STAR CLUSTERS. Lecture 1 Introduction. Nora Lützgendorf (ESA)
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1 STAR CLUSTERS Lecture 1 Introduction Nora Lützgendorf (ESA)
2 Its a school, so????????? ASK QUESTIONS!!! If you don t understand the content If you don t understand the language TAKE NOTES This is the most text on a slide you will see ;) Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 2 / 49
3 Outline 1. Career 2. Introduction a. What is a star cluster? b. What kind of clusters do we know? c. Where do we find them? d. Characteristics Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 3 / 49
4 Outline 1. Career 2. Introduction a. What is a star cluster? b. What kind of clusters do we know? c. Where do we find them? d. Characteristics Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 4 / 49
5 Current Position JWST/NIRSpec Instrument and Calibration Scientist Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 5 / 49
6 European Space Agency space science human spaceflight exploration launchers operations navigation earth observation telecommunications technology Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 6 / 49
7 James Webb Space Telescope FACTS WHAT: Infrared space telescope WHERE: Lagrange Point 2 WHEN: October 2018 MIRROR: 6.5 m Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 7 / 49
8 James Webb Space Telescope Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 8 / 49
9 James Webb Space Telescope Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 8 / 49
10 Current Position LAUNCH SEGMENT OBSERVATORY SEGMENT GROUND SEGMENT Payload adapter Launcher (Ariane 5) Launch site services Spacecraft (bus, sunshield ) Telescope Payload module (ISIM) and instruments Science and operation center (STScI) NIRCam NIRSpec 15 ESA staff members FGS/NIRISS MIRI Common systems (deep space network) Provided by NASA Provided by ESA Provided by CSA Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 9 / 49
11 NIRSpec Fixed Slit Spectroscopy Multi Object Spectroscopy Integral Field Spectroscopy Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 10 / 49
12 Tasks BEFORE LAUNCH (2018) 80% duties, 20% science assist in calibration campaigns (like Cryo Vacuum Tests at NASA) reduce and analyze data from these campaigns create calibration files for the instruments (flatfields, darks, ) assist in GTO observation preparations AFTER LAUNCH 50% duties, 50% science commissioning (final calibration and science verification of the instrument) user support (help astronomers to observe with the instrument) calibration monitoring (degrading of hardware, change in instrument ) Making sure the instrument is usable for doing Astronomy Making sure astronomers use the instrument most efficiently Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 11 / 49
13 How did I get here? LEIDEN, NL ( ) : Research Fellow, ESA LEIPZIG, D ( ) : High-School BALTIMORE, US (since 2015) MUNICH, D ( ) : Diplom (Physics), LMU : PhD (Astrophysics), LMU/ESO since 2015: JWST Instrument Scientist, ESA Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 12 / 49
14 Outline 1. Career 2. Introduction a. What is a star cluster? b. What kind of clusters do we know? c. Where do we find them? d. Characteristics Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 13 / 49
15 Introduction The Milky Way is nothing else but a mass of innumerable stars planted together in clusters - Galileo Galilei (1610) Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 14 / 49
16 Introduction Most stars form in clusters - Lada & Lada (2003) Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 15 / 49
17 Star Cluster Collection of stars roughly born at the same time Collection of stars that are gravitationally bound Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 16 / 49
18 Excursion: Color-magnitude diagram L/M V HOT T/(V-I) COLD Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 17 / 49
19 Color-magnitude diagram Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 18 / 49
20 Excursion: Color-magnitude diagram He He H+He 3) Horizontal Branch Star H+He 2) Red Giant L/M V C+O He H+He 4) Asymptotic Giant H+He 1) Main Sequence Star C+O 5) White Dwarf HOT T/(V-I) COLD Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 19 / 49
21 Excursion: Color-magnitude diagram Marcia Rieke Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 20 / 49
22 Excursion: Color-magnitude diagram Marcia Rieke Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 20 / 49
23 Excursion: Color-magnitude diagram Marcia Rieke Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 20 / 49
24 Excursion: Color-magnitude diagram Marcia Rieke Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 20 / 49
25 Excursion: Color-magnitude diagram Marcia Rieke Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 20 / 49
26 Types of clusters N stars e4-1e6 1e4-1e5 1e5-1e7 1e6-1e8 OB Associations Embedded Open Globular Nuclear Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 21 / 49
27 Environment Open Nuclear OB Associations Embedded Globular Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 22 / 49
