Where do they originate? How do they gain their enourmous energies? What happens to them in transit from sources to us?

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1 What do cosmic rays tell us about : Where do they originate? How do they gain their enourmous energies? What happens to them in transit from sources to us? Energies of cosmic ray particles: 1 watt of power is 1 joule per second -it is released as heat when 1 ampere of current flows across 1 Volt of electrical potential. 1 Joule = 1 Coulomb x 1 Volt -- unit of energy Current is made up of electrons and 1 ampere corresponds to 6 x 10^18 electrons! So the electrical charge on one electron is tiny, it is = 1.6 x 10^-19 Coulombs. If only 1 electron moves through 1 volt electric potential then it gains an energy of [(1.6x10^-19) x 1 volt ] of energy of 1.6x10^-19 Joules This unit of energy is called one electron-volt of 1 ev.

2 Energies of cosmic ray particles are measured in ev A galactic cosmic ray has energies greater than 10^9 ev which is called a Giga electron volt or GeV for short. The energy spectrum of cosmic rays extend over many decades of energy, extending over 10^9 ev to 10^20 ev 3x10^20 ev is of the order of 48 Joules!! This is the amount of energy you would feel if you dropped a bowling ball on your foot from a height of 1 meter.

3 The ev energy scale: Radiation Energy Photon of light detected by your eye 1 ev Ultraviolet light from sun 10 ev X-ray 1000 ev Majority of cosmic rays 1,000,000,000 ev

4 Full Cosmic Ray energy spectrum

5 Typical velocities of cosmic rays > 0.9 speed of light = 3x10^8 m/s Important sources of cosmic rays and their acceleration in the galaxy are: Supernova explosions : These happen about 1/century They produce a shock wave which accelerates nuclei present in the interstellar medium:

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7 Cosmic Rays have to travel from the source to earth. They do not travel in straightlines because the galaxy is filled with magnetic field inhomogenieties. They diffuse from sources to fill the the galaxy isotropically. The galaxy has interstellar gas, mostly hydrogen gas with about 1 hydrogen atom per cc!. Cosmic rays while travelling from the source to earth can break up in nuclear collisions producing secondary nuclei not found in stars. We detect these secondary nuclei. They tell us how far cosmic rays have travelled and how long do they reside in the galaxy. This is about 10 million years.

8 Highest energy cosmic rays are bent less by galactic magnetic fields. They, therefore, bring us information about their origin! They also interact with interstellar matter, but more importantly they interact with cosmic micro wave background radiation(cmbr), which fills the universe with 400 photons/cc. This should deplete their intensity above 5x10^19 ev. So the highest energy events are very interesting. Several experiments now are studying these cosmic rays trying to unravel their origin. One of these is a large array, called Auger experiment in Argentina. We at UCI and Caltech and CSU Northridge are building an array in the Los Angeles area schools to study these events too.

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10 CHICOS Experiment Recording PC and HS teacher. Two counter array on roof of High School

11 Cosmic rays and Gamma Ray Astronomy In the sources, cosmic rays can interact while they are being accelerated to high energies, either with 1. Ambient matter protons 2. Ambient photons already present or produced by themselves 3. Bend in magnetic fields and radiate In these processes high energy gamma rays from MeV energies to TeV energies are produced. These can travel in straightlines and reach the earth where we can detect them with telescopes in satellites or telescopes on the earth.

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14 With high energy gamma ray telescopes a number of sources have been detected: Galactic Source : The Crab Nebula Diffuse galactic source: The galactic Disk in TeV gamma rays Extra Galactic Sources: Five Active Galactic Nuclei Extra Galactic Source: One Gamma Ray Burst in These sources must be generating cosmic rays and are representative extreme environments in the Universe.

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