Technology Demonstration Workshop on Gamma Imaging IAEA Headquarters, Vienna and IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf October 2015

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1 Technology Demonstration Workshop on Gamma Imaging IAEA Headquarters, Vienna and IAEA Laboratories, Seibersdorf October 2015 Preliminary External Technical Report

2 Table of Contents 1. Summary, Purpose and Scope Workshop overview, conclusions, and follow-up actions Overview Details of the work performed Preliminary technical result analysis Experiment 1: efficiency measurement Experiment 2: overnight identification and false alarm rate Experiment 3: sensitivity Experiment 4/5: angular resolution Experiment 6: extended sources Experiment 7: high background Experiment 8: angular resolution for extended sources Conclusion and follow-up actions Abbreviations and glossary Annexes A. Technology demonstration workshop agenda, list of participants and observers A.1 Agenda A.2 List of participants: A.3 List of observers: B. Technical characteristics of the participating systems C. Experiment protocol D. Experiment setup

3 1. Summary, Purpose and Scope A Technology Demonstration Workshop on Gamma Imaging was held at IAEA HQ and Seibersdorf Laboratories on October The technologies demonstrated comprised CZT/CdTe detectors, a LaBr3-detector and HPGe detectors. Capabilities of 8 devices over a set of experiments relevant to IAEA applications were demonstrated. This document provides an overview of the Technology Demonstration Workshop (TDW) and a preliminary technical assessment of the different technical characteristics and performance of the demonstrated gamma imaging systems (emerging prototypes and commercial off-the-shell) in application to IAEA safeguards needs. 2. Workshop overview, conclusions, and follow-up actions 2.1 Overview A TDW on Gamma Imaging was held at IAEA HQ and Seibersdorf Laboratories on October The technologies demonstrated comprised CZT/CdTe detectors, a LaBr3-detector and HPGe detectors. The capabilities of 8 devices over a set of experiments relevant to IAEA applications were demonstrated. The workshop started on 19 October by introductory presentations regarding workshop objectives (S. Zykov, IAEA), safeguards overview (D. Finker, IAEA), and an overview of the procurement process (A. Ivanov, IAEA). These were followed by the participants presentations of technologies and instruments brought to the TDW. The technologies and instruments demonstrated included: Polaris-H 3-dimensional position-sensitive CdZnTe gamma-ray imaging spectrometer (H3D / University of Michigan, USA) High-Efficiency Multi-mode Imager HEMI Lab Prototype (LBNL, USA) CZT/CdTe detectors Canberra ipix Platform (Canberra, USA) CEA HiSpect Camera (CEA, France) Createc Mobile 3D prototype (Createc, UK) LaBr3 detector RadSearch Model G-3050 Gamma Camera (ANTECH, UK) two GeGI Gamma-ray Imaging (PHDS Co, USA) HPGe detectors ORNL HPGe Gamma-ray Imager (ORNL, USA) On October, the imagers were tested at the IAEA Laboratories in Seibersdorf, Austria. A special test location was set up for this purpose at the Safeguards Instrumentation Laboratory (SIL). The test location accommodated a camera rack, a nuclear material stand with target screen and optional shielding, and a few tables to host cameras control systems and other equipment. Most of the gamma cameras were positioned on the shared rack equidistantly from the target sources and pointed towards them; due to specific requirements, two cameras (RadSearch Model G-3050 Gamma Camera and ORNL HPGe Gamma-ray Imager) were positioned on tripods close to the rack. All systems were set in far-field condition. 3

