The Physics and Cosmology of TeV Blazars

Transcription

1 1 in collaboration with Avery E. Broderick 2, Phil Chang 3, Ewald Puchwein 1, Volker Springel 1 1 Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Germany 2 Perimeter Institute/University of Waterloo, Canada 3 University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA Jul 11, 2012 / Meeting, DFG Research Unit FOR 1254

2 The Hitchhiker s Guide to... Blazar Heating the extragalactic TeV Universe plasma physics for cosmologists

3 The Hitchhiker s Guide to... Blazar Heating the extragalactic TeV Universe plasma physics for cosmologists consequences for intergalactic magnetic fields extragalactic gamma-ray background thermal history of the Universe Lyman-α forest missing dwarf galaxies H I mass function galaxy cluster bimodality

4 Outline Physics of blazar heating TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background 1 Physics of blazar heating TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background 2 Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest 3 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions

5 TeV gamma-ray astronomy TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background H.E.S.S. MAGIC I VERITAS MAGIC II

6 The TeV gamma-ray sky TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background There are several classes of TeV sources: Galactic - pulsars, BH binaries, supernova remnants Extragalactic - mostly blazars, two starburst galaxies

7 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Unified model of active galactic nuclei narrow line region relativistic jet broad line region dusty torus central SMBH

8 The blazar sequence TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background continuous sequence from LBL IBL HBL TeV blazars are dim (very sub-eddington) TeV blazars have rising spectra in the Fermi band (α < 2) define TeV blazar = hard IBL + HBL Ghisellini (2011), arxiv:

9 Propagation of TeV photons TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background 1 TeV photons can pair produce with 1 ev EBL photons: γ TeV + γ ev e + + e

10 Propagation of TeV photons TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background 1 TeV photons can pair produce with 1 ev EBL photons: γ TeV + γ ev e + + e mean free path for this depends on the density of 1 ev photons: λ γγ ( ) Mpc for z = pairs produced with energy of 0.5 TeV (γ = 10 6 )

11 Propagation of TeV photons TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background 1 TeV photons can pair produce with 1 ev EBL photons: γ TeV + γ ev e + + e mean free path for this depends on the density of 1 ev photons: λ γγ ( ) Mpc for z = pairs produced with energy of 0.5 TeV (γ = 10 6 ) these pairs inverse Compton scatter off the CMB photons: mean free path is λ IC λ γγ /1000 producing gamma-rays of 1 GeV E γ 2 E CMB 1 GeV

12 Propagation of TeV photons TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background 1 TeV photons can pair produce with 1 ev EBL photons: γ TeV + γ ev e + + e mean free path for this depends on the density of 1 ev photons: λ γγ ( ) Mpc for z = pairs produced with energy of 0.5 TeV (γ = 10 6 ) these pairs inverse Compton scatter off the CMB photons: mean free path is λ IC λ γγ /1000 producing gamma-rays of 1 GeV E γ 2 E CMB 1 GeV each TeV point source should also be a GeV point source

13 What about the cascade emission? TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Every TeV source should be associated with a GeV gamma-ray halo not seen! TeV spectra expected cascade emission TeV detections Fermi constraints Neronov & Vovk (2010)

14 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Measuring IGM B-fields from TeV/GeV observations TeV beam of e + /e are deflected out of the line of sight reducing the GeV IC flux lower limit on B Larmor radius r L = E ( ) ( ) 1 E eb 30 B 3 TeV Mpc G

15 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Measuring IGM B-fields from TeV/GeV observations TeV beam of e + /e are deflected out of the line of sight reducing the GeV IC flux lower limit on B Larmor radius r L = E ( ) ( ) 1 E eb 30 B 3 TeV Mpc G IC mean free path x IC 0.1 ( ) 1 E Mpc 3 TeV for the associated 10 GeV IC photons the Fermi angular resolution is 0.2 or θ rad x IC r L > θ B G

