Time-resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares
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1 The X-ray Universe 217, Rome, Italy Time-resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares Annika Kreikenbohm, D. Dorner, M. Kadler, M. Kreter, T. Beuchert, N. Gehrels, D. Glawion, I. Kreykenbohm, M. Langejahn, K. Leiter, K. Mannheim, C. Müller, S. Richter, J. Wilms, and the FACT Collaboration
2 Leptonic or Lepto-Hadronic? SED created with ASDC SED Builder v8.2 Non-Simultaneous SED of Mrk 421 (for recent extensive MWL studies, see e.g., Abdo+ 211b, 214; Ahnen+ 216; Aleksic+ 215; Balokovic+ 216; Bartoli+ 216; Cheng+ 215; Furniss+ 215; Fraija+ 215; Hovatta+ 215; Kakuwa+215; Kataoka+ 216; Lico+ 214; Paliya+ 215; Pian+214; Sinha+ 215, 216; Zheng+ 214; Zhu+ 216;...) Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
3 Leptonic or Lepto-Hadronic? e -,e + synchrotron emission SED created with ASDC SED Builder v8.2 Non-Simultaneous SED of Mrk 421 (for recent extensive MWL studies, see e.g., Abdo+ 211b, 214; Ahnen+ 216; Aleksic+ 215; Balokovic+ 216; Bartoli+ 216; Cheng+ 215; Furniss+ 215; Fraija+ 215; Hovatta+ 215; Kakuwa+215; Kataoka+ 216; Lico+ 214; Paliya+ 215; Pian+214; Sinha+ 215, 216; Zheng+ 214; Zhu+ 216;...) Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
4 Leptonic or Lepto-Hadronic? e -,e + synchrotron emission? SED created with ASDC SED Builder v8.2 Non-Simultaneous SED of Mrk 421 (for recent extensive MWL studies, see e.g., Abdo+ 211b, 214; Ahnen+ 216; Aleksic+ 215; Balokovic+ 216; Bartoli+ 216; Cheng+ 215; Furniss+ 215; Fraija+ 215; Hovatta+ 215; Kakuwa+215; Kataoka+ 216; Lico+ 214; Paliya+ 215; Pian+214; Sinha+ 215, 216; Zheng+ 214; Zhu+ 216;...) Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
5 Leptonic or Lepto-Hadronic? IC/ EC emission? e -,e + synchrotron emission? Proton synchrotron? photo-hadronic? SED created with ASDC SED Builder v8.2 Non-Simultaneous SED of Mrk 421 (for recent extensive MWL studies, see e.g., Abdo+ 211b, 214; Ahnen+ 216; Aleksic+ 215; Balokovic+ 216; Bartoli+ 216; Cheng+ 215; Furniss+ 215; Fraija+ 215; Hovatta+ 215; Kakuwa+215; Kataoka+ 216; Lico+ 214; Paliya+ 215; Pian+214; Sinha+ 215, 216; Zheng+ 214; Zhu+ 216;...) Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
6 Long-Term Monitoring MWL ToO Program Time Resolved SEDs TeV band: FACT (since 212) daily VHE observations provides detailed variability information provides flare alerts Trigger criterium: VHE FACT rate > 7 evts/hour X-ray / UV band: Swift (since 214) weekly scheduled (~1ks) monitoring of the low E emission test for orphan flares & time lags ToO observations upon FACT trigger: Soft X-ray /UV band: Swift (~2ks total) XMM-Newton (~ ks total) Hard X-ray/ γ-ray band: INTEGRAL (~5 ks total) Fermi/LAT (continuous) Apply time-resolved jet emission modes Provide contraints on jet emission models Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
7 Long-Term Monitoring MWL ToO Program Time Resolved SEDs TeV band: FACT (since 212) daily VHE observations provides detailed variability information provides flare alerts Trigger criterium: VHE FACT rate > 7 evts/hour X-ray / UV band: Swift (since 214) weekly scheduled (~1ks) monitoring of the low E emission test for orphan flares & time lags ToO observations upon FACT trigger: Soft X-ray /UV band: Swift (~2ks total) XMM-Newton (~ ks total) Hard X-ray/ γ-ray band: INTEGRAL (~5 ks total) Fermi/LAT (continuous) FACT Apply time-resolved jet emission modes Provide contraints on jet emission models Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
8 Long-Term Monitoring MWL ToO Program Time Resolved SEDs TeV band: FACT (since 212) daily VHE observations provides detailed variability information provides flare alerts Trigger criterium: VHE FACT rate > 7 evts/hour X-ray / UV band: Swift (since 214) weekly scheduled (~1ks) monitoring of the low E emission test for orphan flares & time lags ToO observations upon FACT trigger: Soft X-ray /UV band: Swift (~2ks total) XMM-Newton (~ ks total) Hard X-ray/ γ-ray band: INTEGRAL (~5 ks total) Fermi/LAT (continuous) FACT Apply time-resolved jet emission modes Provide contraints on jet emission models Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
