The Characteristic Planet

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1 The Characteristic Planet Brano Zivla, Abstract: I have calculated a relation significant for planets fro a logical starting point that a whole and its parts are ianently depandant on each other. Keywords: planets, hypothetical ass quantu, pi, pi factor, the Earth, ass of the Universe, characteristic planetary ass Introduction My objective here is to show that the sae reasoning can be used for both icro and acro physical quantities. Applying that approach, in the text below I will propose hypotheses significant for the origin of life on planets. I will use the following values and the forula (1) fro [1]: Hypothetical ass quantu Nuber of Planc oscillations Mass of the Universe i q = E-69 g N=6.3871E+121 M u = q *N= E+53 g 1/ i q (1) where i is a significant ass in the function of i. For the values of i (2, 3, 4) we get the Planc ass, fundaental ass and bacground ass, respectively [1]. In this article, I will expand the forula to refer to planets. Characteristic planetary ass My clai is that by using the above-entioned constants we can calculate significant values of asses, both in particle physics and in cosology. Here I will show only the siplest case for planets, although the sae forula can be applied to other significant cosological structures. For cosological structures, I have defined the following forula (2): 1 1/ * q (2) Apparently, the forula (2) we can also express in the following for (3): 1/ * Mu (3) Therefore, i in (1) is the product of hypothetical ass quantu, while in (3) is a part of the whole (the ass of the Universe). Here deterines which for of a structure we will have in cosological proportions. Therefore, for: 1

2 we get the sphere and the related ass: = 4 /3 = (4) 1/ -3/4 * M = (4 /3)*M *N E + 24 g (5) u Let s call this ass the characteristic planetary ass and a hypothetical planet with that ass the characteristic planet. The ass is obtained fro siple conditions: that it is true for (2) or for (3) and that an ideal sphere structure is expected (4). The ey difference copared to (1) is that in (3) we have the appearance of, which is understandable since for is a property of the atter, while that is not true for eleentary particles. Let's proceed with phrasing the hypotheses. Hypothesis I: The ass has special significance in cosology. This is yet to be researched and physically described. The planets in the solar syste can be copared in different ways in relation to the above forulas and especially in relation to the ass. Therefore, it is possible to deterine relations for every single planet regarding: its particular shape; the coparison of the planet s developent stages; the nown density of the planet and its state of atter; its gravitational acceleration. I should ephasize here that in forula (5) in the product and in the exponent are identical for an ideal sphere (4). For real planets with ass, we should use 1 in the product and 2 in the exponent. Assuing that we are describing a planet which did no go through accretion, we can deterine idealized p value which eets the condition that: u 1/ p p* M u (6) The above can also be expressed in this way: Every real planet can be presented by forula (6), which represents its shape under the assuption that there was no accretion. I suppose that the ey property of the characteristic planet is that it resides in the zero value of force on the Boscovitch force curve [1], [3], eaning that the equilibriu has been achieved between accretion and excretion. The Pi Factor Let's define the relative difference (7) for the planet ass in relation to the reference characteristic planetary ass. x (7) / 2

3 In order to ore siply present the deviation of the planet ass fro, let s define the value of Pf: Pf 1/ x / (8) Let s call Pf "the pi factor". The reason for that nae is that the constant features atheatical constant which constitutes the crucial difference between forulas (1) and (3) for icro, i.e. acro world. Consequently, the second hypothesis is: Hypothesis II: The pi factor is the easure of possibility of appearance of life on planets. Table 1 below applies (8) to the Solar Syste planets. Table 1. Mass of the Solar Syste planets and their pi factor a) Solar Syste planets b) planets with their satellites Characteristic planet E+24 Pf / s 3 Pf / s Planets Mass (g) a b Mercury E Venus E Earth E Mars E Jupiter E Saturn E Uranus E Neptune E Moon (Earth) E Ganyede (Jupiter) E Europa (Jupiter) E Titan (Saturn) E As you can see in the table, the pi factor is uch greater for the Earth than for the other planets. The next biggest pi factor is Venus and it is as uch as 12 ties saller than the pi factor of the Earth. If we copare planetary systes instead of planets, i.e. ass of planets together with their satellites s, then the pi factor for Venus, which has no satellites, would stay the sae, while that of the Earth/Moon syste would be: Pf / s / (9) earth oon Hence, as uch as 42 ties greater than Venus. Copared to other planetary systes with satellites, it would still be significantly greater than copared to Venus syste, see Graph 1. Note that only certain, ost assive planet satellites have been included.