16 Missing plasma physics? TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background How do beams of e + /e propagate through the IGM? plasma processes are important interpenetrating beams of charged particles are unstable consider the two-stream instability: one frequency (timescale) and one length in the problem: ω p γ = 4πe 2 n e γ 2, λ p = γc ( γ ) cm m e ω p 10 ρ(z=0) 6

17 Two-stream instability: mechanism TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background wave-like perturbation with k v beam, longitudinal charge oscillations in background plasma (Langmuir wave): initially homogeneous beam-e : attractive (repulsive) force by potential maxima (minima) e attain lowest velocity in potential minima bunching up e + attain lowest velocity in potential maxima bunching up Φ p p e e

18 Two-stream instability: mechanism TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background wave-like perturbation with k v beam, longitudinal charge oscillations in background plasma (Langmuir wave): beam-e + /e couple in phase with the background perturbation: enhances background potential stronger forces on beam-e + /e positive feedback exponential wave-growth instability Φ e + e + e p e p e e

19 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Two-stream instability: energy transfer particles with v v phase : pair energy plasma waves growing modes particles with v v phase : plasma wave energy pairs damped modes

20 Oblique instability Physics of blazar heating TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background k oblique to v beam : real word perturbations don t choose easy alignment = all orientations Bret (2009), Bret+ (2010)

21 Beam physics growth rates TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background excluded for collective plasma phenomena oblique consider a light beam penetrating into relatively dense plasma maximum growth rate 0.4 γ n beam n IGM ω p IC oblique instability beats IC by two orders of magnitude Broderick, Chang, C.P. (2012)

22 Beam physics complications... TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background non-linear saturation: non-linear evolution of these instabilities at these density contrasts is not known expectation from PIC simulations suggest substantial isotropization of the beam assume that they grow at linear rate up to saturation

23 Beam physics complications... TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background non-linear saturation: non-linear evolution of these instabilities at these density contrasts is not known expectation from PIC simulations suggest substantial isotropization of the beam assume that they grow at linear rate up to saturation plasma instabilities dissipate the beam s energy, no (little) energy left over for inverse Compton scattering off the CMB

24 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background TeV emission from blazars a new paradigm γ TeV + γ ev e + + e IC off CMB γ GeV plasma instabilities heating IGM

25 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background TeV emission from blazars a new paradigm γ TeV + γ ev e + + e IC off CMB γ GeV plasma instabilities heating IGM absence of γ GeV s has significant implications for... intergalactic B-field estimates γ-ray emission from blazars: spectra, background

26 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background TeV emission from blazars a new paradigm γ TeV + γ ev e + + e IC off CMB γ GeV plasma instabilities heating IGM absence of γ GeV s has significant implications for... intergalactic B-field estimates γ-ray emission from blazars: spectra, background additional IGM heating has significant implications for... thermal history of the IGM: Lyman-α forest late time structure formation: dwarfs, galaxy clusters

27 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Implications for B-field measurements Fraction of the pair energy lost to inverse-compton on the CMB: f IC = Γ IC /(Γ IC + Γ oblique ) Broderick, Chang, C.P. (2012)

28 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Conclusions on B-field constraints from blazar spectra it is thought that TeV blazar spectra might constrain IGM B-fields this assumes that cooling mechanism is IC off the CMB + deflection from magnetic fields beam instabilities may allow high-energy e + /e pairs to self scatter and/or lose energy isotropizes the beam no need for B-field 1 10% of beam energy to IC CMB photons

29 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Conclusions on B-field constraints from blazar spectra it is thought that TeV blazar spectra might constrain IGM B-fields this assumes that cooling mechanism is IC off the CMB + deflection from magnetic fields beam instabilities may allow high-energy e + /e pairs to self scatter and/or lose energy isotropizes the beam no need for B-field 1 10% of beam energy to IC CMB photons TeV blazar spectra are not suitable to measure IGM B-fields!

