Fundamentals of Exoplanet Observing
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1 Fundamentals of Exoplanet Observing Dennis M. Conti Chair, AAVSO Exoplanet Section Copyright Dennis M. Conti
2 The Strange World of Exoplanets Most exoplanets we have discovered are close-in, large planets: Hot Jupiters Some stars have multiple planets Some planets orbit multiple stars Some planets are free-floating Some planets orbits are opposite from their star s rotation Some planetesimals are disintegrating around their host star Copyright Dennis M. Conti
3 Multi-Planet Example: HR 8799 Courtesy: Michael Tabb Copyright Dennis M. Conti
4 The Challenge Equivalent to seeing the reflected light of a baseball that is ¼ from a lighthouse 1 mile away: 1 mile Courtesy: Keck Observatory Copyright Dennis M. Conti
5 Exoplanet Detection Methods Transit Method: the dominant method used by amateur astronomers Radial Velocity Method Microlensing Copyright Dennis M. Conti
6 Exoplanet Detection Methods Transit Method: the dominant method used by amateur astronomers Radial Velocity Method Microlensing Pulsations of Host Star Direct Imaging Copyright Dennis M. Conti
7 The Transit Light Curve: A Relative Measure of the Target Star s Brightness transit duration Depth We can learn a lot just from the light curve! How big the planet is (its radius) How far it is from its host star (the size of its orbit) How inclined is its orbit from our line-of-sight Whether it is truly a planet or another star Copyright Dennis M. Conti
8 It s All About Counting Photons! and doing it accurately and precisely and maximizing Signal and reducing Noise Copyright Dennis M. Conti
9 Follow the Photon! Photons Star Interstellar space Sky Background Earth s atmosphere Local Effects QE of CCD Copyright Dennis M. Conti
10 A Photon s Journey (cont d) OTA ADUs per Pixel Filter QE of CCD Well Electrons A/D Converter CCD Photosite Copyright Dennis M. Conti
11 Measuring Change in a Star Brightness Take images that contain the Target star and some number of Comparison stars in the same field-of-view Use Aperture Photometry to get the adjusted brightness of each individual star Use Differential Photometry to compare the adjusted brightness of the target star RELATIVE to the sum of that of the comparison stars Copyright Dennis M. Conti
12 Aperture Photometry Aperture (radius=9) Annulus (radii = 16 to 24) Copyright Dennis M. Conti
13 Differential Photometry Copyright Dennis M. Conti
14 Sources of Signal and Noise Signals: Detected photons: photons that translate to ADU counts Dark current: an unwanted signal that is a function of exposure time Bias: a constant offset to ADU count Affects of dust motes Noise: Shot noise uncertainty in photon counts Dark current noise uncertainty in dark current Readout noise uncertainty in read noise Copyright Dennis M. Conti
15 The Importance of Uniform Flats and Guiding! Post-flip: Star lands on a dust mote! Star Pre-flip Copyright Dennis M. Conti
16 Minimizing Star Movement Goal: minimize movement in RA and DEC over the entire (4-6 hour) session Amount of pixel movement (field rotation) is a function of: polar alignment error overall integration time distance from guide star to target focal length declination of target Minimize periodic error Have a well-balanced mount Consider aligning with refracted pole vs. true pole Autoguiding is essential! Copyright Dennis M. Conti
17 Approaches: Use a guide scope Off-axis guiding On-camera guide chip On-axis guider Autoguiding Minimize the distance from guide star to target and comp stars Copyright Dennis M. Conti
18 Field Rotation Example for: 1.5 hour session,.009 polar misalignment Imaging Camera Guide Camera Copyright Dennis M. Conti
19 Field Rotation Example for: 1.5 hour session,.009 polar misalignment 1 px x 3px offset Imaging Camera Guide Camera Copyright Dennis M. Conti
20 Detecting Source of Field Rotation Imaging Camera Guide Camera Copyright Dennis M. Conti
21 Field Rotation (even with autoguiding!) Increases with: polar misalignment distance from star to guide star declination observation time Even if target star is used as the guide star, surrounding Comp stars could have field rotation Summary: Minimize polar misalignment Place target star as close as possible to guide star Choose comp stars near target star Copyright Dennis M. Conti
