERENICES In Mel, magnitudes.8/ 8.9, separation 9. G/F7. 7 In Mel, magnitudes./., separation. A/A. Binary AB, magnitudes./., separation. K/A9. Colour contrast. NGP Melotte M (NGC ) North Galactic Pole. The star Com is the nearest object brighter than magnitude to the North Galactic Pole. Coma Star Cluster. Magnitude.8, size nearly degrees. About stars mags to.. Gamma Com is not a cluster member. Brightest star Com, F, magnitude.9 is in northern half (bottom) of cluster. Globular cluster, magnitude 7., diameter. Class. Just 7 from alp Com. M (NGC 8) Black Eye Galaxy. Seyfert spiral galaxy, mag 8., dimensions x.. SB.. M8 (NGC 8) Lenticular galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions 7. x.. SB.8. M88 (NGC ) Spiral galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions.8 x.7. SB.8. Seyfert galaxy. M9 (NGC 8) Barred spiral galaxy (AGN), magnitude., dimensions. x.. SB.. M98 (NGC 9) Intermediate spiral galaxy (AGN), mag., dimensions x.8. SB.. M99 (NGC ) Coma Pinwheel. Spiral galaxy, magnitude 9.9, dimensions. x.. SB.. M (NGC ) Intermediate spiral galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions 7. x.. SB.. NGC Needle Galaxy. Spiral galaxy (AGN), mag 9., dimensions x.. SB. Seen virtually edge-on. A must for the photographers. NGC 7 Barred spiral galaxy, mag 9., dimensions.7 x 7.. SB.9. Seyfert galaxy.

17 - M Spica + VIRGO Denebola Leo Com SS Porrima VIRGO M 7 HR 77 M9 HR 7 ρ M87 M8 M8 M8 M9 M M89 M9 Vindemiatrix hr hr hr hr HD 7 SS Carbon star, magnitude -.. C,. Period days. Colour Index =.9. M9 (NGC 7) Giant elliptical galaxy, magnitude 8., x 8.. SB.9. One of the brightest galaxies in the Virgo Cluster. Seyfert galaxy. M8 (NGC 79) Barred spiral galaxy (AGN), magnitude 9.7, dimensions x.8. SB.. M9 (NGC ) Elliptical galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions. x.7. SB.. M (NGC 9) Giant elliptical galaxy, magnitude 8.8, 7. x.. SB.7. Spiral galaxy NGC 7 is only. from M but photos show no evidence of gravitational interaction between the two. M (NGC ) Spiral (Seyfert) galaxy, magnitude 9.7, dimensions. x.9. SB.. M8 (NGC 7) Lenticular (Seyfert) galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions. x.. SB.7. M8 (NGC ) Lenticular galaxy, magnitude 8.9, dimensions 8.9 x.8. SB.9. M87 (NGC 8) Virgo A. Giant elliptical galaxy, magnitude 8., dimensions 8. x.. SB.7. Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). light year long jet due to matter swirling into central supermassive black hole. Strong X-ray and gamma ray source. M89 (NGC ) Elliptical galaxy (AGN), magnitude 9.8, dimensions. x.. SB.. M9 (NGC 9) Spiral (Seyfert) galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions 9. x.. SB.. M (NGC 9) Famous Sombrero Galaxy. Spiral galaxy (AGN). Mag 8, dimensions 8. x.. SB.. Central supermassive black hole. NGC Spiral galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions 7 x.. SB.. Located between two 7th magnitude stars. τ 9 7