30 TeV blazar luminosity density: today TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background collect luminosity of all 23 TeV blazars with good spectral measurements account for the selection effects (sky coverage, duty cycle, galactic occultation, TeV flux limit) TeV blazar luminosity density is a scaled version (η B 0.2%) of that of quasars! Broderick, Chang, C.P. (2012)

31 Unified TeV blazar-quasar model TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Quasars and TeV blazars are: regulated by the same mechanism contemporaneous elements of a single AGN population: TeV-blazar activity does not lag quasar activity Broderick, Chang, C.P. (2012)

32 Unified TeV blazar-quasar model TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Quasars and TeV blazars are: regulated by the same mechanism contemporaneous elements of a single AGN population: TeV-blazar activity does not lag quasar activity assume that they trace each other for all redshifts! Broderick, Chang, C.P. (2012)

33 How many TeV blazars are there? TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Hopkins+ (2007)

34 How many TeV blazars are there? TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Hopkins+ (2007)

35 How many TeV blazars are there? TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Hopkins+ (2007)

36 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Fermi number count of TeV blazars η = 0.8, 1.6, 3.1 number evolution of TeV blazars that are expected to have been observed by Fermi vs. observed evolution colors: different flux (luminosity) limits connecting the Fermi and the TeV band: L TeV,min (z) = η L Fermi,min (z) Broderick, Chang, C.P. (2012)

37 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Fermi number count of TeV blazars η = 0.8, 1.6, 3.1 number evolution of TeV blazars that are expected to have been observed by Fermi vs. observed evolution colors: different flux (luminosity) limits connecting the Fermi and the TeV band: L TeV,min (z) = η L Fermi,min (z) Broderick, Chang, C.P. (2012) evolving (increasing) blazar population consistent with observed declining evolution (Fermi flux limit)!

38 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background How many TeV blazars are there at high-z? Hopkins+ (2007)

39 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Fermi probes dragons of the gamma-ray sky Fermi LAT Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background Intensity (GeV photons per cm 2 per sec per steradian) Unknown contributors Background accounted for by unresolved AGN Energy (GeV) 100

40 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Extragalactic gamma-ray background assume all TeV blazars have identical intrinsic spectra: E b is break energy, F E = LˆF E 1 (E/E b ) α L 1 + (E/E b ) α 1, α L < α are low and high-energy spectral indexes extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGRB): E 2 dn 1 (E, z) = de 4π z dv (z ) η B Λ Q (z )ˆF E 4πD 2 L E = E(1 + z ) is gamma-ray energy at emission, Λ Q is physical quasar luminosity density, η B 0.2% is blazar fraction, τ is optical depth e τ E (E,z ),

41 TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background Extragalactic gamma-ray background dotted: unabsorbed EGRB due to TeV blazars dashed: absorbed EGRB due to TeV blazars solid: absorbed EGRB, after subtracting the resolved TeV blazars (z < 0.25) Broderick, Chang, C.P. (2012)

42 Outline Physics of blazar heating Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest 1 Physics of blazar heating TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background 2 Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest 3 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions

43 Evolution of the heating rates HI,HeI /HeII reionization Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest Heating Rates [ev Gyr 1 ] photoheating photoheating standard blazar standard blazar fit optimistic blazar optimistic blazar fit blazar heating 10x larger heating z Chang, Broderick, C.P. (2012)

44 Blazar heating vs. photoheating Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest total power from AGN/stars vastly exceeds the TeV power of blazars

45 Blazar heating vs. photoheating Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest total power from AGN/stars vastly exceeds the TeV power of blazars T IGM 10 4 K (1 ev) at mean density (z 2) ε th = kt m pc

46 Blazar heating vs. photoheating Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest total power from AGN/stars vastly exceeds the TeV power of blazars T IGM 10 4 K (1 ev) at mean density (z 2) ε th = kt m pc radiative energy ratio emitted by BHs in the Universe (Fukugita & Peebles 2004) ε rad = η Ω bh

47 Blazar heating vs. photoheating Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest total power from AGN/stars vastly exceeds the TeV power of blazars T IGM 10 4 K (1 ev) at mean density (z 2) ε th = kt m pc radiative energy ratio emitted by BHs in the Universe (Fukugita & Peebles 2004) ε rad = η Ω bh fraction of the energy energetic enough to ionize H I is 0.1: ε UV 0.1ε rad 10 6 kt kev