4 Figure 1 Experiment setup scheme and 3D scanned images 4

5 Figure 2 Images of the camera rack (on the left), the camera rack with all cameras installed (in the centre), and the target screen (on the right) hiding the sources and holding a grid, a sync-up clock, and experiment/measurement number notes. During the tests, the instruments were operated by respective team staff under the presence of IAEA organizing staff and observers. The tests were organized according to the following sequence: Tests aimed to assess general gamma imagers characteristics including efficiency, sensitivity, angular field of view, and angular resolution. Tests imitating and/or related to possible safeguards applications including scenarios with extended sources and a glovebox scenario. The following radioactive nuclear materials were used during experiments: Table 1 Source library used during the workshop Isotope Peaks, kev 241 Am Cs Co 1333 LBU Pu HBU Pu LEU HEU 186 MTR plate The experiment notes and measurements taken were recorded in measurement protocols by participants and observers. Results of all tests were copied to USB flash drives and provided to the organisers at the end of the workshop; the data were also kept by participating teams in order to allow further post-processing and more comprehensive evaluation by IAEA. After the workshop, the IAEA sent to all participants a small form to be filled in in accordance with preliminary results obtained. An evaluation of gamma imagers based on this form is provided in the next sections of the current document. Complementary observations made by observers are also shown in the following parts. 2.2 Details of the work performed The workshop agenda and list of participants are presented in Annex A. Some technical characteristics and images of the instruments are shown in Annex B. The test protocol and the experiment setup are shown in the Annex C and D. 5

6 3. Preliminary technical result analysis This chapter is based on straightforward comparison of the first processing of results performed by the participants and submitted to the IAEA in similar spreadsheet forms under the same template. A more comprehensive evaluation (currently on-going with the support of EC JRC) will be established in the final report, and will take into account additional criteria such as: Spectrometric and imaging performance User interface Operation Technology Compatibility with the Contextual Usage Scenarios (CUS) Interface usability Features of the processing software Visual representation of data Dimensions Weight (collimator, battery) Battery operation (battery life, type) Ruggedness, environment (operating temp, IP rating) Time to operation (from shipping to full operation) Detector type Detector dimensions and volume Number of pixels Technologies Additional experiments with real glove boxes have been conducted, but are not commented in the current report. 3.1 Experiment 1: efficiency measurement Table 2 Efficiency (in kc/nsv) in different measurements Camera Cs137, Am-Li, Co 60, 0.5 mci at 3m 1 Ci at 5m 65 MBq at 5m Did not participate Did not participate Did not participate N/A Did not participate Did not participate Did not participate 8 No results provided No results provided No results provided Remarks: Two gamma cameras (2, 7) have not participated in the experiment due to organizational or technical issues. The results from the gamma camera 8 have not been provided at the time of writing of the version 1 of the current report due to the long time necessary to process the data. Once provided, these results will be included in the final report. 6

7 3.2 Experiment 2: overnight identification and false alarm rate Table 3 Sources identified during overnight measurement with repetitive hourly acquisitions Camera Detected Identified Localized 1 Yes Yes, Cs137 Yes 2 Did not participate Did not participate Did not participate 3 Yes Yes, Cs137 Yes 4 Yes Yes, Cs137 Yes* 5 Did not participate Did not participate Did not participate 6 Yes Yes, Cs137 Yes 7 Did not participate Did not participate Did not participate 8 No data No data No data Remarks: * The sources were not localized in hourly acquisitions, but localized after processing the data cumulated in the overnight measurement. Three gamma cameras (2, 5, 7) have not participated in the experiment due to the organizational and technical issues. The results from the gamma camera 8 have not been provided at the time of writing of the version 1 of the current report due to the long time necessary to process the data. Once provided, these results will be included in the final report. 3.3 Experiment 3: sensitivity Table 4 Time to detect / to identify / to localize the source (in seconds) Camera HBU Pu LBU Pu 2x LEU extended sources LEU extended source 2x LEU HBU Pu LBU Pu LEU (MTR) NA NA NA NA NA NA 3 12/54/60 NA/300/273 7/7/30 14 / 37/ 46 8 / 8/ 22 15/20/ /252/NA NA 12/12/NA 52/52/NA 72/468/NA 18/18/NA 5 NA/429/NA NA/183/NA NA/387/NA NA/369/NA NA NA 6 3 / 3 / / 48 / /0.1/7 0.5/0.5/25 1/1/12 NA No data No data No data No data No data No data Remarks: Due to software implementation, the benchmark of times to detect/identify/localize is not suitable for the camera 1. Time for single acquisition is given instead. The camera 2 was not able to localize the sources due to the short acquisition times; nor could it identify the sources due to technical limitations. Due to limitation in the camera 7 software, it is not possible to separate times to detect/identify/localize the sources; 90% of time to alarm (defined by proprietary specific algorithm) is given instead. The results from the gamma camera 8 have not been provided at the time of writing of the version 1 of the current report due to the long time necessary to process the data. Once provided, these results will be included in the final report. This experiment was repeated several times, to cover various zones of the field of view of the system. No significant variations of the sensitivity throughout the field of view were observed. 7

