BUMBA Belgian Urban NO2 Monitoring Based on APEX hyperspectral data. Koen Meuleman and the BUMBA team (special thanks to F.

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1 BUMBA Belgian Urban NO2 Monitoring Based on APEX hyperspectral data Koen Meuleman and the BUMBA team (special thanks to F. Tack BIRA/ISAB)

2 PROJECT SETUP» STEREO III Application project» Two years project extended with 8 months (aug 2017)» End-user irceline» Goal: produce hourly accurate exposure NO2 maps» Project team: F. Tack 1, A. Merlaud 1, T. Danckaert 1, Y. Huan 1, C. Fayt 1, M. Van Roozendael 1, M.-D. Iordache 2, K. Meuleman 2, F. Deutsch 2, H. Hooyberghs 2, W. Lefebre 2, S. Quidé 3, O. Peeters 3, C. Vanpoucke 3, F. Fierens 3 1 BIRA-IASB, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium 2 VITO, 2 Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium Introduction 3 irceline, Belgian Interregional Environment Agency, Brussels, Belgium

3 PROJECT SETUP/SCHEDULE 3

4 CONTENT» Introduction:» 1) NO 2 2) APEX sensor 3) DOAS» Airborne NO 2 mapping campaigns» BUMBA (Brussels, Antwerp, Liège)» APEX NO 2 VCD retrieval algorithm» Results: NO 2 retrievals and horizontal distribution maps» BUMBA» AROMAPEX (Berlin)» Comparison with correlative data sets» Conclusion 4 Introduction

5 NO 2 : A KEY POLLUTANT IN THE ATMOSPHERE» Proxy for air pollution» Direct health impact» Indirectly affects the climate system» Concentrations are highly variable in space in time» Main sources in urban areas are traffic and industry» EU Directive 2008/50/EC: non compliance regularly reported in cities (e.g. Brussels) Monitoring the NO 2 variability at high spatial resolution is of great relevance 5 Introduction

6 NO 2 COLUMN FROM SPACE Airborne sensors of great relevance for high resolution NO 2 mapping at scale of cities 6 Introduction

7 AIRBORNE PRISM EXPERIMENT SENSOR (APEX) Spatial performance (at 6000 m AGL) Spatial CCD 1000 detectors FOV (across-track) 28 Swath width 3000 m IFOV (across-track) Spatial resolution (across-track) 3 m Spatial resolution (along-track) 4 m Other Plane speed 72 mps Integration time 58 ms APEX total mass 354 kg Dornier DO-228, operated by DLR Spectral performance for NO 2 calibration window Spectral interval nm Spectral detectors 249 (unbinned mode) Nominal FWHM 1.5 nm In-flight FWHM > 2.8 and < 3.3 nm Nominal spectral shift from < 0.2 nm CW In-flight spectral shift from CW Spectral sampling interval (SSI) Sampling rate > 0.05 and < 0.8 nm 0.9 nm 3.1 to 3.6 pixels per FWHM 7 Introduction

8 DOAS FOR TRACE GAS RETRIEVAL» Trace gas retrieval based on spectral analysis of scattered sunlight» DOAS remote sensing technique Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Indirect measurement scattered sunlight Works in UV-Visible region O 3, SO 2, HCHO, CHOCHO, BrO but focus on NO 2 DOAS equation based on Lambert-Beer s law: I( ) ln Q( a) ( ) i ( ) SCDi I0( ) i» Differential slant column (DSCD) as direct output: integrated amount of molecules along the observed light path relative to the same quantity in a reference spectrum 8 Introduction

9 BUMBA CAMPAIGNS Brussels Antwerp Liège Antwerp Date (181) (105) (105) (201) Flight time LT (UTC + 2) 14:43-16:04 10:06-11:30 11:55-12:18 15:33 18:03 # flightlines Flight pattern (Heading ) SZA ( ) Wind direction ( ) Wind speed (Bft) Temperature ( C) PBL height (m) Lat ( N) / Long ( E) 50.8 / / / / 4.4 Terrain altitude (m ASL) Total population Population density (#/km 2 ) Airborne campaign APEX Ground-based campaign Mobile-DOAS x 2 Mini MAX-DOAS

