The physical properties of galaxies in Universe

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1 The physical properties of galaxies in Universe Iurii Babyk, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin City University, Main Astronomical Observatory of the NAS of Ukraine.

2 Introduction Large-Scale Structure Galaxies, Group of galaxies Clusters of galaxies Superclusters

3 Galaxies The discovery At the beginning of the 20th century, what we now call spiral galaxies were referred to as spiral nebulae and most astronomers believed them to be clouds of gas and stars associated with our own Milky Way. The breakthrough came in 1924 when Edwin Hubble was able to measure the distance to the Great Nebula in Andromeda (M31, at right) and found its distance to be much larger than the diameter of the Milky Way. This meant that M 31, and by extension other spiral nebulae, were galaxies in their own right, comparable to or even larger than the Milky Way.

4 Main characteristics of galaxies Size kpc Richness 10 million 100 trillion Mass - ~1e12 mass of Sun Galaxies contain stars, interstellar medium of gas and dust Age ~ 12.5 billion years NGC 4414 (wiki)

5 Type of galaxies Hubble classification: - Ellipticals - Spirals - Dwarfs - Irregular

6 Types of Galaxies I. Spirals Spiral galaxies are so-named because of the graceful shapes of arms emanating from a bright central nucleus. Spirals are classified according to how tightly or loosely wound the arms are, and it turns out that the brightness of the central nucleus is correlated to the tightness of the arm. The galaxies M 104 (below) and M 51 (right) respectively show tightly and loosely wounds. Notice the effects of dust in both galaxies. (NOAO/AURA Photos)

7 M31 - The Great Spiral Galaxy in Andromeda This nearby galaxy in the Local Group of galaxies, of which the Milky Way is a member, is 2.5 million light years away. (NOAO/AURA Photos)

8 The Nuclear Bulge of M31 Young stars have formed along the foreground spiral arm. M31 s two satellite galaxies M32 and NGC 205, both dwarf elliptical galaxies, are in the bottom center and upper right.

9 Barred Spiral Galaxies The spiral galaxies M 91 (left) and M 109 (right) have bars across their nuclei from which spiral arms unwind. In virtually all spirals (barred or not) the galaxies rotate such that the spiral arms trail behind in the rotation. The Milky Way is thought to be a barred spiral galaxy. (NOAO/AURA Photos)

10 Types of Galaxies II. Ellipticals Elliptical galaxies lack spiral arms and dust and contain stars that are generally identified as being old. The elliptical galaxies M 32 (below) and M 110 (right) show varying degrees of ellipticity. (NOAO/AURA Photos)

11 Types of Galaxies III. Irregulars Irregular galaxies lack any specific form and contain stars, gas and dust generally associated with a youth. The irregular galaxy at right is the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite of the Milky Way located about 180,000 light years from the sun. The LMC is about 60,000 light years across. The bright reddish feature in the upper right is the Tarantula Nebula a region of star formation in the LMC. (NOAO/AURA Photo)

12 Dwarf Irregular Galaxy in Sagittarius

13 Properties of Galaxies Property Spirals Mass/M of Sun 109 to 4x1011 Luminosity/L of Sun Ellipticals 105 to to 2x % 108 to 3x1010 3x105 to 1011 Diameter (light years) 16x103 to 8x105 3x103 to 7x105 age of galaxies Irregulars 20% 107 to 3x109 3x103 to 3x104 3% National Optical Astronomy Observatory images

14 Other morphologies Peculiar galaxies Lenticular galaxies

15 Galaxies in Collision In this close encounter between two spiral galaxies, their arms are dramatically warped and massive star formation is triggered when the hydrogen gas clouds in the two collide. It is believed the Milky Way may have cannibalized small galaxies in the past through collision.

16 The Disrupted Galaxy NGC 5128

17 Starburst galaxies

18 Active Galaxies The galaxy NGC 7742 is an otherwise normal spiral galaxy except for its extraordinarily bright nucleus that outshines the rest of the galaxy. Such galaxies, i.e. spirals with extremely bright nuclei, form a class of active galaxies known as Seyfert galaxies.

19 Observations

20 Milky Way Type -SBc[1] (barred spiral galaxy) Diameter kly (31 37 kpc) Thickness - 1 kly (0.3 kpc) Number of stars billion ( ±2 1011) Oldest known star - >13.6 Gyr Mass M Sun's distance toagalactic Center ± 1.1 kly (8.3 ± 0.34 kpc) Sun's Galactic rotation period Myr (negative rotation) Spiral pattern rotation period - 50 Myr Bar pattern rotation period Myr Speed relative to CMBrest frame ± 6 km/s

21 Thank you very much for your attention!

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