Hourly Solar Radiation Analysis of Buildings within 48 Facings in FuZhou, China

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1 UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress O-0201 ourly Solar Radiation Analysis of Buildings within 48 Facings in FuZhou, China Chou, Chia-Peng *1, Yu, Zhihong * 2 1 Professor, College of Architecture and Urban Studies, Fujian University of Technology, Fujian, China 2 Associate Professor, College of Architecture and Urban Studies, Fujian University of Technology, Fujian, China Abstract Energy efficiency in buildings plays an important role in electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emission. Natural resource concerned in early design stage will not only achieve energy-savings but has chance to improve sustainability during life cycle. This paper intends to discuss the relationship between solar access and heating and cooling loads in buildings via local climate condition, that is, the hourly data of sunshine hour records observed from 1953 through In this paper, ARAE standard with base temperature of 26.7 and 18.3 for cooling and heating calculation of VAC loads were used to determine the hot and cold periods in FuZhou. The direct solar radiation will be applied to accumulate solar radiation values with 48 vertical facing of buildings for cooling and heating respectively based on the 55-year hourly sunshine hour. Annual solar radiation in 48 orientations will be studied to evaluate solar access in heating time and cooling time, moreover, difference in solar radiation value between heating time and cooling time shows solar demand and shading demand to assist reduction in heating and cooling loads for buildings in FuZhou. The results will provide more comparison and flexibility to be applied in thermal comfort and show a decision-making framework of sloar access in early design stage for energy concerns in shading device design. Keywords: Passive Design; Solar Access; VAC Loads; Energy Conservation 1. Introduction Good envelope of building settings would adjust their form and dimensions to adapt to the facade facing and fenestration system. The main issue of the solar radiation within 48-orientation in this study proposed is to provide decision-making related accept or against of solar radiation for passive energy saving in FuZhou area with seasons. A methodical procedure provides to establish summarized relation for predicting local * Contact Author: Chia-Peng Chou, Professor, FJUT, China address: 3#, New College District, Fuzhou City, Fujian, China Tel: (86) ; (886) chou91573@fjut.edu.cn (The publisher will insert here: received, accepted) UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress 1

2 solar radiation within 48-orientation. Building designers can use these local statistical radiation data to evaluating façade and shading performance within different 48 facings. It can be followed with the evaluation of exterior shading devices based on the shading ratio and shading coefficient via the simulation of shading variables of 26 N latitude in FuZhou. Furthermore, the yearly, the hot, and the cold period models were addressed to clear and compare the draft design strategies with the solar energy concerns. Most importantly, an optimal design and strategy principles could be established to enable more suitable utilization and peak effectiveness of envelope systems for sustainable and energy-savings buildings. 2. Methods Local sunshine ratio plays a crucial role in estimating solar radiation. Many studies have used various methods to correlate global solar radiation on horizontal and tilted surfaces with sunshine duration due to Ångström s initiative research (Ångström, 1924). Models such as the Å ngström-prescott equation modified by Prescott (1940) have been used to either demonstrate the estimation of global solar radiation based on measurement (Turton, 1987; Suehrcke, 2000; Almorox and ontoria, 2004) or compare other predicted models with a set of statistical parameters (Tadros, 2000; Singh et al., 1996; Yorukoglu and Celik, 2006). Additionally, in order to carry out active solar-system analysis for vertical facing in buildings, more prediction of direct-beam radiation on various tilted surfaces were studied (Li et al., 2008). Many scholars have argued about the relationship between global radiation and sunshine duration determined as by the Å ngström and Å ngström-prescott equation. Suehrcke and McCormick (1989) first proposed the following correlation: b s (1) bc S where s is the monthly-averaged sunshine duration, S is the monthly-averaged astronomical day duration (daylength), b is the monthly-averaged daily beam irradiation on a horizontal surface, and is the monthly-averaged potential daily clear-sky beam irradiation on a horizontal surface. Moreover, Gueymard (1993) proposed that the same relationship exists for irradiation at normal incidence: bc bn bnc s S c (2) Where bn is the monthly-averaged daily beam irradiation at normal incidence, bnc is the monthly-averaged potential daily clear-sky beam irradiation at normal incidence and S c is the modification of the monthly-averaged day length to be accounted for when the sun is above a critical solar elevation angle. Furthermore, Power (2001) demonstrated that, in both the above equations, the relationships between b / bc and s / S, and between bn / bnc and s / S fall close to a 1: 1 relationship. Thus, Powers was able to estimate the potential clear-sky beam irradiation from observed irradiation and sunshine duration via equation (2). Eq. (1) is applied to estimate the hourly beam irradiation on a horizontal surface via monthly-averaged sunshine ratio ( s / S ). The monthly-averaged potential clear-sky beam irradiation on a horizontal surface, namely, bc, is replaced with the Angot value ( a ) which represents the extraterrestrial solar radiation on the horizontal surface in the middle of the month by primarily depending on the solar constant ( G sc ). a is computed according to the following equation (Suehrcke, 2000; Tadros, 2 UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress

3 2000; Yorukoglu and Celik, 2006): a 24 GscE o s cos cos sins sin sin 180 (3) Table 1. The solar radiation of tilt surfaces in FuZhou with 48 orientations Tilt 0.0 Angle Orientati (or.) ons Unit: W/M² 90 Vertical 0000 N 326, , , , , , , , , , , , , E 326, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , SE 326, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , S 326, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , SW 326, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , W 326, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , The Best Tilt Angle The greatest Tilt Angle with Orientation The Good Tilt Angles The First 8 Tilt Angles The eccentricity correction factor of the Earth s orbit E o (Iqbal, 1983) is given in the form of: E o 2 d cos 365 n (4) where d n is the number of days in a year, starting from the first of January. The mean sunrise hour angle ( s ) is given in the form of: -1 s cos - tan tan (5) where is the latitude of the site. The solar declination ( ) is given by (Spencer, 1971): UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress 3