8 3.4 Experiment 4/5: angular resolution Table 5 Angular resolution measured as a minimal angle at which the system is still capable of separating two point Am-Li sources and two point Co60 and Cs137 sources Camera Measured angular Measured angular resolution 2x Am-Li resolution Co/Cs > NA 3 * 5 No data No data No data No data Remarks: * When processing the experiment results, the camera 4 team filtered energy spectra to resolve Co60 and Cs137 sources independently and therefore localize them accurately. Results would be different with two sources of the same energy. The results from two gamma cameras (5, 8) have not been provided at the time of writing of the version 1 of the current report due to the long time necessary to process the data. Once provided, these results will be included in the final report. This experiment was repeated several times, using several isotopes, to cover various zones of the field of view of the system; no significant variations of the angular resolution were observed. 3.6 Experiment 6: extended sources Table 6 Capability to identify the geometry of extended sources and localize supplementary weak point sources Camera Geometry identified Point sources localizes 1 Area is correctly defined, missing part is visible, detailed geometry is not clear No 2 Only the source area is identified No 3 Area is correctly defined, detailed geometry is partly visible, missing part is not localized Few Cs137 sources localized 4 Cs137 and Co60 sources U source is not detected localized 5 No data No data 6 Area is correctly defined, missing part is localized, detailed geometry is partly visible Identified, but not localized 6 U source is identified but not localized Cs137 and Co60 localized 7 Area is correctly defined, missing part is localized, detailed geometry is visible Cs137 and Co60 localized 8 No data No data Remark: The camera 6 has performed the measurements in two separate configurations resulting in different performance; both results are provided. The results from two gamma cameras (5, 8) have not been provided at the time of writing of the version 1 of the current report due to the long time necessary to process the data. Once provided, these results will be included in the final report. 8

9 Figure 3 False-color gamma images overlay of the extended LEU and point sources obtained by different cameras 9

10 3.7 Experiment 7: high background The goal of the experiment was to estimate the capabilities to identify/localize the weak sources in non-uniform high background conditions. Several relatively strong point sources were positioned in the test room outside the centre of view of the cameras and producing 4 usv/h dose rate at the target screen. Much weaker (net dose rate around 500 nsv/h) point sources were positioned in the centre of the field of view of the cameras producing only a marginal increase of the total dose rate induced from the stronger background sources. Table 7 Capability to identify/localize target sources in presence of high background or next to a much more intense point source within the field of view. Camera Target sources identified/localized 1 Pu, Co, and Am identified, but poorly localized (only the strongest source is properly localized at the time). 2 No identification possible. Only the strongest source is localized. 3 Pu, Am, and Co60 are identified. Only the 1-2 strongest sources are localized. 4 Am and Co are identified but not localized. The camera performs better when moved close to the target. 5 No data 6 Pu, Co, and Am identified, but poorly localized (only the strongest source is properly localized at the time). 7 Pu, Co, and Am identified, but poorly localized (only the strongest source is properly localized at the time). 8 No data Remark: The results from the gamma camera 8 have not been provided at the time of writing of the version 1 of the current report due to the long time necessary to process the data. Once provided, these results will be included in the final report. 3.8 Experiment 8: angular resolution for extended sources Camera Table 8 Capability to reconstruct geometry of two separated sources 2 extended U sources separated at: 2 point Pu sources of different activity separated at: No Yes No Yes 4 N/A N/A No No 6 No No No No 7 Yes Yes Yes Yes 8 No data No data No data No data Remarks: The other systems participated in the glove box scenario instead of this experiment. Its analysis will be documented in the final workshop report. The results from the gamma camera 8 have not been provided at the time of writing of the version 1 of the current report due to the long time necessary to process the data. Once provided, these results will be included in the final report. 10