48 Blazar heating vs. photoheating Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest total power from AGN/stars vastly exceeds the TeV power of blazars T IGM 10 4 K (1 ev) at mean density (z 2) ε th = kt m pc radiative energy ratio emitted by BHs in the Universe (Fukugita & Peebles 2004) ε rad = η Ω bh fraction of the energy energetic enough to ionize H I is 0.1: ε UV 0.1ε rad 10 6 kt kev photoheating efficiency η ph 10 3 kt η ph ε UV m pc 2 ev (limited by the abundance of H I/He II due to the small recombination rate)

49 Blazar heating vs. photoheating Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest total power from AGN/stars vastly exceeds the TeV power of blazars T IGM 10 4 K (1 ev) at mean density (z 2) ε th = kt m pc radiative energy ratio emitted by BHs in the Universe (Fukugita & Peebles 2004) ε rad = η Ω bh fraction of the energy energetic enough to ionize H I is 0.1: ε UV 0.1ε rad 10 6 kt kev photoheating efficiency η ph 10 3 kt η ph ε UV m pc 2 ev (limited by the abundance of H I/He II due to the small recombination rate) blazar heating efficiency η bh 10 3 kt η bh ε rad m pc 2 10 ev (limited by the total power of TeV sources)

50 Thermal history of the IGM Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest 10 5 only photoheating standard BLF optimistic BLF T [K] z Chang, Broderick, C.P. (2012)

51 Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest Evolution of the temperature-density relation no blazar heating

52 Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest Evolution of the temperature-density relation no blazar heating blazars and extragalactic background light are uniform: blazar heating rate independent of density

53 Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest Evolution of the temperature-density relation no blazar heating blazars and extragalactic background light are uniform: blazar heating rate independent of density makes low density regions hot causes inverted temperature-density relation, T 1/δ

54 Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest Evolution of the temperature-density relation no blazar heating with blazar heating Chang, Broderick, C.P. (2012) blazars and extragalactic background light are uniform: blazar heating rate independent of density makes low density regions hot causes inverted temperature-density relation, T 1/δ

55 Blazars cause hot voids Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest no blazar heating with blazar heating Chang, Broderick, C.P. (2012)

56 Blazars cause hot voids Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest no blazar heating with blazar heating Chang, Broderick, C.P. (2012) blazars completely change the thermal history of the diffuse IGM and late-time structure formation

57 Simulations with blazar heating Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest Puchwein, C.P., Springel, Broderick, Chang (2012): L = 15h 1 Mpc boxes with particles one reference run without blazar heating three with blazar heating at different levels of efficiency (address uncertainty) used an up-to-date model of the UV background (Faucher-Giguère+ 2009)

58 -2-2 Physics of blazar heating Temperature-density relation Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest 7.0 no blazar heating intermediate blazar heating log 10 ( N HI N H ) = log 10 (T /K) Viel et al. 2009, F= log 10 (Mpix/(h 1 M )) Viel et al. 2009, F= log 10 (ρ/ ρ ) Puchwein, C.P., Springel, Broderick, Chang (2012)

59 Ly-α spectra Physics of blazar heating Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest transmitted flux fraction e τ e τ no blazar heating intermediate b. h velocity [km s 1 ] Puchwein+ (2012)

60 Optical depths and temperatures Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest effective optical depth τeff no blazar heating weak blazar heating intermediate blazar heating strong blazar heating Viel et al Tytler et al FG redshift z

61 Optical depths and temperatures Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest effective optical depth τeff no blazar heating weak blazar heating intermediate blazar heating strong blazar heating Viel et al Tytler et al FG 08 temperature T ( )/(10 4 K) no blazar heating weak blazar heating intermediate blazar heating strong blazar heating Becker et al redshift z redshift z Puchwein+ (2012) Redshift evolutions of effective optical depth and IGM temperature match data only with additional heating, e.g., provided by blazars!