4 cosγ sin Γ cos 2Γ sin 2Γ cos 3Γ sin 3Γ Where Γ 2 dn (6) (7) As to the solar constant ( G sc ) value, the NASA (1971) standard solar constant value is 1353 ±21 (w/m2) (W/M2) is adopted here to estimate a value. Finally, according to the above equations, the hourly beam radiation on a horizontal surface can be generated to calculate the corresponding the hourly intensity of direct solar radiation on a specific vertical facing surface ( D sr ) for a given location via the trigonometry correlation between the sun position and orientation of the elevation facing. Table 1 holds the summary date showing the solar radiation of tilt surfaces in FuZhou with 48-orientation. 3. Analysis The yearly, the hot, and the cold period models of solar radiation within 12 tilt surface of 48-orientation were presented in figure 1-3. South facing have the minimum radiation in the yearly and hot periods in fig.1 and 2, the maximum radiation in the cold period in fig.3, and therefore less VAC consumption is required in south facing with season change. The volume of cumulate radiation in south facing and its side orientations, present in fig.2 and fig.3, shows the cold period is larger than the hot period. This phenomenon means that the south shading requirement is not necessary in FuZhou area. Once the south shading is designed, the difference between hot and cold periods of sun s incident angles is the critical issues for summer resist and winter gain. Fig.1. Solar radiation in FuZhou within 12 tilt surfaces of 48-orientation in an average year Fig.2. Solar radiation in FuZhou within 12 tilt surfaces of 48-orientation in hot period 4 UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress

5 Unlike south facing, the volume of cumulate radiation in most of the orientation is higher in hot period than the cold period (fig.2, fig.3). It can be deduced that the better orientations with the vertical facing fall in the ESS (East South South) clockwise to WSS and WNN to ENN in hot period. The good orientations with the vertical facing fall in the ESE to WSW in cold period. In this context, the facing with the least cumulate radiation in hot period is considered the best as it receives the least heat gain thus reducing the cooling energy load. Fig.3. Solar radiation in FuZhou within 12 tilt surfaces of 48-orientation in cold period Fig.4. Solar radiation in FuZhou within 12 tilt surfaces in an average year Fig.5. Solar radiation in FuZhou within 12 tilt surfaces in hot period Fig. 4-6 shows the 3 periods of cumulating radiation in FuZhou within 12 tilt surfaces. The tilted angles, from horizontal (0 ) to vertical (90 ), divides with the stepwise of 7.5. It can be deduced that the closer the vertical facing, the smaller the cumulated radiation in yearly and hot periods. Fig. 6 presents the different pattern with the tilt angles in some orientations, from ESS to WSS, have the larger cumulate radiation than the vertical facing. This phenomenon means that the tilted surfaces in those orientations get more solar radiation in cold period and less radiation in hot period. More comparisons with each orientation and its tilt angles will give designers better ideas learn how to deal with façade facing with their construction. UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress 5

6 Fig.6. Solar radiation in FuZhou within 12 tilt surfaces in cold period 4. Conclusion Models of 48-orientation with tilt surfaces for calculating the monthly average of hourly radiation from the sunshine duration ratio has been developed. This study intends to provide designers, in their schematic design stage, with a handy tool for evaluating energy saving in the aspect of solar radiation. The models can provide designers with a reference when making decisions on building s envelope, facade, fenestration, solar panels, and shading device design. According to the methods descripted, once the site and its monthly sunshine duration ratios are addressed, the hourly solar radiation data D sr can be generated with algorism. This study can provide the further development in the designed and estimation of performance of solar applications system in FuZhou area. References 1) Almorox, J., ontoria, C., Global solar radiation estimation using sunshine duration in Spain. Energy Conversion and Management. 45, ,2004 2) Å ngström, A., Solar and terrestrial radiation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 50, ) ASRAE andbook - Fundamentals, ) Gueymard, C., Mathematically integrable parameterization of clear-sky beam and global irradiances and its use in daily irradiation applications. Solar Energy. 50, ) Iqbal, M., An introduction to solar radiation. Academic Press, Toronto, pp ) Li, D..W., Lam, T.N.T., Chu, V. W.C., Relationship between the total solar radiation on tilted surfaces and the sunshine hours in ong Kong. Solar Energy. 82, ) Power,.C., Estimating clear-sky beam irradiation from sunshine duration. Solar Energy. 71, ) Prescott, J.A., Evaporation from a water surface in relation to solar radiation. Transactions Royal Society South Australia. 64, ) Solar Electromagnetic Radiation, NASA Spec. Publ. SP-8005, ) Suehrcke,., McCormick, P.G., The distribution of average instantaneous terrestrial solar radiation over the day. Solar Energy. 42, ) Suehrcke,., On the relationship between duration of sunshine and solar radiation on the earth s surface: Ångström s equation revisited. Solar Energy. 68, ) Tadros, M.T.Y., Uses of sunshine duration to estimate the global solar radiation over eight meteorological stations in Egypt. Renewable Energy. 21, ) Turton, S.M., The relationship between total irradiation and sunshine duration in the humid tropics. Solar Energy. 38, ) Yorukoglu, M., Celik, A.N., A critical review on the estimation of daily global solar radiation from sunshine duration. Energy Conversion and Management. 47, UIA 2017 Seoul World Architects Congress

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