22 It is important to know in what time base are the predicted transit times..use the appropriate time base for exoplanet transit results Copyright Dennis M. Conti
23 Reference Locations Star B A A: Earth B: Earth+6 mos. C: Sun D: Barycenter C D Courtesy: Chandra.Harvard.edu Copyright Dennis M. Conti
24 What time is it? Time base = reference location and time standard (clock) Local time at Suffern, NY: 16:00 on April 6, 2017 UTC time at Greenwich, England: 20:00 on April 6, 2017 JD UTCU (above in Julian Date form): min. HJD UTC (Heliocentric Julian Date, UTC) for WASP-12 (06 h 30 m 33 s, ) min. BJD TDB (Barycentric Julian Date, Barycentric Dynamical Time) for WASP-12 and Suffern (41.1 N, 74.1 W, 95m alt. ) Copyright Dennis M. Conti
25 Accurately Record Time of Capture Periodically update image capture computer clock to synchronize it with atomic clock Popular freeware to do this: Dimension 4 Copyright Dennis M. Conti
26 The Result: A Well-Fitted Exoplanet Light Curve Copyright Dennis M. Conti
27 An Eclipsing Binary Light Curve Copyright Dennis M. Conti
28 Mid-2018 All-sky survey Find Earth-size planets around close, bright stars Courtesy: NASA Copyright Dennis M. Conti
29 Late-2018 Observations in infrared Begin characterization of exoplanet atmospheres Courtesy: NASA Copyright Dennis M. Conti
30 Mid-2020 Direct imaging of exoplanet atmospheres Courtesy: NASA Copyright Dennis M. Conti
31 Opportunities for Contributions To Exoplanet Research Confirm new exoplanets the KELT program Refine information about known exoplanets the Hubble collaboration Help determine Transit Timing Variations the ETD project Conduct follow-up, ground-based observations for TESS Copyright Dennis M. Conti
32 Summary Amateur astronomers are able to conduct exoplanet transit observations with amazing accuracy Their contribution to exoplanet research continues to be of value to professional astronomers The need for such observations in the near future will continue to grow Copyright Dennis M. Conti
33 Resources 1. A Practical Guide to Exoplanet Observing, Dennis M. Conti, 2. Exoplanet Observing for Amateurs, Second Edition (Plus), Bruce L. Gary 3. The Exoplanet Handbook, Michael Perryman 4. The Handbook of Astronomical Image Processing, Richard Berry and James Burnell (comes with AIP4WIN photometry software) 5. The AAVSO Guide to CCD Photometry 6. The AAVSO CCD Observing Manual Copyright Dennis M. Conti
34 G S
35 S G G
36 S G G
37 Addendum Copyright Dennis M. Conti
38 Imaging Chain Focal Reducer (optional) Rotator (optional) CCD Camera Active Optics Unit (optional) Off-axis Guider Filter Wheel Copyright Dennis M. Conti
39 Point Spread Function (PSF) Star Aperture Airy Disk 2.44*wavelength/aperture diameter (in radians) For an 11 scope at 656 nm = 1.2 arcseconds Copyright Dennis M. Conti
40 Resolution: Raleigh Criterion By Spencer Bliven - Own work, Public Domain, Copyright Dennis M. Conti
41 Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) Used as a measure of seeing Copyright Dennis M. Conti
42 Bandpass Filters Standard photometric filters (preferred for exoplanet work): Johnson-Cousins: UV B V R I Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS): Exoplanet Filter: (Clear Blue Blocking) Courtesy: Astrodon Copyright Dennis M. Conti
43 QE Quantum Efficiency (QE) of a CCD Detector Wavelength (nm) By Philippe Bernhard Copyright Dennis M. Conti
44 The Kepler spacecraft has now confirmed that Earth-size planets exist in the habitable zone! Courtesy: NASA 44
45 By the Numbers (as of 03/07/17) 3,458 confirmed exoplanets 2,416 unconfirmed candidates 297 candidates in the habitable zone Copyright Dennis M. Conti
46 What is Driving Us? How do planets form? How was our solar system formed? The ultimate goal: detect biomarkers in the atmosphere of planets in the habitable zone Copyright Dennis M. Conti
47 Radial Velocity Method Copyright Dennis M. Conti
48 The Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect Copyright Dennis M. Conti
49 Exoplanet Information NASA Exoplanet Archive: Exoplanet Transit Database (ETD) Website): Exoplanets.org Website: Copyright Dennis M. Conti
50 Until now, we are mostly looking in our immediate neighborhood! Kepler Observations Ground-Based Observations Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech Copyright Dennis M. Conti
51 TESS Survey Copyright Dennis M. Conti
52 Starshade Technology Courtesy: NASA Copyright Dennis M. Conti
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