SAN DIEGO COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT CITY, MESA, AND MIRAMAR COLLEGES ASSOCIATE DEGREE COURSE OUTLINE

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1 ASTR 101 CIC Approval: 12/12/2002 BOT APPROVAL: STATE APPROVAL: EFFECTIVE TERM: Fall 2003 SECTION I SAN DIEGO COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT CITY, MESA, AND MIRAMAR COLLEGES ASSOCIATE DEGREE COURSE OUTLINE SUBJECT AREA AND COURSE NUMBER: Astronomy 101 COURSE TITLE: Descriptive Astronomy Units: 3 Letter Grade or Pass/No Pass Option CATALOG COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is an introductory survey of contemporary astronomy. Topics covered include the solar system, stars and stellar evolution, the Milky Way galaxy and cosmology. This course is designed for students planning to take advanced courses in the Physical and Earth Sciences and for transfer students planning to major in astronomy. REQUISITES: NONE FIELD TRIP REQUIREMENTS: May be required TRANSFER APPLICABILITY: Associate Degree Credit & transfer to CSU CSU General Education IGETC UC Transfer Course List TOTAL LECTURE HOURS: TOTAL LAB HOURS: STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Upon successful completion of the course the student will be able to: 1. Explain how astronomers seek to comprehend the universe through science and systematic observation and identify the categories of astronomers' research activity. 2. Describe how astronomers map the night sky and locate stars on the celestial sphere and the constellations, and explain how the earthly cycles determine the length of the day and the year and how the tilt of the earth's axis determine the seasons. 3. Construct a time-line to illustrate the process by which early scientists discovered the sun-centered universe, a heliocentric cosmology and the basic laws of physics. 4. Analyze why the earth provides such an ideal environment for life and explain how the moon causes the earth's tides. 5. Compare and contrast the surface and atmospheric characteristics of the inner and outer planets. 6. Identify the locations of asteroids and comets in the solar system, diagram the structure of a comet and distinguish among meteoroids, meteors and meteorites. 7. Explain how astronomers study the universe by analyzing light and choose the most appropriate telescope (refracting, reflecting, advanced technology or radio) for a given project in the field of astronomy. 8. Use Wein's law to determine a star's temperature, apply the Stefan-Boltzmann law to determine which among two stars is hotter, and explain how stellar luminosities and surface temperatures are related and why binary star systems are important. Status: Historical page 1 of 7 Date Printed: 05/4/2018

2 9. Describe the three main layers of the sun's atmosphere as well as the features of the active sun, and assess astronomers' interest in detecting neutrinos from the sun. 10. Sketch the evolutionary track of the sun on an H-R diagram from pre-main-sequence through post-main-sequence to when it becomes a white dwarf. 11. Distinguish between rotating and non-rotating black holes and assess how the earth's orbit would be affected if the sun suddenly became a black hole. 12. Describe the structure of the Milky Way galaxy and evaluate evidence that suggests that a supermassive black hole might be located at its center. 13. Differentiate among ordinary galaxies, active galaxies and quasars, and identify possible explanations for the energy produced by quasars and active galaxies. 14. Evaluate the big bang theory of the origin of the universe. SECTION II 1. COURSE OUTLINE AND SCOPE: A. Outline Of Topics: The following topics are included in the framework of the course but are not intended as limits on content. The order of presentation and relative emphasis will vary with each instructor. I. Introduction to Astronomy A. The comprehensible universe B. Science and systematic observation C. Powers of ten notation and astronomical distances D. Three categories of astronomers' research activity 1. Observing, recording and analyzing observations 2. Theorizing 3. Computer modeling E. Telescopes II. The night sky A. Patterns of the stars 1. Locating stars through the constellations 2. The celestial sphere and navigating the sky 3. The earth's rotation and the movement of the stars B. Earthly cycles 1. The speed of the earth's rotation and the length of the day 2. The earth's orbit around the sun and the length of the year 3. The seasons and the tilt of the earth's axis 4. The circular motion of the earth's axis and the precession of the equinoxes 5. The phases of the moon and the concept of the month C. Eclipses 1. Three types of lunar Three types of solar eclipse III. Gravitation and the movements of the planets A. Origins of the sun-centered universe 1. Copernicus and the first comprehensive heliocentric cosmology 2. The Greeks and geocentric cosmology 3. Tycho Brahe's observations B. Kepler's and Newton's Laws 1. Kepler's laws - orbital shapes, changing speeds and lengths of planetary years 2. Galileo's discoveries supporting a heliocentric cosmology 3. Newton's three laws - the basic laws of physics 4. Newton's description of gravity and Kepler's laws IV. Earth and moon A. Earth as a dynamic, vital world 1. The evolution of the earth's atmosphere 2. Plate tectonics and major changes to the earth's surface 3. The earth's rocky mantle and iron-rich core 4. The earth's magnetic field and the solar wind B. Moon and tides Status: Historical page 2 of 7 Date Printed: 05/4/2018