18 - CENTAURUS - -7 Mimosa 7 NGC 8 MUSCA -8 hr hr hr hr CRUX Gacrux Acrux hr CRUX alpha () gamma () mu DY Acrux. Binary AB, mags./., separation.. B./B. Period > years. Component C, mag.8 and 9 away, could be just an optical alignment. Gacrux. Optical double, magnitudes.8/., separation. M./A. Binary AB, magnitudes.9/, separation 7. B/B. Period > 8, years. Ruby Crucis. Carbon star, magnitude 8.-. C,. Irregular cycle. Close to beta (Mimosa), away. Colour Index =.8. NGC 7 Jewel Box. Compact, beautiful open cluster, magnitude., size. SIMBAD shows around stars mags.-., mostly blue-white (B-). The brightest stars (mags.-8) form an A shape. Brightest star (magnitude.8) is HR 887 at the tip of the A. Next (magnitude ) is kappa Cru at the base of the right leg of the A. The magnitude 7.7 red star DU Crucis at the centre of the A stands out in a sea of otherwise blue-white stars. Coal Sack Dark, pear-shaped, dust cloud adjacent to Mimosa and Acrux. MUSCA beta () eta () theta () Binary AB, magnitudes./, separation. B/B. Period 9. years. Magnitudes./ 7.. Separation 8. B8/A. Optical pair. Magnitudes.7/ 7., separation.. WC+O/O9. Second brightest known Wolf-Rayet star. NGC 8 Globular cluster, magnitude.9, diameter. Class 8. About. from delta Muscae. 8

19 - - LUPUS - - hr NGC Rigil Kent NGC N Hadar hr M 8 Q NGC J NGC 8 ω Cen 9 ξ ξ CRUX hr CENTAURUS hr NGC 98 NGC 7 IC 98 π hr CENTAURUS alpha () Rigil Kent. System AB-C. Mags./., sep. G/K. Period 79.9 years. + red dwarf Proxima Centauri, magnitude, separated by degrees. M.. J DUN. Optical pair, mags./., separation. B//B.. B = V79 Cen. N (HR 7) RMK 8. Magnitudes./ 7., separation 8. B9/B8. Q Binary AB, magnitudes./., separation.. B8/A.. Binary AB, magnitudes./, separation 8.. B/B8. Binary AB, magnitudes.7/ 8., separation. B/A. omega Centauri NGC 9. Largest, brightest globular cluster in the Milky Way. Naked eye. Magnitude.7, diameter. Class 8. Home to several million stars. NGC 7 Pearl Cluster. Open cluster, magnitude., size. About stars, mags -.. Concentrated central region. NGC 98 Blue Planetary. Magnitude 8., diameter. NGC 9 Barred spiral galaxy, mag 8., dimensions x. SB.9. Large, edge on. NGC Lenticular galaxy, mag 9., dimensions 8. x.7. SB.8. Just 7 from iota. NGC 8 Centaurus A. Mag.8, dimensions x. SB.. Seyfert galaxy. NGC 8 NGC Globular cluster, magnitude 7., diameter 9. Class. Only from M Cen. Open cluster, magnitude., size. Scattered, SIMBAD shows about stars mags 8-.. Unusual snake-like chain of stars through the centre. NGC Open cluster, mag., size. About stars mags 7-.. Brightest star is the orange (K) HD 77, magnitude 7.. IC 9 Lambda Centauri Cluster (with Running Chicken Nebula IC 98). Magnitude., size. About stars, mags.-.. 9

20 + + τ υ π Arcturus ο ξ CORONA BOREALIS + ρ σ Alphecca ρ σ ξ, + Boo BOOTES + hr hr hr BOOTES delta () Binary AB, magnitudes./ 7.9, separation. G8/G. Period >, years. mu () System A-BC. Magnitudes.// 7/ 7.. 8,.. F// G/ G. Period for BC pair is years. Period A-BC >, years. xi (ξ) pi (π) Binary AB, magnitudes.8/ 7, separation.7. G8/K. Period. years. Binary AB, magnitudes.9/.8, separation.. B9/A. CORONA BOREALIS zeta () System Aa-B, magnitudes /.9, separation.. B7/B9. nu, (, ) Wide double at similar distance, mags./.. Separated by. M/K. sigma (σ) Binary AB, magnitudes./., separation 7.. G/G. Period 89 years.