4 Pi factor a b Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Graph 1. Pi factor graph a) Solar Syste planets b) Planets with their satellites The question that arises here is whether this exceptional feature of the Earth, evident in the pi factor, is what aes the Earth unique and enables the existence of life and huan civilization? It is expected that the star around which a planet orbits, and to a lesser extent the galactic syste to which it belongs, are also iportant, therefore, for the we should deterine siilar factors on the basis of available data. Anyway, it is expected that high pi factor is a necessary condition for the appearance of life and civilization, although possibly not the only one. If the pi factor is doinantly significant for the developent of civilization, then all the planets with Pf planet >Pf Earth would have better conditions for the developent of life than the Earth, which leads us to the third hypothesis: Hypothesis III: It does not necessarily have to be a planet, even a planet s satellite with high pi factor can have conditions for the appearance of life and developent of civilization. All the satellites in the Solar Syste have the pi factor lower than 0.1, so that fact can be used to chec the hypothesis. Assuption about the iportance of the pi factor can be verified if it turns out that Venus really is the next planet with the highest probability of life, as the Table 1 suggests. Forulas (8) and (7) clearly single out planet Earth fro other planets in our Solar Syste. They require only one paraenter of a planet, its ass. The assuption is that all other physical paraeters of a planet (radius, density, teperature, atosphere, etc.) follow the ain paraeter, planetary ass. This eans that it is not necessary to define the coplex 4

5 indexes for life on a planet, with weighting factors for the applied physical paraeters of a planet, which leads us to: Hypothesis IV: Planetary ass preserves in the best way physical characteristics necessary for life. Conclusion The assuption here is that, just lie in icro proportions there is the Planc ass, that in cosological proportions there are also significant asses. I a proposing one such ass here, the characteristic planetary ass, and discussing the possibility of this ass giving an answer to the possibility of life on planets. I a also presenting the pi factor in tables and graphs, which is derived fro the characteristic planetary ass on the exaple of the Solar Syste. This article does not contain physical explanations, as I believe that relations between the whole and its parts are ore general than physical laws and phenoena. Everything in the Universe is a result of ianent relations which govern it. Therefore, for exaple, the answer to the question of origin of the characteristic planetary ass is the sae as in the case of the Planc ass: It siply exists. Actually, the asses are the result of the unity of a whole and its parts and they are reflected and can be explained through relations in which they appear and physical laws which arise fro there. Astrophysicists could give answers to the following questions: How does the pi factor of a planet change over tie, especially that of the Earth? Is it ore rational to use the forula (8) or (9)? What are physical characteristics of the characteristic planet? Or they could estiate: How any planets are there with the ass Earth < < +( - Earth )? How any planets are there with the ass Earth+Moon < < +( - Earth+Moon )? How any planets are there with the ass Venus < < +( - Venus )? Answers to these questions can help confir/refute the proposed hypotheses. The advantage of the suggested pi factor for deterining the possibility of life on planets is that it is not restriced to a specific planet (the Earth) and that it contains just one paraenter (ass), which is relatively easily deterined. It is quite unliely that the forula (3) and everything that arises fro it is a coincidence, as well as everything presented in [2] and related to large nuber N, nuber of Planc oscillations. I believe that the proposed theory is in accordance with the force curve in [3], and that it can additionally be explained by Boscovich's theory. Novi Sad, October

6 References: [1] Brano Zivla, Dragoslav Stoiljovich, Relations Between Significant Masses in the Micro and Macro World Based on the Boscovich's Theory, [2] Zivla B., "Dozen Coincidences?! One Rule", [3] Boscovich J. R.: (a) "Theoria philosophia naturalis redacta ad unica lege viriu in naturaexistentiu", first (Wien, 1758) and second (Venetiis, 1763) edition in Latin language; (b) "A Theory of Natural Philosophy", in English, The M.I.T. Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cabridge, Massachusetts and London, England, first edition 1922, second edition

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