11 4. Conclusion and follow-up actions The Technology Demonstration Workshop provided a useful overview of the capabilities of modern gamma-imaging systems including both commercially available products and emerging prototypes. The main preliminary conclusion is that currently there is no one single best available gamma camera that could fit all possible SG applications; however certain cameras may fit specific scenarios. Determining which cameras fit which scenario will be the main objective of the final report. The mobile technology for 3D scene reconstruction and gamma-image overlaying is promising, but due to its current prototype stage, some developments are needed before these systems can be deployed during field activities. Detailed results of the workshop and the estimated match of different gamma imagers to identified SG usage scenarios will be summarized in the final report expected from EC JRC in Q Abbreviations and glossary TDW Technology Demonstration Workshop CUS Contextual Usage Scenario LEU Low-Enriched Uranium HEU High-Enriched Uranium LBU Pu Low-Burnup Plutonium HBU Pu High Burnup Plutonium 6. Annexes Annex A: Annex B: Annex C: Annex D: Technology demonstration workshop agenda and list of participants Technical characteristics of the participating systems Experiment protocol Experiment setup 11

12 A. Technology demonstration workshop agenda, list of participants and observers A.1 Agenda Monday 19 October Room M7 9:00 Opening comments by SGTS-DIR 9:15 Workshop objectives (D. Finker) 9:40 Procurement perspectives (A. Ivanov) 10:05 Presentation ANTECH: RadSearch Model G-3050 Gamma Camera (Mr. John A. Mason) 10:40 Coffee Break 11:10 Presentation Canberra: ipix Platform (Messrs. Nicolas Humbert, Durim Kryeziu & Martin Rushby) 11:45 Presentation CEA: HiSpect Camera (Messrs. Olivier Monnet & Guillaume Montemont) 12:20 Lunch 13:20 Presentation Createc: Gamma Imaging System (Messrs. Neil Owen & Alan Shippen) 13:55 Presentation H3D/University of Michigan: Polaris-H 3 (Messrs. Zhong He, Willy Kaye & Thomas McKnight) 14:30 Coffee Break 15:00 Presentation LBNL: High-Efficiency Multi-mode Imager (Messrs. Ross Barnowski & Kai Vetter) 15:35 Presentation ORNL: HPGe Gamma-ray Imager (Mr Klaus Ziock) 16:10 Presentation PHDS Co.: GeGI Gamma-ray Imaging (Messrs. Ethan Hull & Desmond Longford) 16:45 Time buffer - Discussions 17:15 Reception VIC Cafeteria Salon A (max. until 19:15) Tuesday 20 October 8:00 Departure from VIC to Seibersdorf Laboratories 9:15 Equipment setup 12:15 Lunch 13:00 Start of experiments 16:00 Departure to VIC Wednesday 21 October Thursday 22 October 8:00 Departure from VIC to Seibersdorf Laboratories 9:15 Experiments 12:15 Lunch 13:00 Experiments 16:00 Departure to VIC Friday 23 October 8:00 Departure from VIC to Seibersdorf Laboratories 9:15 Experiments/packing 12:15 Lunch 13:00 Packing of equipment 14:30 Departure to VIC 12

13 A.2 List of participants: Company Representative Contact data ANTECH Canberra CEA Createc H3D Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory PHDS Co John Mason Nicolas Humbert Martin Rushby Durim Kryeziu Olivier Monnet Guillaume Montemont Neil Owen Alan Shippen Zhong He Willy Kaye Ross Barnowski Kai Vetter Klaus Ziock Ethan Hull Desmond Longford +44 (0) (1) A.3 List of observers: Organization Representative Contact IAEA USA JRC Mr Dimitri FINKER Mr Andrey BOSKO Mr Iain DARBY Ms Taissa SOBOLEV Mr Andrey SOKOLOV Mr. Alain Lebrun Ms Anagha IYENGAR Ms Arden DOUGAN Mr Arturs ROZITE Mr Stefano VACCARO

