Unit 16: Astronomy and space science. Learning aim A Understand the fundamental aspects of the solar system

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1 Unit 16: Astronomy and space science Learning aim A Understand the fundamental aspects of the solar system

2 Contents page Note: anywhere you see a capital D means you MUST draw a diagram.

3 Radiative zone Corona Core Convective zone Chromosphere Photosphere

4

5 You need a copy of this in your notes Page 6.

6 Hydrostatic equilibrium Hydrostatic equilibrium occurs when the force due to gas pressure exactly balances out the force due to gravity.

7 Sun s magnetic field

8 Sunspots

9 Life cycle of a star (D)

10

11 Hertz sprung-russel diagram Stars DO NOT progress along their stage! What do you notice about this axis?

12 Spectral classes The Sun has a surface temperature of about 5,300 K. Spectral Class Intrinsic Color Temperature (K) O Blue Over 25,000 B Blue 11,000 25,000 A Blue-white 7,500 11,000 F White ,500 G Yellow-white 5,000-6,000 K Orange 3,500-5,000 M Red Under 3,500 TYPE Ia Ib II III IV V VI Star Very luminous supergiants Less luminous supergiants Luminous giants Giants Subgiants Main sequence stars (dwarf stars) Subdwarf

13

14 Anatomy of the Earth Crust Outer core Mantle Inner core

15

16 Composition of Earth s Atmosphere What can you remember?

17 Earth s tilted axis The Earth s axis is tilted by 23.5.

18 Day and night

19 Solar and Sidereal days

20 Orbits

21 These orbits are NOT circular:

22 Kepler s Laws 1. All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at the centre. 2. A line that connects a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times. 3. The square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

23 Eclipses

24 Moon phases

25 What is this? Have you even see this before?

26 You only ever see one side of the Moon, why?

27 The Moon is tidally locked. It s orbital rotation is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth.

28

29 Centripetal force The planets are accelerating just fast enough to remain in their orbits.

30 Centrifugal force

31 Van Allen Radiation Belts

32 Formation of the Aurora Borealis

33 The Aurora Borealis or Northern lights as viewed from space.

34 The aurora seen on Earth

35 Forces involved in the Solar System The 3 mains ones: Gravitational forces Centrifugal forces Centripetal forces

36 The centripetal force arises from the gravitational pull on a planet from the Sun. (E.g. water in a bucket, if you swing a bucket full with water fast enough, the water will remain in the bucket and the string attached to the bucket will remain taut - this is because of the centripetal force.)

37 The centrifugal force arises from the planet orbiting the Sun at a great speed. (E.g. a mixture put into a centrifuge, the mixture separated out depending on the density of the substances initially mixed together.)

38 Inner and outer planets Can you remember the planets in order? You will need to find a diagram of each planet for your assignment.

39 Moons of the Solar System

40 Planetary ring systems

41 Features and characteristics of other Solar System objects Asteroids Meteors Comets Kuiper belt Oort cloud

42 Asteroid belt

43 Meteor

44 Comets

45 Kuiper Belt

46 Oort Cloud

47 Measuring astronomical distances There are a few methods you need to write about: Trigonometric Parallax Cepheid variables as standard candles Eclipsing binaries

48 Trigonometric parallax Limitations? Inaccurate for distances greater than 65 light years.

49 Units

50 Cepheid variables Brighter stars have longer periods

51

52 We can use an equation and the inverse square law to calculate the distance:

53 Cepheid variables can be used to measure distances of 20 million light years.

54 Eclipsing binaries

55 Evidence for an expanding Universe?

56 Redshift and blue shift

57

58 Hubble s Law Hubble s Law The further away a galaxy is from another point in space, the faster it appears to recede, and therefore, the Universe is expanding.

59

60 Determining the age of the Universe: Age of Universe = 1 H 0

61 Possible fate of the Universe based on density:

62 Cosmological theories of the present day Big Bang theory. Olbers paradox. Steady state.

63 Big Bang Theory

64 Olbers Paradox Is the night sky infinitely bright?

65 Reasons why the night sky is not infinitely bright: 1. There is too much dust to see the distant stars. 2. The Universe only has a finite (opposite of infinite) number of stars. 3. The position of stars in not even stars could hind behind one another. 4. The Universe is expanding. 5. The Universe is young meaning distant light has not reached us yet.

66 Steady state theory ndphysics.wordp ress.com/2017/0 5/08/steadystate-theoryrejected/

67 Note Anything with a name must have a capital letter: Sun Moon (if you are talking about ours) Earth Solar System

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