21 σ Arae -, NGC, υ Shaula NGC 88 G NGC M GJ 7 σ hr τ υ NGC 897 LIBRA π ρ Graffias ω, ξ Sco H N 9 M σ M8 τ Antares SCORPIUS hr 7 hr 8 hr M LIBRA alpha, (, ) GJ 7 (KX Lib) NGC 897 Wide binary AB, mags.7/., sep. A/F. Period >, years. Binary AB, magnitudes.9/ 8., separations. K/M. Period about years. Globular cluster, magnitude 8., diameter. Class. Loose, diffuse. SCORPIUS beta, (, ) Binary AB, mags./.9, separation. B./B. Period >, years. zeta, (, ) + HR. Wide optical triple. Mags./.8/.8, sep., 7.. K/B/F. nu () System AB-CD, magnitudes././/./ 7.. Separations.,,.. B/B//B8/B9. Seen as a double double. Period AB > years, period CD > years, period AB-CD > 9, years. xi (ξ) Multiple star system, STF STF 999, AB-C + DE. Period AB. years. Mags.9/.// / 8. Separations.9,.9,79,. F/F// G8 + G8/K. H N 9 (HR ) Binary AB, magnitudes.9/., separation.. G/G. M (NGC ) Globular cluster, magnitude., diameter. Class 9. M (NGC ) Butterfly Cluster. Open cluster, mag., size. About stars mags -.. Brightest is the orange (K.) giant BM Scorpii, mag.-7, near edge. M7 (NGC 7) Ptolemy's Cluster. Impressive open cluster of magnitude., size 8. Around 7 stars mags.- and 8 stars mags.-.. Brightest member is the orange (K) star HD 87, magnitude.. M8 (NGC 9) Globular cluster, magnitude 7., diameter. Class. Dense globular. NGC Open cluster mag., size, near zeta. About stars mags -.. NGC 88 Globular cluster magnitude.7, diameter. Class. NGC Globular cluster, magnitude 7., diameter 8. Class. Only from G Sco.

22 - - - NORMA ξ 7, NGC 7 χ ψ, 98, 97 φ φ LUPUS π HJ 9 NGC 8 τ, ρ σ - 7 hr NGC 87 hr hr hr LUPUS zeta () eta () kappa () mu () Magnitudes./.7, separation 7. G8/F8. Magnitudes./ 7.// 9.. Separations,. B./A//F. Binary AB, magnitudes.8/., separation 7. B9./A. DUN 8. System AB-C, mags.9/ //.. Separations.9,. B8//A. xi, (ξ, ) Binary AB, magnitudes /., separation.. A/B9. HJ 9 (HR ) Magnitudes./ 7.7, separation 9. G8/A. NGC 8 Open cluster, mag., size. Loose. Stars arranged in loops and chains. About stars magnitudes 9-.. Brightest star is the orange (K) star HD 9 (NGC 8 ), mag 9.. NGC 97 Globular cluster, magnitude 8., diameter. Class 8. NGC 98 Globular cluster, magnitude 7., diameter. Class 7. NORMA epsilon () iota ( ) Binary AB, magnitudes./., separation. B/A. Magnitudes./.8// 8, separations.,. A7//G8. Orbital period for AB about 7 years. C is an optical companion. NGC 7 Open cluster, magnitude., size. Around 7 stars, mags 8-.. Cluster centre is about from the yellow (G8) kap Nor, mag.9. NGC 87 S Normae Cluster. Open cluster, magnitude., size. About stars magnitudes Brightest member is the Cepheid variable S Normae, class F9, mag.-.8. NGC 7 Open cluster, magnitude.7, size. About stars magnitudes Scattered but in rich star field.