14 B. Technical characteristics of the participating systems Device GeGI Gamma-ray Imaging HPGe Gamma-ray Imager Manufacturer PHDS Co ORNL Technology HPGe, Compton / pinhole HPGe, coded-mask, variable focal length Sensor size, mm 90 diameter x 10 thickness, 53 cm 3 90 diameter x 10 thickness, 53 cm 3 Sensor pixels 61 x x 61 Field of view 4 Pi (Compton), 60 (pinhole) Energy range, MeV (Compton), (pinhole) Size, cm 31 x 15 x x 25 x 40 Weight, kg Device ipix HiSpect Manufacturer Canberra CEA Technology CdTe, coded-mask CZT, coded-mask Sensor size, mm 14 x 14 x 1 40 x 40 x 5 Sensor pixels 256 x pixels Field of view Energy range, MeV Size, cm 19 x 11 x x 21 x 23 Weight, kg

15 Device RadSearch Model G-3050 Polaris-H 3-dimensional positionsensitive CdZnTe gamma-ray imaging spectrometer Manufacturer ANTECH H3D Technology LaBr3, collimated scanning CZT, Compton Sensor size, mm 25.4 diameter 6 cm 3 Sensor pixels pixels Field of view 4 Pi 4 Pi Energy range, MeV Size, cm 66 x 21 x x 19 x 13 Weight, kg (with tripod) 4 Device Next-gen mobile prototype High-Efficiency Multi-mode Imager HEMI prototype Manufacturer Createc LBNL Technology CdTe, Compton CZT, Compton 3D laser mapper + wide-angle cameras Xbox sensor Sensor size, mm 0.5 cm 3 96 cm 3 Sensor pixels 1 96 pixels Field of view 4 Pi 4 Pi Energy range, MeV Size, cm Prototype 25 x 18 x 18 Weight, kg Prototype 4 15

16 C. Experiment protocol Experiment 1: Efficiency Objective Disclosed setup Description Data set To measure systems detection efficiency and energy resolution. Cameras positioned equidistantly from the target and pointed towards it. The background level is nsv/h. A point source is positioned in the centre of the field of view; distance to the source varies between 1.5 m and 5 m to ensure net dose rate in the range of nsv/h (uniformity to be controlled during experiment by performing checks in different areas using external dose-rate instrument). Isotope 1. If applicable, use coded aperture. 2. Make a long measurement (up to 15 minutes) of the source. 3. If necessary, complete the source library using the provided source. 4. Repeat with a different point source. 1. Spectra (background and measurements) collected within field of view 2. Peak net count rate within a defined energy RoI 3. Net dose rate Assessment Total and net peak efficiency calculation (kcps/(nsv/h)) Energy resolution Experiment 2: Overnight identification Disclosed objective Disclosed setup Description Data set Assessment To identify and localize very weak extended source during overnight measurements Cameras positioned equidistantly from the target and pointed towards it. The background level is nsv/h. Calibration: a weak source is positioned behind the target, distance around 5 m to ensure net dose rate about 50 nsv/h (uniformity to be controlled using external dose-rate instrument). Experiment: weaker point source is positioned in the centre of the field of view, distance around 5 m, to ensure net dose rate about 50 nsv/h. 1. If applicable, use coded aperture. Experiment may be repeated the next night with Compton-mode imaging. 2. Calibration: make a long measurement (up to 30 minutes) of the first source. Set up detection threshold such that to have less than 1 false detection in 1000 trials. General recommendation: in any case the detection threshold shall not be set less than 3 sigma values above background level. 3. Make necessary configurations for overnight measurements. 4. Experiment: repeat with a different point source with overnight measurements (repetitive acquisitions of 30 min each). 1. Times to detect (t1), identify (t2), and localize (t3) using providers algorithms. Identification and localization confidence index shall be displayed. 2. When applicable: energy spectra for the complete field of view at t1, t2, and t3. 3. The full visual images with gamma false colour overlay and explanatory legends at t1, t2, and t3. 4. The profile of the total counts along the x axis, and the count sum under each peak at t1, t2, and t3. 5. Expert assessment of the target at this stage at t1, t2, and t3. False alarm rate (number of false detections) 16