9 First G-APD Cherenkov Telescope (TU Dortmund, ISDC Geneva, Universität Würzburg, ETH Zürich) Operational since 211 Imaging Cherenkov Telescope Long-term monitoring of blazars at TeV energies Silicon based photosensors: _ Stable detector performance _ Observations during moon light --> Ideal for monitoring FACT sources in the MWL Program: Mrk 421, Mrk 51, 1ES m a.s.l., MAGIC site, Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain Photo: Thomas Krähenbühl Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
10 FACT EXCESS RATE [evts/hr] Long-term VHE light curves (nightly binning) Excess Rate [events hr 1 ] Excess Rate [events hr 1 ] Excess Rate [events hr 1 ] Mrk Mrk ES MJD TIME [MJD] Mrk Mrk 51 1ES Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
11 FACT EXCESS RATE [evts/hr] Long-term VHE light curves (nightly binning) Excess Rate [events hr 1 ] Excess Rate [events hr 1 ] Excess Rate [events hr 1 ] Mrk Mrk ES MJD TIME [MJD] Mrk Mrk 51 1ES Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
12 mjy - erg/cm 2 /s -7 ph/cm 2 /s TeV/cm 2 /s Flux [TeV/cm 2 /s] F.1 3 GeV [ 7 ph/cm 2 /s] F.5 kev [ cgs] FUV [mjy] Mrk FACT, nightly binning Fermi/LAT, 3-day binning Swift/XRT observations Swift/UVW1 Swift/UVW2 Swift/UVM FACT >75GeV FERMI/LAT (.1 3) GeV SWIFT/XRT (.2 ) kev SWIFT/UVOT (192 29) nm TIME [MJD] Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
13 mjy - erg/cm 2 /s -7 ph/cm 2 /s TeV/cm 2 /s Flux [TeV/cm 2 /s] F.1 3 GeV [ 7 ph/cm 2 /s] F.5 kev [ cgs] FUV [mjy] Mrk FACT, nightly binning Fermi/LAT, 3-day binning Swift/XRT observations Swift/UVW1 Swift/UVW2 Swift/UVM FACT >75GeV FERMI/LAT (.1 3) GeV SWIFT/XRT (.2 ) kev SWIFT/UVOT (192 29) nm TIME [MJD] Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
14 Flux variability FUVW1 [ erg/cm 2 /s] F.1 3 GeV [photons/cm 2 /s] 5 VHE/HE emission vs. X-ray flux: - tightly correlated flux variations - no time lags! - both outbursts in 215 and 217 follow the same correlation Ultraviolet emission vs. X-ray flux: - no correlation with high energy emission Different variability trends in ? Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
15 Synchrotron Peak Energy Evolution correlation between X-ray flux and synchrotron peak energy E peak - change in the SED between 215 and 217 variations Epeak [kev] Flux (.5-) kev [ cgs] 2 Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
16 Outburst 215 Dec 17 Excess Rate [events hr 1 ] MJD Mrk 421 nightly binning 5745 Excessrate [Events/h] FACT Preliminary MJD FACT alert on 215-Dec-17 (MJD 57373) rate >7evt/h in min binning Triggered observations Swift MJD , ~2 ks daily INTEGRAL MJD ~165 ks Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
17 Outburst 215 Dec 17 s -1 ] - -2 [erg cm F ν ν Swift 215/12/17 Swift 215/12/18-2 INTEGRAL 215/12/ ν [Hz] 22 Fermi-LAT 215/12/17 Fermi-LAT 215/12/18-2 FACT 215/12/17 FACT 215/12/ Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
![s -1 ] -2 [erg cm F ν ν - -11-12 -13 13 Swift](/docs-images/77/76414703/images/18-5.jpg "215/12/17 Swift 215/12/18-2 INTEGRAL 215/12/18-2")
![16 19 22 ν [Hz] Fermi-LAT 215/12/17 Fermi-LAT](/docs-images/77/76414703/images/18-6.jpg "215/12/18-2 FACT 215/12/17 FACT 215/12/18-2 25")
18 Summary Mrk 421 Mrk 51 FACT VHE monitoring provides fast triggers for MWL campaigns (within 3 min)! Complementary information by monitoring by Swift & Fermi. Comprehensive MWL ToO program during outburts. s -1 ] -2 [erg cm F ν ν Swift 215/12/17 Swift 215/12/18-2 INTEGRAL 215/12/ ν [Hz] Fermi-LAT 215/12/17 Fermi-LAT 215/12/18-2 FACT 215/12/17 FACT 215/12/ Time-resolved broad band SEDs of Blazars in VHE outburst! MWL Campaign is ongoing. Kreikenbohm et al. in prep. Annika Kreikenbohm Time-Resolved SEDs of Blazar Flares The X-ray Universe 217
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