3 1. The moon's surface - craters, plains and mountains 2. Phases of the moon 3. Information from the moon missions 4. Origins of the moon 5. Gravitational forces and tides 6. The moon's movement away from the earth V. The other inner planets A. Mercury 1. Surface 2. Temperature range - most extreme in solar system 3. Similarity to earth - iron core and magnetic field B. Venus 1. Surface - clouds, rolling hills and volcanoes 2. Greenhouse effect and surface temperature 3. Irregularities in Venus's upper atmosphere C. Mars 1. Earth-based observations and the question of life 2. Probes to Mars - craters, volcanoes and canyons 3. Evidence of water once having flowed on Mars 4. The barren Martian surface 5. Mars's two moons VI. The outer planets A. Jupiter 1. Rotation and colorful weather patterns 2. The interior - three distinct regions B. Jupiter's moons and rings 1. lo 2. Europa 3. Ganymede 4. Callisto C. Saturn 1. Surface 2. Rings of ice fragments and ice-coated rock 3. Titan atmosphere D. Uranus 1. Hazy atmosphere and clouds 2. System of rings and satellites E. Neptune 1. Discovery 2. Rings and moons F. Pluto and beyond 1. Pluto and its moon Charon 2. The solar system beyond Pluto VII. Vagabonds of the solar system A. Asteroids 1. Orbits 2. Gravity and gaps in the asteroid belt 3. Asteroids outside the asteroid belt B. Comets 1. Comet 2. The Kuiper belt 3. Oort cloud 4. Long period versus short period comets C. Meteoroids, meteors and meteorites 1. Meteoroids - small, rocky debris 2. Impact craters and meteor showers 3. Meteorites - space debris that land intact 4. Evidence of catastrophic collisions VIII. Light and telescopes A. The nature of light Status: Historical page 3 of 7 Date Printed: 05/4/2018

4 1. White light and the spectrum 2. Measuring the speed of light 3. Electromagnetic radiation 4. Photons 5. Photon energy equations 6. Other types of electromagnetic radiation B. Optics and telescopes 1. Refracting telescope 2. Light-gathering power 3. Magnification equation 4. Drawbacks of refracting telescopes 5. Reflecting telescopes 6. Limitations of reflecting telescopes 7. How the earth's atmosphere hinders astronomical research 8. The Hubble Space Telescope 9. The new generation of advanced technology telescopes 10. Understanding the universe through storing and analyzing light C. Radio astronomy and beyond 1. The radio telescope 2. Infrared observations IX. The origin and nature of light A. Blackbody radiation 1. Definition 2. Determining a star's temperature - Wien's Law 3. Determining which star is hotter - Stefan-Boltzmann law 4. Blackbody curves B. Spectra 1. Chemical elements and spectral lines 2. The spectroscope 3. Kirchoff's laws C. Atoms and spectra 1. The atom 2. Bohr's model 3. The Doppler shift X. The nature of stars A. The temperature of stars 1. Color and surface temperature 2. Spectrum and surface temperature 3. Classification by spectra B. Types of stars 1. The Hertzsprung-Russel (H-R) diagram 2. Luminosity classes 3. Spectral type and luminosity class 4. Red/blue giants 5. Main sequence stars C. Binary stars and stellar mass 1. Kepler's third law and stellar masses 2. The relationship between mass and luminosity for main-sequence stars 3. Orbital motion and wavelengths of spectral lines 4. Spectroscopic binaries 5. Eclipsing binaries D. Determining a star's distance 1. Parallax 2. Distance-magnitude relationship E. Brightness of stars 1. Apparent magnitude 2. Absolute magnitude 3. Luminosity XI. The sun A. The sun's atmosphere Status: Historical page 4 of 7 Date Printed: 05/4/2018

5 1. The photosphere 2. The chromosphere 3. The corona B. The active sun 1. Sunspots, the solar cycle and the sun s rotation 2. The sun's magnetic fields and sunspots 3. Babcock's magnetic dynamo 4. Solar magnetic fields and other atmospheric phenomena C. The sun's interior 1. Thermonuclear reactions in the core 2. Solar models of how energy escapes from the core 3. The mystery of missing neutrinos and research into the nature of matter XII. The life cycles of stars A. Protostars and pre-main-sequence stars 1. Supernova explosions and the birth of stars 2. From protostar to pre-main-sequence star 3. The evolution of pre-main-sequence stars 4. H II regions and star clusters 5. Plotting a star cluster on an H-R diagram - determining age B. Main-sequence and giant stars 1. Zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) 2. How a main sequence star becomes a giant 3. Helium fusion at the center of a giant 4. Stars' changing positions on the H-R diagram 5. Globular clusters C. Variable stars 1. Cepheids and estimating vast distances 2. Double stars XIII. The deaths of stars A. Low-mass stars and planetary nebulae 1. From low-mass stars to supergiant phase to planetary nebulae 2. White dwarfs B. High-mass stars and supernovae 1. From high mass stars to supergiants 2. Supernova explosions C. Neutron stars and pulsars 1. Type II supernovae 2. Pulsating X-ray sources 3. Neutron stars in binary systems XIV. Black holes A. Evidence for black holes 1. Special theory of relativity 2. Black holes in binary star systems 3. Supermassive black holes B. Rotating and non-rotating black holes C. Inside a black hole 1. Matter 2. Evaporation XV. The Milky Way galaxy A. Structure 1. Interstellar dust 2. Mapping the galactic disk with radio observations 3. Rotation B. Mysteries at the galactic fringes and nucleus 1. Unidentified matter 2. The galactic nucleus XVI. Quasars and active galaxies A. Quasars 1. Redshift 2. Energy Status: Historical page 5 of 7 Date Printed: 05/4/2018