17 Experiment 3: Sensitivity Objective Disclosed setup Description Data set Evaluate the detection capability by reporting the probability of correct/false identification, time to detect, identify, and localize of various radiation sources, including nuclear materials. Cameras positioned equidistantly from the target and pointed towards it. The background level is nsv/h. A target source is positioned in the centre of the field of view, distance to the source varies between 1.5 m and 5 m to ensure net dose rate about nsv/h (uniformity to be controlled using external dose-rate instrument). 1. Do not change camera settings of previous overnight measurement. If applicable, keep using coded-mask aperture. 2. Verify source library. 3. Make a series of short measurements (up to 10 minutes each) of each point source 4. Repeat the same procedure with different sources. 1. Times to detect (t1), identify (t2), and localize (t3) using providers algorithms. Identification and localization confidence index shall be displayed. 2. Energy spectra, for the complete field of view at t1, t2, and t3. 3. The full visual images with gamma false colour overlay and explanatory legends at t1, t2, and t3. 4. The profile of the total counts along the x axis, and the count sum under each peak at t1, t2, and t3. 5. Expert assessment of the target at this stage at t1, t2, and t3. Assessment Average time to detect, identify, localize for each isotope. Probability of correct identification. Experiment 4: Field of view Objective Disclosed setup Description Data set Assessment Evaluate the uniformity of the sensitivity by measuring the efficiency in various positions within the field of view. Cameras positioned equidistantly from the target and pointed towards it. The background level is nsv/h. One point source is positioned in the centre of the field of view, distance to the source is about 5 m and net dose rate about nsv/h (uniformity to be controlled using external dose-rate instrument). 1. If applicable, set up the coded-mask aperture. 2. Make a short measurement (up to 5 minutes) of the source. 3. Repeat the measurements of the same source by turning camera s mount ball head horizontally with step ~10 over imager s field of view (9-10 measurements in total). 4. If applicable, change to Compton mode and repeat the measurement at 0, 30, and 90 (with different source). 1. Spectra collected within the field of view 2. Peak net count rate within a defined energy RoI 3. Net dose rate Efficiency (kcps/(nsv/h)) as function of angle 17

18 Experiment 5: Angular resolution Objective Disclosed setup Description Data set Assessment Evaluate the separation power at various positions within the field of view, by measuring the minimal angle resolving two similar sources. Cameras positioned equidistantly from the target and pointed towards it. The background level is nsv/h. Two point source of the same energy are positioned close one to another in the centre of the field of view; distance to the sources is 5 m and net dose rate about 700 nsv/h (uniformity to be controlled using external dose-rate instrument). 1. If applicable, set up the coded-mask aperture. 2. Make a short measurement (up to 5 minutes) of the sources. 3. Consecutively separate the sources on distances corresponding to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 parallax; repeat measurement of the same sources each time. 4. Keep the sources at 5 and turn the cameras horizontally to angles 30, 60 from the sources; repeat the measurements. 5. If applicable, change to Compton mode and repeat the measurement at 0 and 30 (with different source). 6. If applicable, change to pinhole mode and repeat the measurement at 0, Time to separate 2. Energy spectra for the complete field of view 3. The full visual images with gamma false color overlay and explanatory legends 4. The profile of the total counts along the x axis, and the count sum under each peak 5. Expert assessment of the location/separation Minimum separation angle within the field of view Experiment 6: Extended source Objective Disclosed setup Description Estimate the capabilities to assess the shape and dimensions of the nuclear materials found in IAEA applications scenarios (fresh fuel, ) Cameras positioned equidistantly from the target and pointed towards it. The background level is nsv/h. One extended source is positioned in the centre of the field of view; distance to the source is 2 m and net dose rate about 100 nsv/h. Repeat the measurement with different setup. 1. Choose the best setup between Compton / coded-mask aperture / pinhole. 2. Make a long measurement (up to 60 minutes) of the initial extended source. Data set 1. Acquisition time 2. Energy spectra for the complete field of view 3. The full visual images with gamma false color overlay and explanatory legends 4. The profile of the total counts along the specified x axes, and the count sum under each peak 5. Expert assessment of the nature/dimensions of the source Assessment Identification, localization of the source Accuracy of the overall distribution of the material Level of detail of the geometry (active length, missing rods) 18