62 Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest Ly-α flux PDFs and power spectra PDF of transmitted flux fraction tuned UV background no blazar heating weak blazar heating intermediate blazar heating strong blazar heating Kim et al z = z = transmitted flux fraction Puchwein+ (2012)

63 Voigt profile decomposition Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest decomposing Lyman-α forest into individual Voigt profiles allows studying the thermal broadening of absorption lines

64 Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest Voigt profile decomposition line width distribution N HI > cm < z < 3.05 no blazar heating weak blazar heating intermediate blazar h. strong blazar heating Kirkman & Tytler 97 PDF of b [skm 1 ] b[kms 1 ] Puchwein+ (2012)

65 Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest Lyman-α forest in a blazar heated Universe improvement in modelling the Lyman-α forest is a direct consequence of the peculiar properties of blazar heating: heating rate independent of IGM density naturally produces the inverted T ρ relation that Lyman-α forest data demand recent and continuous nature of the heating needed to match the redshift evolutions of all Lyman-α forest statistics magnitude of the heating rate required by Lyman-α forest data the total energy output of TeV blazars (or equivalently 0.2% of that of quasars)

66 Outline Physics of blazar heating Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions 1 Physics of blazar heating TeV emission from blazars Plasma instabilities and magnetic fields Extragalactic gamma-ray background 2 Properties of blazar heating Thermal history of the IGM The Lyman-α forest 3 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions

67 Entropy evolution Physics of blazar heating Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions temperature evolution 10 5 only photoheating standard BLF optimistic BLF T [K] z

68 Entropy evolution Physics of blazar heating Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions temperature evolution entropy evolution 10 5 only photoheating standard BLF 10 2 only photoheating standard BLF optimistic BLF optimistic BLF T [K] 10 4 K e [kev cm 2 ] z z C.P., Chang, Broderick (2012) evolution of entropy, K e = ktn 2/3 e, governs structure formation blazar heating: late-time, evolving, modest entropy floor

69 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Dwarf galaxy formation Jeans mass thermal pressure opposes gravitational collapse on small scales characteristic length/mass scale below which objects do not form

70 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Dwarf galaxy formation Jeans mass thermal pressure opposes gravitational collapse on small scales characteristic length/mass scale below which objects do not form hotter IGM higher IGM pressure higher Jeans mass: M J c3 s ρ 1/2 ( ) 1/2 T 3 IGM M J,blazar ρ M J,photo ( Tblazar T photo ) 3/2 30 depends on instantaneous value of c s

71 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Dwarf galaxy formation Jeans mass thermal pressure opposes gravitational collapse on small scales characteristic length/mass scale below which objects do not form hotter IGM higher IGM pressure higher Jeans mass: M J c3 s ρ 1/2 ( ) 1/2 T 3 IGM M J,blazar ρ M J,photo ( Tblazar T photo ) 3/2 30 depends on instantaneous value of c s filtering mass depends on full thermal history of the gas: accounts for delayed response of pressure in counteracting gravitational collapse in the expanding universe apply corrections for non-linear collapse

72 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Dwarf galaxy formation Filtering mass M F [ h -1 M O ] δ = 1, z reion = 10 blazar heating only photoheating linear theory non linear theory non-linear theory optimistic blazar standard blazar only photoheating M ~ 10 M F M ~ 10 M F o o M F, blazar / M F z C.P., Chang, Broderick (2012)

73 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Peebles void phenomenon explained? mean density void, 1 + δ = δ = 1, z reion = δ = 0.5, z reion = 10 M F [ h -1 M O ] M F, blazar / M F linear theory non-linear theory optimistic blazar standard blazar only photoheating z M F [ h -1 M O ] M F, blazar / M F linear theory non-linear theory optimistic blazar standard blazar only photoheating z C.P., Chang, Broderick (2012) blazar heating efficiently suppresses the formation of void dwarfs within existing DM halos of masses < M (z = 0) may reconcile the number of void dwarfs in simulations and the paucity of those in observations

74 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Missing satellite problem in the Milky Way Springel+ (2008) Dolphin+ (2005) Substructures in cold DM simulations much more numerous than observed number of Milky Way satellites!