6 B. C. D. E. B. Active galaxies 1. Between ordinary galaxies and quasars 2. Double radio sources C. Explaining energy from quasars and active galaxies 1. Supermassive black holes 2. Gamma-ray bursters XVII. Cosmology A. The origin of the universe and the big bang theory B. A brief history of the creation of matter 1. Initial unification of all physical forces 2. Creation of matter and antimatter 3. Primordial gas clouds 4. Determining the galaxy's initial structure from star formation C. Fate of the universe 1. The average density of matter 2. Expansion of the universe and the cosmological redshift 3. Inflation and the flatness of the universe Reading Assignments: Reading assignments are required and may include but, are not limited to, the following: I. 1. The assigned text book II. 2. Handouts dealing with star patterns, telescopes, H-R diagrams, and the life cycles of stars III. 3. Selections from the Science section of the San Diego Union Tribune, The Los Angeles Times and/or other periodicals such as IV. a. Sky and Telescope V. b. Astronomy VI. 4. Selections from Internet sites such as VII. a. VIII. b. IX. c. Appropriate Assignments that Demonstrate Critical Thinking: Critical thinking assignments are required and may include, but are not limited to, the following: I. 1. Interpret, analyze and evaluate assigned readings from the text and handout materials related to the solar system, the Milky Way Galaxy, the life cycles of the stars and the surface and atmospheric characteristics of the planets II. 2. Prepare and present diagrams to illustrate the history and main historical figures in the field of astronomy and the temperatures, life cycles and evolutionary track of given stars Appropriate Outside Assignments: Outside assignments may include, but are not limited to, the following: I. 1. Reading assignments dealing with the field of astronomy and the fundamentals of astronomy II. 2. Field trips to planetariums and observatories Writing Assignments: Writing assignments are required and may include, but are not limited to, the following: I. 1. Sketches and diagrams of astronomical phenomena such as planets, asteroids, comets, constellations and the evolutionary tracks of given stars II. 2. Short answers to chapter review questions designed to prepare students for examinations on fundamental astronomical concepts related to the solar system, planets, stellar evolution and cosmology 2. METHODS OF EVALUATION: A student's grade will be based on multiple measures of performance unless the course requires no grade. Multiple measures may include, but are not limited to, the following: Status: Historical page 6 of 7 Date Printed: 05/4/2018

7 I. Performance on written and oral quizzes and examinations that test students theoretical and practical knowledge of astronomy at the introductory level Performance on outside assignments including writing assignments designed to enhance students' interpretive and analytic abilities related to the evolution of the solar system, the surface and atmospheric characteristics of the inner and outer planets and the field of astronomy in general Class attendance and participation 3. METHODS OF INSTRUCTION: Methods of instruction may include, but are not limited to, the following: * Lecture * Distance Education * Other (Specify) * 1. Lectures and demonstrations dealing with the elementary principles of astronomy and physics * 2. Group problem solving, discussion and/or critiques related to problems dealing with stellar evolution, star temperatures and patterns of the night sky * 3. Computer-assisted or other self-paced instruction * 4. Field trips or field assignments to planetariums and/or observatories 4. REQUIRED TEXTS AND SUPPLIES: Textbooks may include, but are not limited to: TEXTBOOKS: 1. Chaisson, Eric, et al.. Astronomy: A Beginner's Guide to the Universe, 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall, 2000, ISBN: Comins, Neil F. and William J. Kaufman. Discovering the Universe, 5th ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, 2000, ISBN: Seeds, Michael. Horizins: Exploring the Universe with Cdrom, 7th ed. Duxbury Publisher, 2001, ISBN: MANUALS: PERIODICALS: SOFTWARE: SUPPLIES: ORIGINATOR: ORIGINATION DATE: 04/01/1987 PROPOSAL ORIGINATOR: Gerardo Scappaticci CO-CONTRIBUTOR(S) PROPOSAL DATE: 02/08/2002 Status: Historical page 7 of 7 Date Printed: 05/4/2018

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