Solar Eclipses. A brief overview

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1 Solar Eclipses A brief overview

2 Solar eclipses: the big picture This drawing shows how the Sun, Moon and Earth line up during a solar eclipse. The shadow area where you could see a total eclipse is only 92 miles wide. If the entire Sun appears covered by the moon, this is called a total eclipse; if only part, then it is a partial eclipse. If the Moon appears smaller than the Sun, it is called an annular eclipse.

3 What do eclipses look like? This is a photo of a total eclipse as seen from Earth. The entire process lasts less than two hours, with the whole Sun blocked for up to eight minutes or less. Just during totality the corona seems to glow around the edges of the moon. Total eclipses occur somewhere on Earth only about once every 18 months. Credit: Albers, di Cicco, & Emerson

4 Why don t eclipses happen every month? At first thought, it would seem that we should have an eclipse each month when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth. Why not? The answer lies in the slight tilt (5 o ) of the Moon s path in relation to the line between Earth and the Sun. It is usually above or below the direct sight line to the Sun. Moon Earth Sun-Earth line Moon s tilted orbit

5 Total solar eclipse video This video of the June 21, 2001 eclipse seen in Africa shows the Sun just as it is going into totality.

6 Time series of an eclipse This series of photos (made into one image) shows a entire total solar eclipse, from beginning to end, in a series of pictures taken by the same camera over about a two hour period. Credit: Dennis Mammana

7 Moon s shadow During an eclipse the rotation of the Earth rushes the eclipse viewer under the Moon s shadow. This image captures that view from space. Credit: Centre National d Etudes Spatiales

8 Partial eclipses From some places on the ground, viewers of eclipses only see part of the Sun covered by the Moon. This is called a partial eclipse. Many more people see partial eclipses than total eclipses because the area of the Moon s shadow for this effect is many times broader. Credit: Fred Espenak

9 Annular Eclipses Sometimes, eclipses occur when the Moon is a little closer to Earth (its orbit is not perfectly round), and it does not completely block the Sun. This is an annular eclipse. Time-lapse series of an annular eclipse Credit: Vic Winter

10 Eclipse shadows When the light passes through gaps between leaves of a tree, the shadows on the ground show little copies of the eclipse going on in the sky. In this eclipse, the moon did not quite cover all of the Sun (annular eclipse), so you seen white rings. Credit: Ruth Benn

11 Credit: Arne Danielsen Credit: Fred Espenak Credit: Insti. D Astrophysiques de Paris Total eclipses

12 Cold Sun Eclipsed Credit: Fred Bruenjes This stunning eclipse photo was taken on the frigid snow of Antarctica. It is a composite of four separate images combined on a computer to realistically recreate how the human eye saw the eclipse. Others who were there agree that this is about what it looked like.

13 Watching a total eclipse... As the crescent of light disappears, tiny specks of light are visible around the edge of the Sun. These specks of light are called Bailey's Beads and are the last rays of sunlight shining through the valleys on the edge of the Moon. Suddenly the sky is dark. If you look toward the horizon you will see a reddish glow like a sunset. Once the Sun is totally eclipsed, the Sun's corona can be seen shining in all directions around the Moon. This is a spectacular sight because the only time the Sun's corona can be seen is during a total solar eclipse. Temperatures begin to fall. Also visible during a total solar eclipse are colorful lights from the Sun's chromosphere and solar prominences shooting out through the Sun's atmosphere. Without sunlight, bright stars and planets can be seen. just after totality Credit: Fred Espenak

14 Why do scientists care? Free from the blinding glare from the Sun itself, the corona that surrounds it is usually the prime target for the observations. So during an eclipse, expeditions go out to whatever sites seem most favorable, to capture what may be a rare observation of features that are usually hidden by the Sun s brightness. A NASA spacecraft like SOHO or STEREO creates false eclipses with their coronagraph instruments, 24/7. These observations can be compared with others on Earth during an eclipse to learn even more about the solar corona. An image of the Sun itself was placed on top of an eclipse image (black and white). This was centered on a coronagraph (reddish) showing the extended corona (June 21, 2001) Eclipse image: Williams College; Sun, SOHO

15 1 When can you see one next? The next total solar eclipse to occur on the U.S. mainland will be in Its path will stretch across most of the country. You can view an eclipse safely with (1) inexpensive solar viewing glasses, (2) a solar telescope, (3) a solar scope (or use a scope with a solar filter, a pinhole cardboard box), or (4) solar viewing projection scope, like a sunspotter (4). Do not look directly at the Sun as it can damage your eyes

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