28 Types of clusters N stars e4-1e6 1e4-1e5 1e5-1e7 1e6-1e8 OB Association Embedded Open Globular Nuclear Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 23 / 49
29 pc stars/pc - gravitationally unbound - 12 within 650 pc OB Associations 300 pc SMC - NGC 346 M33 - NGC pc Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 24 / 49
30 Star Cluster Collection of stars roughly born at the same time Collection of stars that are gravitationally bound Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 25 / 49
31 Types of clusters N stars e4-1e6 1e4-1e5 1e5-1e7 1e6-1e8 OB Associations Embedded Open Globular Nuclear Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 26 / 49
32 Embedded clusters pc stars/pc 3 - age < 5 Myr - may or may not be bound - still gas in / around the cluster High extinction J-H H-K Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 27 / 49
33 Embedded clusters Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 28 / 43 49
34 Types of clusters N stars e4-1e6 1e4-1e5 1e5-1e7 1e6-1e8 OB Associations Embedded Open Globular Nuclear Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 29 / 49
35 Open clusters - core radii ~ 2pc - mass ~ MSUN - age: between 3 Myr and a few Gyr - no gas left - gravitationally bound NGC 3603 NGC 4755 NGC 3766 Arches Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 30 / 49
36 Open clusters - Observations - ~ 2000 identified 1e5 within the Galaxy! (extinction) Globular Open Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 31 / 49
37 Types of clusters N stars e4-1e6 1e4-1e5 1e5-1e7 1e6-1e8 OB Associations Embedded Open Globular Nuclear Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 32 / 49
38 Globular pc - mass ~ MSUN - gravitationally bound - age: Gyr oldest objects in the universe! Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 33 / 49
39 Globular pc - mass ~ MSUN - gravitationally bound - age: Gyr oldest objects in the universe! Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 33 / 49
40 Globular - Are dense DENSITY ~10 3 1/pc 3 SUN ALPHA CENTAURI Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 34 / 49
41 Globular - Not what expected PAST: - All stars formed at the same time - All stars have the same chemical composition TODAY: (see Lecture 2) Omega Centauri, Bellini et al., 2011 Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 35 / 49
42 Globular - Live in Galaxies Always around galaxies Milky Way Andromeda M87 ~200 GCs ~500 GCs ~ GCs Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 36 / 49
43 Globular - Specific Frequency Number of Globular in a galaxy divided by the galaxy s luminosity: S N = N GC /L G - Formation efficiency of Globular relative to field stars - Depends on galaxy type (higher in ellipticals) Georgiev et al., 2010 Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 37 / 49
44 Globular - Bimodality BLUE RED Blue Globular metal-poor galaxy halo larger Red Globular metal-rich bulge/disk smaller Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 38 / 49
45 Young Massive - Young cluster populations forming today - Maybe forming Globular??? - Formation Environments: Galaxy Mergers Spiral Galaxies Starbursting Dwarfs High Star Formation Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 39 / 49
46 Types of clusters N stars e4-1e6 1e4-1e5 1e5-1e7 1e6-1e8 OB Associations Embedded Open Globular Nuclear Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 40 / 49
47 Nuclear pc - mass ~ MSUN - age: multiple epochs of star formation - centers of galaxies - gravitational bound - co-existing with black hole - densest objects in the universe Seth et al., 2006 Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 41 / 49
48 Nuclear - Are super dense DENSITY ~10 6 1/pc 3 SUN ALPHA CENTAURI Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 42 / 49
49 Nuclear - Host black holes NGC 404 Seth et al., 2010 Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 43 / 49
50 Nuclear - Formation 1.) Globular Cluster infall 2.) Gas accretion, star formation Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 44 / 49
51 Nuclear - Formation 1.) Globular Cluster infall 2.) Gas accretion, star formation Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 45 / 49
52 Nuclear - Multiple populations Sgr/M54 Siegel et al., 2007 Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 46 / 49
53 Nuclear - Peculiar kinematics Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 47 / 49
54 Nuclear - In our Galaxy Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 48 / 49
55 Nuclear - In our Galaxy Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 48 / 49
56 Nuclear - In our Galaxy Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 48 / 49
57 Summary 1. Star : Collection of stars roughly born at the same time (sometimes gravitationally bound) e4-1e6 1e4-1e5 1e5-1e7 1e6-1e8 OB Associations Embedded Open Globular Nuclear - in the disk - gravitationally unbound - in the disk - still gas left - in the disk - gravitationally bound - in the halo/ bulge - oldest objects in the universe - at the center of the galaxy - densest objects in the universe Nora Lützgendorf, KAS16 49 / 49
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