23 Rasalgethi NGC M HERCULES ρ π 9 ξ 9 ο Lyr T Vega M7, M φ τ σ M9 LYRA + HERCULES alpha () Rasalgethi. Binary AB, mags./., sep. M/G. Period years. kappa () Likely optical pair, magnitudes./., separation 7. G8/K. rho (ρ) Binary AB, mags./., separation.9. B9./A. Period > years. 9 Binary AB, mags.9/., separation.. A/G8. Period >, years. Her Magnitudes.8/.8. Separation. A/A. Twin Pair. M (NGC ) The Great Globular Cluster in Hercules. Mag.8, diameter. Class. Estimated population of, stars. One of the brightest in northern skies. M9 (NGC ) Globular cluster, magnitude., diameter. Class. NGC Turtle Nebula. Bluish planetary nebula, mag 8.8, dimensions x. LYRA beta () delta, (, ) epsilon, (, ) hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr Optical double, magnitudes./.7, separation. B9/B8. Wide optical double. Mags./., separation 9. M/B.. Multiple star system known as the Double Double (AB-CD). Magnitudes././/./.. Separations., 8,.. A/F//A8/F. Period AB pair years, CD pair about years. Period AB-CD >, years. zeta, (, ) Binary AD, mags./., separation. A/F. Period > 7, years. eta () Optical double, magnitudes./ 8., separation 8. B./A. T Carbon star, magnitude C,. Irregular cycle. Colour Index =.. M (NGC 779) Globular cluster, magnitude 8., diameter 9. Class. M7 (NGC 7) Ring Nebula. Planetary nebula looking like a grey smoke ring. Magnitude 8.8 with dimensions about 8 x.

24 - M - OPHIUCHUS M7 M9 ο M9 Sabik ξ TW NGC HR - M M Rasalhague NGC 7 OPHIUCHUS omicron (ο) Binary AB, magnitudes./., separation.. K/F. rho (ρ) System AB-C-D, magnitudes /.7// 7.//.8, separations., 9,. B/B//B7//B. Appearance of a delta wing. Period AB > years. Binary AB of two main-sequence twin orange dwarfs. Magnitudes./.. Separation.9. K/K. Period of orbit about 7.9 years. Optical double, magnitudes./., separation. A/A. 7 Optical double, magnitudes / 8, separation. B//B. 7 Binary AB, magnitudes./., separation.. K/K. Period 88. years. TW Carbon star, magnitude C,. Period 8 days. Colour Index =.. M9 (NGC ) Globular cluster, magnitude 7.7, diameter. Class 8. About 7 from the mag double star BU (HR ), mags / 7, sep.. M/ (/8) Globular clusters, mags. &.7, diameters &. Class 7 & 9. M (NGC ) Globular cluster, magnitude 7., diameter. Class 8. M9/ (7/) Globular clusters, mags.8 &., diameters 7 &. Class 8 &. M7 (NGC 7) Globular cluster, magnitude 7.9, diameter. Class. NGC Globular cluster, mag 8., diameter 8. Class. from HR, mag. NGC 7 Planetary nebula, magnitude 8, dimensions x. Blue-green in colour. M 8 7 hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr 7 7

25 - - + SERPENS delta () Binary AB, magnitudes./., separation.9. F/F. Orbital period years. theta () Binary AB, magnitudes./.9, separation. A/A. Orbital period >, years. 9 Binary AB, magnitudes./ 7., separation.7. G/F. M (NGC 9) Globular cluster, magnitude.7, diameter. Class. Just from Serpentis. Contains more than, stars. M Eagle Nebula (IC 7). Diffuse emission nebula about magnitude 8. Cluster (NGC ) housing the nebula, magnitude, size. About stars magnitudes 8-.. Brightest is the orange (K) star HD 8, magnitude 8, near northern edge. NGC Open cluster, magnitude., size. About stars magnitudes Brightest star is the blue (O8) MY Ser, magnitude 7.. IC 7 Graff's Cluster. Open cluster, magnitude., size. SIMBAD shows around stars magnitudes.-. SCUTUM M SERPENS CAPUT OPHIUCHUS SERPENS CAUDA M (NGC 7) Wild Duck Cluster. Open cluster, magnitude.8, size. Several hundred stars mag and fainter. One mag 8 star HD 7, B8. M (NGC 9) Open cluster, magnitude 8, size. About stars magnitude 9 and fainter. Oph 7 M NGC 8 Oph 7 9 IC 7 SCUTUM + hr hr 7 hr 8 hr 9 hr Ser ξ ο Ser R M M