10 BUMBA CAMPAIGNS

11 APEX ANTWERP FLIGHTPLAN (DAY 105) 11 BUMBA 2015 campaign

12 APEX NO 2 VCD RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM - - DSCD ( VCDref * AMFref ) VCD AMF VCD i = DSCD i + (VCD ref AMF ref ) AMF i 12 NO 2 retrieval from APEX

13 NO 2 DISTRIBUTION MAPS (BUMBA 2015) Antwerp: Brussels: Liège: Note: color scales optimized for each flight 20 NO 2 retrieval results

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16 BIRA MOBILE-DOAS VALIDATION 2 AVANTES spectrometers nm, 1.15 nm resolution Optical head mounted on the car window and/or roof 2 viewing directions : zenith and 30 elevation, 2.5 F.O.V For BUMBA GB campaign: 2 operational systems, each consisting of 1 driver & 1 operator 23 BUMBA GB campaign

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18 MODEL CHAIN RIO IFDM chain Regional background Urban features» Interpolation of measurements» Make use of land use (CORINE)» Gaussian dispersion modelling of traffic and industrial emissions» Including quick ozone-chemistry» Intelligent coupling of regional and urban-scale model results» Use of double-counting correction 25

19 MODELLING RESULTS (AURORA-RIO-IFDM) Surface concentrations for the moments of the flights Antwerp Brussels Liege 26

20 APEX VERTICAL COLUMNS: COMPARISON AURORA IFDM

21 AROMAPEX CAMPAIGN 2016 (BERLIN) Airborne campaign 4 imaging systems: APEX, SWING, AirMAP, SpectroLite Berlin AM Berlin PM Date (112) (112) Flight time LT (UTC + 09:34 12:01 14:24-16:39 2) # flightlines Flight pattern (Heading ) SZA ( ) Wind direction ( ) Wind speed (Bft) 3 4 Temperature ( C) - - PBL height (m) - - Lat ( N) / Long ( E) / / Terrain altitude (m ASL) Total population Ground-based campaign Population density (#/km 2 ) Mobile-DOAS x 3 ZS-DOAS CAPS in-situ analyzer AROMAPEX campaign

22 NO 2 DISTRIBUTION MAPS (AROMAPEX 2016)» Golden day: » 2 times 2 synchronized flights (AM & PM)» 4 imaging sensors simultaneously operated» APEX (VITO/BIRA) DLR Dornier (6 km AGL)» AirMAP (IUP Bremen/FU Berlin)» SWING (BIRA)» SpectroLite (TNO/TU Delft) FUB Cessna (3 km AGL) 1.2 kg, 10 W 20 kg, 30 W 29 NO 2 retrieval results

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24 APEX (Dornier) SWING (Cessna) AirMap (Cessna) SpectroLite(Cessna) 31

25 APEX-SWING NO 2 VCD COMPARISON 32

26 CONCLUSION & PERSPECTIVES» Demonstrated that a clear NO 2 signal and NO 2 spatial patterns can be retrieved over cities based on APEX data» High spatial resolution (60 x 80 m 2 )» High spatial coverage (350 km 2 within 90 minutes)» NO 2 VCD accuracy of 20%» BUT unstable spectral performance» High potential for validation of satellite measurements, and 3- dimensional AQ models in urban areas + support to satellite mission design» Perspectives» BUMBA: column to surface concentrations and RIO-IFDM model validation (ongoing )» AROMAPEX: quantitative comparison of NO 2 VCD distribution maps (ongoing )» APEX successor» BUMBA paper submitted to AMTD soon 33

27 ...Thank you!