19 Experiment 7: Masking scenario / high background Objective Disclosed setup Description Data set Estimate the capabilities to identify/localize the weak sources in non-uniform high background conditions Cameras positioned equidistantly from the target and pointed towards it. The natural background level is nsv/h. One weak point source (about 50 nsv/h) as a target is positioned about 2 m away in the centre of the field of view; two strong point sources (500 nsv/h each) are positioned about 5 m away from the camera outside of the centre of the field of view to imitate higher background level. The target source is of different energy than the background sources. 1. Measure background (up to 15 minutes) 2. Make a long measurement (up to 30 minutes) of the target source. 1. Times to detect (t1), identify (t2), and localize (t3) the target source using providers algorithms. Identification and localization confidence index shall be displayed. 2. Energy spectra for the complete field of view at t1, t2, and t3 3. The full visual images with gamma false colour overlay and explanatory legends at t1, t2, and t3. 4. The profile of the total counts along the x axis, and the count sum under each peak at t1, t2, and t3 5. Expert assessment of the target at this stage at t1, t2, and t3. Assessment Identification, localization of the target source False alarm rate Experiment 8: Angular resolution for extended sources Objective Disclosed setup Description Data set Assessment Evaluate the separation power of the instruments when resolving two similar extended sources located in the centre of the field of view. Cameras positioned equidistantly from the target and pointed towards it. The background level is nsv/h. Two strong LEU extended source are positioned close one to another in the centre of the field of view; distance to the sources is 2.5 m and net dose rate about 200 nsv/h (uniformity to be controlled using external dose-rate instrument). 1. If applicable, set up the coded-mask aperture. 2. Make a short measurement (up to 15 minutes) of the sources. 3. Repeat the measurement with the sources separated further one from another). 4. For Compton cameras, repeat the experiment with two point HBU Pu sources with different activity levels (due to different shielding). 1. Time to separate 2. Energy spectra for the complete field of view 3. The full visual images with gamma false colour overlay and explanatory legends 4. The profile of the total counts along the x axis, and the count sum under each peak 5. Expert assessment of the location/separation Minimum separation angle within the field of view 19

20 D. Experiment setup Details for the sources and their locations are given in the table below individually for each measurement and experiment. The grid attached to the target screen is used as a coordinate map for referencing the sources; the notation (x; y) is for a point at x cells on the right from the central point (negative number corresponding to a shift on the left) and y cells above from the central point (negative number corresponding to a shift below the central point). Each cell on the grid is 5cm x 5 cm. For some measurements with a complex set of sources, a photo is provided; note that the photo is taken from behind the screen, so the source location is mirrored from the gamma cameras point of view. Table 9 Experiment setup ID Description E0 M0 No sources, background measurement E1 M1 No sources, background measurement E1 M2 Cs137 point source at (0; 0) E1 M3 Am-Li point source at (0; -2) E1 M4 Co60 point source at (0; -2) E2 M5 Shielded Cs137 point source at (0; -2) E2 M6 Overnight measurement setup with multiple calibration sources: Cs137 point sources at (0; 0), (6; 0), (10; 0), (3, -4) U 3 O 8 point source at (-1.5, -3) Cs132 point source at (0, 4.5) Co57 point source at (-5, -4) E3 M7 No sources, background measurement E3 M8 HBU Pu point source at (0; 0) E3 M9 Same setup as E3 M8, shorter measurement E3 M10 LBU Pu point source at (0; 0) E3 M11 LBU Pu point source at (0; 3) E3 M12 Two LEU extended cylindrical sources with different thickness of the shielding; centres at (-2; -1) and (2; -1); diameter of the sources ~15 cm. 20