26 - - SCORPIUS near end of tail σ 9,, NORMA NGC 97, - NGC 7 NGC 7 ξ ARA π TRIANGULUM AUSTRALE NGC -7 SX Y ο σ hr PAVO 9 hr 8 hr 7 hr hr hr TRIANGULUM AUSTRALE iota () Optical double, magnitudes./ 9., separation 7. F/F. NGC Open cluster, magnitude., size. Around stars, magnitudes 7-.. Brightest star is the blue MQ TrA (NGC ), magnitude 7., near edge. Forms a double ( away) with the blue-white NGC, magnitude 8. ARA (HR ) BSO. Binary AB, magnitudes./ 8.9, separation.. G8/M. Period of orbit estimated to be 9 years. NGC 9 Open cluster, mag., size. Scattered. About stars, mags 7-.. Brightest star (at the cluster s centre) is the double star NGC 9 /, magnitudes.7/.8, separation 9.. O/O.. NGC Globular cluster, magnitude 8., diameter 7. Class. NGC 97 Globular cluster, magnitude.9, diameter. Class 9. PAVO Y Carbon star, magnitude.-7.. C7,. Period days. Colour Index =.8. NGC 7 Intermediate spiral galaxy, magnitude 8., dimensions x. Low SB.. NGC 7 Globular cluster, magnitude., diameter. Class.

27 + + Albireo CYGNUS TT 7 NGC 87 υ V + RS Sadr τ σ + NGC 8 ο ο ξ ρ Deneb 9 hr hr hr hr M9 CYGNUS beta () Albireo. Binary AB. Colourful orange/ blue pair. Mags./.7, sep. K/B8. Period > 7, years. omicron (ο ) + Cyg. Optical trio for binoculars. Omicron is orange + blue. Cyg is white. Magnitudes.8/ 7/.8, separation,. K/B8/A. Primary A (V9 or Cyg A) is an Algol type eclipsing binary. 7 Cygnus Magnitudes / 9., separation. F7/K. Cygnus Binary AB. Two orange dwarfs, mags./. Separated by. K/K7. Period 78 years. Amongst the closest stars to the Earth. First star to have its distance measured by trigonometric parallax (Bessel 88). RS Carbon star, magnitude C8,. Period 7 days. Colour Index =. TT Carbon star, magnitude C,. Period 8 days. Colour Index =. V (HR 897) Carbon star, magnitude.-7. C,. Period 8 days. Colour Index =.7. M9 (NGC 79) Open cluster, magnitude., size. Scattered cluster. About stars, mags.-. and 9 stars, mags.-8.. Brightest star is HD, B9, magnitude.. NGC 8 Blinking Planetary. Magnitude 8.9, diameter. Central star is magnitude.. NGC 87 Open cluster, magnitude., size. Cluster in a rich star field. About 8 stars, mags 7-.. Central and brightest star is the Wolf-Rayet star V7, mag.8. It forms a double (SHJ ) with a mag 7. star, separation, class B. About. mins away is another double, mags 7.9/ 8.7, sep. B/B.. 7

28 - + + NGC 79 V VULPECULA Altair 8 hr 9 hr hr hr AQUILA Magnitudes.9/ 7, separation. A/F. Magnitudes./ 9., separation. F8/G. 7 Binary AB, magnitudes.7/., separation. B7/B8. V Carbon star, mag.-8. C,-C,. Period days. Colour Index =.9. NGC 79 Open cluster, mag.7, size. Scattered, about stars mags 9-.. Brightest member is the orange (K) star NGC 79, magnitude 9.. VULPECULA alpha () + 8 Wide optical pair, magnitudes./.9, separation. M./K. Brocchi s Cluster Collinder 99. Popularly known as the Coathanger. Asterism, magnitude., size about. degrees. The actual coathanger consists of stars magnitudes -7: six along the straight, four in the hook. The three brightest stars are in the hook: Vul (type K) magnitude., Vul (type A) magnitude. and HR 79 (type M) magnitude.8. M7 (NGC 8) The Dumbbell Nebula. Planetary nebula, magnitude 7., size 8 x.7. Brocchi s Cluster AQUILA 8 9 Vul 7 SAGITTA M7 M7 DELPHINUS SAGITTA epsilon () theta () Magnitudes.8/ 8., separation 87. G8/B9. Binary AB, optical C. Mags./ 8.9/ 7., separations., 9. F/F/K. M7 (NGC 88) Globular cluster, magnitude 8., diameter 7. Class. DELPHINUS gamma, (, ) Binary, magnitudes./, separation 9.. K/F7. Period 9 years. 8