75 When do dwarfs form? Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions 10 Myr M Myr 10 Gyr 1 Gyr Dolphin+ (2005) isochrone fitting for different metallicities star formation histories

76 When do dwarfs form? Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Dolphin+ (2005) red: τ form > 10 Gyr, z > 2

77 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Milky Way satellites: formation history and abundance satellite formation time Maccio & Fontanot (2010) late forming satellites (< 10 Gyr) not observed!

78 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Milky Way satellites: formation history and abundance satellite formation time satellite luminosity function Maccio & Fontanot (2010) late forming satellites (< 10 Gyr) not observed! no blazar heating: linear theory non linear theory Maccio+ (2010) blazar heating suppresses late satellite formation, may reconcile low observed dwarf abundances with CDM simulations

79 Galactic H I-mass function Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Mo+ (2005) H I-mass function is too flat (i.e., gas version of missing dwarf problem!) photoheating and SN feedback too inefficient IGM entropy floor of K 15 kev cm 2 at z 2 3 successful!

80 Conclusions on blazar heating Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions explains puzzles in high-energy astrophysics: lack of GeV bumps in blazar spectra without IGM B-fields unified TeV blazar-quasar model explains Fermi source counts and extragalactic gamma-ray background

81 Conclusions on blazar heating Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions explains puzzles in high-energy astrophysics: lack of GeV bumps in blazar spectra without IGM B-fields unified TeV blazar-quasar model explains Fermi source counts and extragalactic gamma-ray background novel mechanism; dramatically alters thermal history of the IGM: uniform and z-dependent preheating rate independent of density inverted T ρ relation quantitative self-consistent picture of high-z Lyman-α forest

82 Conclusions on blazar heating Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions explains puzzles in high-energy astrophysics: lack of GeV bumps in blazar spectra without IGM B-fields unified TeV blazar-quasar model explains Fermi source counts and extragalactic gamma-ray background novel mechanism; dramatically alters thermal history of the IGM: uniform and z-dependent preheating rate independent of density inverted T ρ relation quantitative self-consistent picture of high-z Lyman-α forest significantly modifies late-time structure formation: suppresses late dwarf formation (in accordance with SFHs): missing satellites, void phenomenon, H I-mass function group/cluster bimodality of core entropy values

83 When do clusters form? Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions mass accretion history 5 mass accretion rates M 200c [ M O ] z 0.5 = 0.42 z 0.5 = 0.55 z 0.5 = 0.70 z 0.5 = 0.86 z 0.5 = 0.95 S = d log M 200c / d log a (z) z z 1 C.P., Chang, Broderick (2012) most cluster gas accretes after z = 1, when blazar heating can have a large effect (for late forming objects)!

84 Entropy floor in clusters Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Cluster entropy profiles Cavagnolo+ (2009)

85 Entropy floor in clusters Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Cluster entropy profiles Planck stacking of optical clusters Cavagnolo+ (2009) Planck Collaboration (2011) Do optical and X-ray/Sunyaev-Zel dovich cluster observations probe the same population? (Hicks+ 2008, Planck Collaboration 2011)

86 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Entropy profiles: effect of blazar heating varying formation time varying cluster mass z = 0 z = 0.5 z = 1 z = 2 M 200 = 3 x M O M 200 = 1 x M O, z = 0.5 M 200 = 3 x M O, z = 0.5 M 200 = 1 x M O, z = 0.5 K e [kev cm 2 ] 100 K e [kev cm 2 ] optimistic blazar 10 optimistic blazar r / R r / R 200 C.P., Chang, Broderick (2012) assume big fraction of intra-cluster medium collapses from IGM: redshift-dependent entropy excess in cores greatest effect for late forming groups/small clusters