21 E3 M13 Two LEU extended cylindrical sources with different thickness of the shielding; one behind another at (0; -1). Diameter of the sources ~15 cm. E3 M14 Two LEU extended cylindrical sources with different thickness of the shielding; centres at (-1; -6.5) and (2; -6.5). Diameter of the sources ~15 cm. 3D reconstruction experiment. E3 M15 Two LEU extended cylindrical sources with different thickness of the shielding; centres at (-2; -1) and (2; -1); diameter of the sources ~15 cm. Point HBU Pu source at (0; 3) Point LBU Pu source at (5; -2) Empty box with the centre at (-6; -1) 21

22 E3 M16 Same configuration as E3 M15. 3D reconstruction experiment. E3 M17 Stack of 12 MTR plates put horizontally between (-6; -1) and (5; -1). Length of the plates ~60 cm, width ~7 cm E4/5 M18 2 point Am-Li sources at (-5; -2) and (5; -2). Distance between sources ~50 cm. E4/5 M19 2 point Am-Li sources at (-5; -2) and (5; -2). Distance between sources ~50 cm. E4/5 M20 2 point Am-Li sources at (-3; -2) and (3; -2). Distance between sources ~30 cm. E4/5 M21 2 point Am-Li sources at (-2; -2) and (2; -2). Distance between sources ~20 cm. E4/5 M22 2 point Am-Li sources at (-2; -2) and (0; -2). Distance between sources ~10 cm. E4/5 M23 Target grid moved 1m to the right from the centre of the FOV. 2 point Am-Li sources at (1; -2) and (5; -2). Distance between sources ~20 cm. E4/5 M24 Target grid moved 1m to the right from the centre of the FOV. 2 point Am-Li sources at (0; -2) and (6; -2). Distance between sources ~30 cm. 22

23 E4/5 M25 Same setup as E4/5 M24. 3D reconstruction experiment. E4/5 M26 Cs137 point source at (-2; -1) Shielded Co60 source at (2; -1) E4/5 M27 Shielded Co60 source at (-2; -1) Cs137 point source at (4; -1) E4/5 M28 Shielded Co60 source at (0; -1) Cs137 point source directly on it, at (0; 0) E5 M29 E6 M30 E6 M31 Overnight measurement without any sources. No sources, background measurement. Multiple MTR plates and point sources. 23

24 E7 M32 HBU Pu source at (0; 0) HBU Pu source at (-5; 0) LBU Pu source at (5; 0) LBU Pu source at (0; -6) E7 M33 The stronger sources from E7M32 were removed. Remaining sources: HBU Pu source at (0; 0) LBU Pu source at (5; 0) Same setup as E7 M33, just moved closer to the camera racks. Same setup as E7 M34 plus Co60 point source added 3.5m aside and behind the screen (to imitate the background), but in the FOV of the cameras. Same setup as E7 M35, but Co60 point source was replaced behind the camera rack outside the FOV of the cameras. No sources, overnight false-alarm measurement. No sources, background measurement. Stack of 6 MTR plates vertically from (-1.5; -5) to (-1.5; 7) Stack of 5 MTR plates vertically from (1.5; -5) to (1.5; 7) E7 M34 E7 M35 E7 M36 E7 M37 E7 M38 E8 M39 24

25 Width of one plate ~7 cm, length ~60 cm Distance between stacks ~7 cm. E8 M40 Stack of 6 MTR plates vertically from (-3; -5) to (-3; 7) Stack of 5 MTR plates vertically from (3; -5) to (3; 7) Distance between stacks ~20 cm. E7 M41 HBU Pu source with thin shielding at (-3; -1) HBU Pu source with thick shielding at (3; -1) E8 M42 HBU Pu source with thin shielding at (-2; 0) HBU Pu source with thick shielding at (2; 0) E9 Glove box scenario, target screen is not used. 25

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Report 2016 Technology Demonstration Workshop (TDW) on Gamma Imaging-External

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