29 hr SCORPIUS υ Galactic Centre PZ X M M8 M CORONA AUSTRALIS M HJ HR 8 Kaus B M8 M M8 M7 Kaus A M9 V78 M M φ, M7 M SAGITTARIUS 7 σ ξ Nunki BSO V9, Sgr Sgr M NGC 88 8 hr 9 hr hr ο τ π ρ υ SAGITTARIUS beta ( ) Binary AB, magnitudes / 7., separation 9. B9/F. Period > 8, years. Optical pair, magnitudes./ 7.7, separation. K/F7. PZ (HR 9) Stars at similar distance, magnitudes./ 7, separation.. M/G8. V9 HD 89. Carbon star, mag.7-7. C,. Irregular cycle. Colour Index =.. M8 (NGC ) Lagoon Nebula. Mag, size 9 x. NGC open cluster in M8, mag.. Brightest stars ( apart) 7 Sgr, F, magnitude. and 9 Sgr, O, mag.9. M7 (NGC 8) Omega or Swan Nebula. Cluster + nebula, magnitude, size x. M8 (NGC ) Open cluster, mag.9, size. About stars, mag M (NGC ) Triffid Nebula+cluster, mag., size. M (NGC ) Open cluster. Mag.9, size. About stars mag M (NGC ) Globular cluster, magnitude., diameter. Class 7. Third best in the sky. M (NGC 9) Open cluster, mag., size. Some stars mags 8-.. M (IC 7) Sagittarius Star Cloud. Dense, bright. Magnitude., size x degrees. M (IC 7) Open cluster, magnitude., size. About stars mags.-.. M8 (NGC ) Globular cluster, magnitude.8, diameter. Class. M (NGC 7) Globular cluster, magnitude 7., diameter. Class. M (NGC 89) Globular cluster, magnitude., diameter 9. Class. M9 (NGC 7) Globular cluster, magnitude 7., diameter. Class. M7 (NGC 8) Globular cluster, magnitude 7.9, diameter 8. Class. NGC 7 Globular cluster, magnitude 7, diameter. Class 7. Just from eps CrA. NGC 88 Little Gem. Bluish planetary nebula, magnitude 9., diameter 8. CORONA AUSTRALIS kappa, (, ) Optical pair, magnitudes./., separation. B9/A. BSO (HR 77) Magnitudes./., separation. B8/B9. NGC Globular cluster, magnitude., diameter. Class. Just from HJ (HR 7), mags./., separation.8. 9

30 - - - hr M7 (Sgr) σ, RT π ο ρ ψ M7 79 CAPRICORNUS ω M PsA NGC 79 AQUARIUS Skat M hr hr hr τ τ Fomalhaut φ ψ,, CAPRICORNUS alpha, (, ) Algedi. Optical double of unrelated yellow stars, mags.8/., sep by 8. Spectral types G8/G. beta, (, ) Wide binary AB, mags./, sep. G9/B9.. Period > 7, years. omicron (ο) Binary AB, magnitudes.9/.7, separation. A/A7. RT Carbon star, magnitude C,. Period 9 days. Colour Index =. M (NGC 799) Globular cluster, magnitude 7., diameter. Class. M7 (NGC 8) In Sagittarius. Globular cluster, mag 8., diameter 7. Class. Compact. AQUARIUS zeta, (, ) Binary AB, magnitudes./.,.. F/F. Period roughly 7 years. tau (τ ) Optical double, mags.7/ 9., separation. B9/? Tau is 9 from tau. Binary AB, magnitudes./.7, separation.. K/F. 9 System AB, magnitudes./ 7, separation.. G/K. M (NGC 789) Dense globular cluster, magnitude., diameter. Class. M7 (NGC 98) Globular cluster, magnitude 9., diameter 7. Class 9. NGC 79 Saturn Nebula. Blue-green planetary nebula, mag 7.8. Dimensions x. NGC 79 Helix Nebula. Large planetary nebula. Magnitude 7.. Size. PISCIS AUSTRINUS beta () Magnitudes./ 7., separation. A/?