87 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Gravitational reprocessing of entropy floors Borgani+ (2005) 2 K 0= 25 kev cm preheated no preheating + floor no preheating greater initial entropy K 0 more shock heating greater increase in K 0 over entropy floor net K 0 amplification of 3-5 expect: median K e,0 150 kev cm 2 max. K e,0 600 kev cm 2 Borgani+ (2005)

88 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Cool-core versus non-cool core clusters cool hot Cavagnolo+ (2009)

89 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Cool-core versus non-cool core clusters cool hot early forming, t > t merger cool late forming, t merger < t cool Cavagnolo+ (2009)

90 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions Cool-core versus non-cool core clusters cool hot early forming, t > t merger cool late forming, t merger < t cool Cavagnolo+ (2009) time-dependent preheating + gravitational reprocessing CC-NCC bifurcation (two attractor solutions) need hydrodynamic simulations to confirm this scenario

91 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions How efficient is heating by AGN feedback? 10 4 C.P., Chang, Broderick (2011) E b, 2500 (kt X = 5.9 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 3.5 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 2.0 kev) Ecav= 4PVtot [10 58 erg] E b, 2500 (kt X = 1.2 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 0.7 kev) 10-2 cool cores non-cool cores K e,0 [kev cm 2 ]

92 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions How efficient is heating by AGN feedback? 10 4 C.P., Chang, Broderick (2011) E b, 2500 (kt X = 5.9 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 3.5 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 2.0 kev) Ecav= 4PVtot [10 58 erg] E b, 2500 (kt X = 1.2 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 0.7 kev) 10-2 cool cores non-cool cores K e,0 [kev cm 2 ]

93 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions How efficient is heating by AGN feedback? 10 4 C.P., Chang, Broderick (2011) E b, 2500 (kt X = 5.9 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 3.5 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 2.0 kev) Ecav= 4PVtot [10 58 erg] E b, 2500 (kt X = 1.2 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 0.7 kev) 10-2 cool cores non-cool cores K e,0 [kev cm 2 ]

94 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions How efficient is heating by AGN feedback? 10 4 C.P., Chang, Broderick (2011) E b, 2500 (kt X = 5.9 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 3.5 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 2.0 kev) Ecav= 4PVtot [10 58 erg] E b, 2500 (kt X = 1.2 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 0.7 kev) 10-2 cool cores non-cool cores K e,0 [kev cm 2 ]

95 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions How efficient is heating by AGN feedback? 10 4 C.P., Chang, Broderick (2011) E b, 2500 (kt X = 5.9 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 3.5 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 2.0 kev) Ecav= 4PVtot [10 58 erg] E b, 2500 (kt X = 1.2 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 0.7 kev) 10-2 cool cores non-cool cores K e,0 [kev cm 2 ]

96 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions How efficient is heating by AGN feedback? 10 4 C.P., Chang, Broderick (2011) E b, 2500 (kt X = 5.9 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 3.5 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 2.0 kev) Ecav= 4PVtot [10 58 erg] E b, 2500 (kt X = 1.2 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 0.7 kev) 10-2 cool cores non-cool cores K e,0 [kev cm 2 ]

97 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions How efficient is heating by AGN feedback? 10 4 C.P., Chang, Broderick (2011) E b, 2500 (kt X = 5.9 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 3.5 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 2.0 kev) Ecav= 4PVtot [10 58 erg] E b, 2500 (kt X = 1.2 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 0.7 kev) 10-2 cool cores non-cool cores K e,0 [kev cm 2 ]

98 Formation of dwarf galaxies Puzzles in galaxy formation Conclusions How efficient is heating by AGN feedback? 10 4 C.P., Chang, Broderick (2011) E b, 2500 (kt X = 5.9 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 3.5 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 2.0 kev) Ecav= 4PVtot [10 58 erg] E b, 2500 (kt X = 1.2 kev) E b, 2500 (kt X = 0.7 kev) max K cool cores non-cool cores K e,0 [kev cm 2 ] AGNs cannot transform CC to NCC clusters (on a buoyancy timescale)