31 + M Enif 9 π ξ Markab PEGASUS NGC 7 And And Alpheratz hr hr hr hr hr π M ANDROMEDA M 7 ARIES 8 And 9 Almach Tri PEGASUS epsilon () Enif. Magnitudes./ 8.7, separation 7. K/ F8. Binary AB, magnitudes./ 7., separation 8. K/K. M (NGC 778) Globular cluster, magnitude., diameter 8. Class. ANDROMEDA gamma () Almach. System A-BC, magnitudes.// /., separations 9.8 and.. Striking orange// blue pair, K//B8. Orbital period BC is.7 years. pi (π) Magnitudes./ 7, separation. B/A. 9 Binary AB, magnitudes /.7, separation. B9/A. M (NGC ) The Andromeda Galaxy. Largest member of the Local Group of galaxies, with magnitude., dimensions 9 x. SB.. Dwarf satellite galaxies M (NGC )/ M (NGC ). Magnitudes 8./ 8.. Dimensions 9 x 7 and x. NGC 7 Open cluster, mag.7, size. Large, about 8 F-K class stars mags 8-.. Brightest HD 88, G7, mag 7. & HD 7, K, mag 8.. NGC 7 Blue Snowball. Planetary nebula, magnitude 8., diameter. About from the magnitude.7 star And. ARIES gamma () lambda () Binary AB, almost equal mags./., sep 7.. A/B9. Period > years. Binary AB, magnitudes.8/.7, separation 7. F/G. TRIANGULUM Binary AB, mags./.7, separation.8. G/F. Period > years. M (NGC 98) Triangulum Galaxy. Spiral galaxy, mag.7, dim 7 x. Low SB..

32 + 7 TX ω PISCES ο ξ M7 + GREAT SQUARE OF PEGASUS And τ + hr hr hr hr ψ ψ χ ψ φ z υ ρ PISCES zeta () psi (ψ ) Optical double, magnitudes./., separation. A7/F7. Magnitudes./., separation. A/A. Binary AB, magnitudes / 7., separation.. A9/F. Binary AB, matched pair of magnitudes./., separation.. F/F. Z TX (9 Psc) Carbon star, magnitude C7,. Period days. Colour Index =.8. Carbon star, magnitude C7,. Irregular cycle. Colour Index =.7. M7 (NGC 8) Spiral galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions. x 9.. Seen face-on. Low surface brightness SB..

33 - - Ankaa NGC Phe Phe, NGC PsA Fomalhaut AL 779, SGP σ NGC 88 R π NGC SCULPTOR - Ceti Deneb Kaitos - hr hr hr hr SCULPTOR R Carbon star, magnitude -8.. C,. Period 7 days. Colour Index =.8. SGP South Galactic Pole. Near NGC 88. NGC Barred irregular galaxy, magnitude 7.9, dimensions x. SB.. Large, fairly edge on. Most easily found from alpha Phoenicis. NGC Intermediate spiral galaxy, magnitude 7., dimensions 8 x 7. SB.. Seyfert galaxy. Large, side on. One of the brightest galaxies in the sky. Most easily found from beta Ceti. NGC 88 Globular cluster, magnitude 8., diameter. Class. NGC Spiral galaxy, magnitude 8., dimensions x. Low surface brightness SB. as seen almost face on. NGC 779 Spiral galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions 9. x.. SB..

34 - Fomalhaut - - ψ PHOENIX Ankaa DUN 7 GRUS ρ,, Alnair - -7 Achernar HYDRUS NGC SMC,, 7 Tuc TUCANA hr hr hr hr hr hr GRUS theta () DUN Grus Quartet TUCANA System AB-C, magnitudes./.// 7.8, separations., 9. F//G. A = HR 879. Magnitudes./ 7, separation 9.. F/F7. Interacting spiral galaxies. NGC 7, mag.,. x.7, SB.8. 8 away. NGC 78, mag., x., SB.8. NGC 79, mag.,. x, SB.. NGC 799, mag.,. x., SB.. Trio roughly - from each other. beta, (, ) System A-CD, mags.//./., seps 7,.. B9//A/A7. Period A-CD >, years. Period CD is. years. delta () BInary AB, magnitudes./ 8.7, separation 7.. B9./? kappa () System AB-CD, magnitudes / 7.7// 7.8/ 8., separations.8, 9,.. F/K. Period of orbit for AB pair years, CD pair 8 years. lambda ( ) Binary AB, magnitudes.7/ 7., separation. F7/G. 7 Tuc (NGC ) Globular cluster, mag, diameter. Class. Second only to omega Cen. NGC Globular cluster, magnitude.8, diameter. Class. Just north of the SMC. SMC (NGC 9) Small Magellanic Cloud. Dwarf satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. Magnitude.. Dimensions about x degrees. PHOENIX zeta () System AB-C, magnitudes /.8// 8., separations.,.7. B//B9. Period AB is years. Period AB-C > years.

35 - NGC 7 Deneb Kaitos τ ERIDANUS - 7 χ CETUS ο Mira M77 Menkar + PISCES ξ + hr hr hr hr CETUS chi (χ) Wide binary (B = EZ Cet), magnitudes.7/.8, separation 9. F/G. 7 Optical double, magnitudes./ 7.9, separation 9. F/G9. omicron (Mira) Binary. Red giant Mira A is an oscillating variable star. Period days. Apparent magnitude varies from to, making it the brightest periodic variable that is not visible to the naked eye for part of its cycle. M77 (NGC 8) Barred spiral galaxy. Magnitude 8.9, dimensions 7 x. SB.7. Seyfert galaxy. The nucleus of a Seyfert galaxy is thought to contain a supermassive Black Hole. NGC 7 Intermediate spiral galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions x.. Large, elongated view. Low surface brightness SB.. Member of the Sculptor Group.

36 ARIES 7 M Ari M Pleiades (Taurus) TAURUS Tauri M7 ο χ IQ M PERSEUS AR 9 ξ M8 ρ υ π ω τ Algol AURIGA 8 π σ Capella Per ψ hr hr hr hr τ UU NGC 8 8 PERSEUS epsilon () zeta () beta () M (NGC 9) Binary AB, magnitudes.9/ 8.9, separation 8.7. B./A. Period >, years. Binary AB, magnitudes.9/ 9., separation.9. B/B8. Period >, years. Algol. Famous eclipsing binary and the first such star discovered. Magnitude normally. but dips to. every.87 days during primary eclipse. Spiral Cluster. Open cluster, mag., size. Large, about stars magnitude Brightest is the yellow (G) star HD 77, mag 7.. Near centre is the double HD 7/9, mags 7.7/ 8., sep. B9/B9. NGC Lenticular galaxy, magnitude 9., dimensions 8.7 x. SB.7. NGC Open cluster, mag.7, size. About stars mag Brightest star is HD 77 (NGC ), F, magnitude 8.. AURIGA System A-CaCb, magnitudes // 7.9/ 8., separation.,. A9//A. Period AC is, years. Period CaCb is years. System AB-C, magnitudes./.// 8., separations. and. B9.//A. IQ/AR At similar distance, mags./, very wide separation of 8.. A/B9.. AR is an Algol eclipsing binary, varying in mag from. to.8 over. days. UU Carbon star, magnitude -.. C,-C7,. Period days. Colour Index =. M (NGC 9) M7 (NGC 99) Pinwheel Cluster. Open cluster, magnitude, size. About 9 stars magnitudes Near centre is the double STF 77 (NGC 9 9/ 8), magnitudes 9./ 9., separation. B/ B. Open cluster, magnitude., size. Rich cluster of over stars. Looks like a large globular cluster. About stars mags 9-.. Central and brightest is the double star HD 98, F8, mags 9./.8, sep. M8 (NGC 9) Starfish Cluster. Open cluster, mag., size. About stars mags 9-.. Brightest is HD 878, G, mag 8.. NGC 8 Open cluster, magnitude., size. Large, some 8 stars magnitudes 8-.. Brightest is the orange (K) HD 99, magnitude 7.. Brighter stars forming a crescent with a diamond shape formed at one end.